Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i04.001
O. S. Siddhartha, S. V. Satyanarayana
The combustion of ammonium perchlorate (AP) has long been a focal point in the development of solid rocket propellants, with particular attention paid to the catalytic effects of iron oxides. Beginning in the 1950s, researchers have diligently studied the kinetics and mechanisms underlying AP combustion, with a focus on both micron-sized and nano-sized iron oxide catalysts due to their widespread application in rocket formulations worldwide. This research effort specifically excludes investigations involving alternative iron oxide-based catalysts, such as doped or mixed oxides, or supported iron oxides, as they are not commonly utilized in major rocket propellant formulations. Despite variations in specific parameters like activation energy and heat of dissociation, the fundamental understanding of AP decomposition with iron oxides remains consistent with earlier findings. Notably, micron-sized catalysts have minimal impact on the low-temperature decomposition (LTD) of AP but can influence high-temperature decomposition (HTD) by altering decomposition temperatures and reducing activation energy. In contrast, nano-sized catalysts tend to accelerate the reaction to such an extent that the LTD phase is often bypassed altogether due to the rapid consumption of NH3, a crucial component in the process. However, the transition to nano-sized particles presents a new challenge: the propensity for particle agglomeration. Current research endeavours are therefore dedicated to devising effective strategies to mitigate this issue and harness the full potential of nano-sized iron oxide catalysts in rocket propellant formulations.
长期以来，高氯酸铵（AP）的燃烧一直是固体火箭推进剂开发中的一个焦点，氧化铁的催化作用尤其受到关注。从 20 世纪 50 年代开始，研究人员一直在努力研究高氯酸铵燃烧的动力学和机理，重点是微米级和纳米级氧化铁催化剂，因为它们在全球火箭配方中得到了广泛应用。这项研究工作特别排除了对其他氧化铁基催化剂的研究，如掺杂或混合氧化物或支撑氧化铁，因为它们在主要火箭推进剂配方中并不常用。尽管活化能和解离热等具体参数存在差异，但对铁氧化物分解 AP 的基本认识与之前的研究结果保持一致。值得注意的是，微米级催化剂对 AP 的低温分解（LTD）影响很小，但可以通过改变分解温度和降低活化能来影响高温分解（HTD）。相比之下，纳米催化剂往往会加速反应，以至于由于快速消耗过程中的关键成分 NH3，LTD 阶段往往会被完全绕过。然而，向纳米级颗粒的过渡也带来了新的挑战：颗粒容易团聚。因此，目前的研究工作致力于设计有效的策略来缓解这一问题，并在火箭推进剂配方中充分发挥纳米级氧化铁催化剂的潜力。
{"title":"Iron Oxides' Influence on the Thermal Decomposition of Pure Ammonium Perchlorate: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"O. S. Siddhartha, S. V. Satyanarayana","doi":"10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i04.001","url":null,"abstract":"The combustion of ammonium perchlorate (AP) has long been a focal point in the development of solid rocket propellants, with particular attention paid to the catalytic effects of iron oxides. Beginning in the 1950s, researchers have diligently studied the kinetics and mechanisms underlying AP combustion, with a focus on both micron-sized and nano-sized iron oxide catalysts due to their widespread application in rocket formulations worldwide. This research effort specifically excludes investigations involving alternative iron oxide-based catalysts, such as doped or mixed oxides, or supported iron oxides, as they are not commonly utilized in major rocket propellant formulations. Despite variations in specific parameters like activation energy and heat of dissociation, the fundamental understanding of AP decomposition with iron oxides remains consistent with earlier findings. Notably, micron-sized catalysts have minimal impact on the low-temperature decomposition (LTD) of AP but can influence high-temperature decomposition (HTD) by altering decomposition temperatures and reducing activation energy. In contrast, nano-sized catalysts tend to accelerate the reaction to such an extent that the LTD phase is often bypassed altogether due to the rapid consumption of NH3, a crucial component in the process. However, the transition to nano-sized particles presents a new challenge: the propensity for particle agglomeration. Current research endeavours are therefore dedicated to devising effective strategies to mitigate this issue and harness the full potential of nano-sized iron oxide catalysts in rocket propellant formulations.","PeriodicalId":230897,"journal":{"name":"Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences","volume":"10 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140726721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicinal chemistry, firmly rooted in chemistry while incorporating elements of biological, medical, and pharmaceutical sciences, spearheads innovation in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention at the molecular level. Chemistry serves as a cornerstone for understanding the intricate interactions between medications and biological systems, guiding medicinal chemists in the precise design and synthesis of compounds tailored for specific activities and optimized therapeutic outcomes. Concurrently, nanotechnology, founded on chemical principles, presents promising avenues in advanced imaging, diagnostics, theranostic platforms, and drug delivery systems. The indispensable role of chemistry is further underscored by polymers, integral to medical applications such as orthopedics and cardiovascular devices, driving forward medical advancements. Analytical chemistry techniques play a critical role in drug analysis and biomarker identification, providing essential support for these endeavors. Additionally, radioactive metal ions play pivotal roles in therapy and diagnosis within nuclear medicine, as demonstrated by the innovative DOTA-TATE compound. These interdisciplinary advancements underscore the crucial role of chemistry in fostering innovation and elevating patient care standards within modern healthcare systems.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Chemistry Uses in Medicine and Medical Technology","authors":"Ayesha Rafique, Ayesha Saddiqa, Aqsa Ashfaq, Haiqa Akmal, Rabia Mehvish, Sarmad Yousaf, Rahila Yasmeen, Amina Akram, Muhammad Kaleem Ullah","doi":"10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i02.001","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal chemistry, firmly rooted in chemistry while incorporating elements of biological, medical, and pharmaceutical sciences, spearheads innovation in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention at the molecular level. Chemistry serves as a cornerstone for understanding the intricate interactions between medications and biological systems, guiding medicinal chemists in the precise design and synthesis of compounds tailored for specific activities and optimized therapeutic outcomes. Concurrently, nanotechnology, founded on chemical principles, presents promising avenues in advanced imaging, diagnostics, theranostic platforms, and drug delivery systems. The indispensable role of chemistry is further underscored by polymers, integral to medical applications such as orthopedics and cardiovascular devices, driving forward medical advancements. Analytical chemistry techniques play a critical role in drug analysis and biomarker identification, providing essential support for these endeavors. Additionally, radioactive metal ions play pivotal roles in therapy and diagnosis within nuclear medicine, as demonstrated by the innovative DOTA-TATE compound. These interdisciplinary advancements underscore the crucial role of chemistry in fostering innovation and elevating patient care standards within modern healthcare systems.","PeriodicalId":230897,"journal":{"name":"Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences","volume":"23 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140429875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i01.002
Chioma Don-Lawson, Susan Okparanta
This research work was aimed at using locally available plants (duckweed) to remove heavy metals in water samples from Woji Creek in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solid, oxidation reduction potential, and electrical conductivity of the water were assessed. The result of the physicochemical parameters showed that the mean value of the electrical conductivity (EC) was highest in June (46. 34±91. 5 µS/cm), temperature was high in June (27.9±1.0 oC), DO was highest in August (9.8±2.0 mg/l), pH had high value for July (7.4±0.7) and TDS for June (3548.0±1638.3 mg/l), which were lower than national and international permissible limit standard except for EC, DO and TDS. The uptake of cadmium by the roots of the duckweed was very high for station 4 (0.7 mg/kg) and shoots for station 4 (2.1 mg/kg). The most uptakes for the Copper by the roots was for station 4 (0.9 mg/kg) and shoot for station 5 (1.3 mg/kg). The percentage of uptake of Cd for the root of the duckweed was 19.3% while the shoots was 32.9% respectively. Cd had the highest accumulation of metals The duckweed plants were significantly good for phytoremediation agents and as such could be employed by industries for such purposes.
{"title":"Phytoremediation of Some Trace Metals in Polluted Water Using Duckweed","authors":"Chioma Don-Lawson, Susan Okparanta","doi":"10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i01.002","url":null,"abstract":"This research work was aimed at using locally available plants (duckweed) to remove heavy metals in water samples from Woji Creek in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solid, oxidation reduction potential, and electrical conductivity of the water were assessed. The result of the physicochemical parameters showed that the mean value of the electrical conductivity (EC) was highest in June (46. 34±91. 5 µS/cm), temperature was high in June (27.9±1.0 oC), DO was highest in August (9.8±2.0 mg/l), pH had high value for July (7.4±0.7) and TDS for June (3548.0±1638.3 mg/l), which were lower than national and international permissible limit standard except for EC, DO and TDS. The uptake of cadmium by the roots of the duckweed was very high for station 4 (0.7 mg/kg) and shoots for station 4 (2.1 mg/kg). The most uptakes for the Copper by the roots was for station 4 (0.9 mg/kg) and shoot for station 5 (1.3 mg/kg). The percentage of uptake of Cd for the root of the duckweed was 19.3% while the shoots was 32.9% respectively. Cd had the highest accumulation of metals The duckweed plants were significantly good for phytoremediation agents and as such could be employed by industries for such purposes.","PeriodicalId":230897,"journal":{"name":"Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences","volume":"21 5-6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140496201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i01.001
Nurhussein Seid, Kitessa Gutu, David P. Hodson, Y. Alemayehu, N. Bacha, Daniel Mulatu, A. Badebo, Mohammed Yesuf, M. Hovmøller
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a devastating disease of wheat in Ethiopia and the globe. The disease was dynamic and quite complex with the host (variety and plant spp), the environment, and with the pathogen genetic nature. The genetic alternation or change of a pathogen could affect the resistant population in the area. New race identification helps preparedness for the needs a rise to reduce the possible losses due to the problem. The race analysis dynamics identified three yellow rust races; namely, PstS11, PstS16 and ME2018 and one other unknown new race were the major in recent years but in the 2012-2016 Psts1 and PSTS2 were the dominant once. The new race ME2018 race mixture was increased the risk of stripe race epidemics in the area because it is Yr10-virulence race. So regular monitoring, for early detection and identification of new races was crucial.
{"title":"First Report of Puccinia striiformis F. Sp. Tritici Race ME2018 in Irrigated Wheat Production in Ethiopia","authors":"Nurhussein Seid, Kitessa Gutu, David P. Hodson, Y. Alemayehu, N. Bacha, Daniel Mulatu, A. Badebo, Mohammed Yesuf, M. Hovmøller","doi":"10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i01.001","url":null,"abstract":"Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a devastating disease of wheat in Ethiopia and the globe. The disease was dynamic and quite complex with the host (variety and plant spp), the environment, and with the pathogen genetic nature. The genetic alternation or change of a pathogen could affect the resistant population in the area. New race identification helps preparedness for the needs a rise to reduce the possible losses due to the problem. The race analysis dynamics identified three yellow rust races; namely, PstS11, PstS16 and ME2018 and one other unknown new race were the major in recent years but in the 2012-2016 Psts1 and PSTS2 were the dominant once. The new race ME2018 race mixture was increased the risk of stripe race epidemics in the area because it is Yr10-virulence race. So regular monitoring, for early detection and identification of new races was crucial.","PeriodicalId":230897,"journal":{"name":"Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140497114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-29DOI: 10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i09.001
Ilonwa Ifeanyichukwu, E. Eunice, I. Ajoko, Tarinimi Tamunosa Jim-Halliday
The synthesis and characterization of Schiff base-containing transition metal complexes have gained increasing importance due to their catalytic roles in various reactions and their biological activities. These metal complexes have become crucial in drug design, leading to a growing interest in metal-based drugs. The study aimed to synthesize copper metal complex with a new Schiff base ligand 4-[(3-hydroxybenzalidene)amino]antipyrine derived from 4-aminoantipyrine and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, as well as evaluate their antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. The ligand and its copper complex were assessed for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative strains utilizing disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. Spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, and EDXRF), solubility tests, and elemental analysis were employed to investigate the ligand and copper complex. The ligand displayed high insolubility in various solvents but had limited solubility in chloroform and methyl chloride. The FTIR spectrum of the Schiff base reveals the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons, imine (C=N), hydroxyl (-OH), secondary amine (C-N), carbonyl (C=O), and vibrations associated with C-O and C-C bonds, reflecting its molecular structure. In the EDXRF analysis, a prominent peak at 7.80 keV corresponding to copper was detected, indicating that copper is the most abundant element found in the ligand. XRD analysis demonstrated distinct crystal structures for both the ligand and its copper complex. The UV-Vis spectra of the ligand exhibited an absorption peak at a UV lambda max of 220 nm, indicating a π→π* transition. In contrast, the absorption peaks observed in the copper complex indicated different transitions compared to the Schiff base. The MIC results indicated the copper complex's stronger antimicrobial activity than the Schiff base against tested bacteria. Molecular docking studies showed that the interaction energies of the synthesized compounds, particularly the ligand and copper complex, surpassed that of the well-known anti-diabetic drug, metformin.
{"title":"Molecular Docking, Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of 4-[(3 hydroxybenzalidene)amino]antipyrine and its Copper Complex","authors":"Ilonwa Ifeanyichukwu, E. Eunice, I. Ajoko, Tarinimi Tamunosa Jim-Halliday","doi":"10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i09.001","url":null,"abstract":"The synthesis and characterization of Schiff base-containing transition metal complexes have gained increasing importance due to their catalytic roles in various reactions and their biological activities. These metal complexes have become crucial in drug design, leading to a growing interest in metal-based drugs. The study aimed to synthesize copper metal complex with a new Schiff base ligand 4-[(3-hydroxybenzalidene)amino]antipyrine derived from 4-aminoantipyrine and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, as well as evaluate their antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. The ligand and its copper complex were assessed for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative strains utilizing disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. Spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, and EDXRF), solubility tests, and elemental analysis were employed to investigate the ligand and copper complex. The ligand displayed high insolubility in various solvents but had limited solubility in chloroform and methyl chloride. The FTIR spectrum of the Schiff base reveals the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons, imine (C=N), hydroxyl (-OH), secondary amine (C-N), carbonyl (C=O), and vibrations associated with C-O and C-C bonds, reflecting its molecular structure. In the EDXRF analysis, a prominent peak at 7.80 keV corresponding to copper was detected, indicating that copper is the most abundant element found in the ligand. XRD analysis demonstrated distinct crystal structures for both the ligand and its copper complex. The UV-Vis spectra of the ligand exhibited an absorption peak at a UV lambda max of 220 nm, indicating a π→π* transition. In contrast, the absorption peaks observed in the copper complex indicated different transitions compared to the Schiff base. The MIC results indicated the copper complex's stronger antimicrobial activity than the Schiff base against tested bacteria. Molecular docking studies showed that the interaction energies of the synthesized compounds, particularly the ligand and copper complex, surpassed that of the well-known anti-diabetic drug, metformin.","PeriodicalId":230897,"journal":{"name":"Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139212252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i07.001
Sonu Dwivedi
The densities, ρ of pure 1-Hexanol, Benzene and their binary mixture covering the whole composition range have been measured at 303.15 K temperature. Excess molar volumes VmE, partial molar volumes, Vi have been calculated from the ρ data. To obtain correlation coefficients and standard deviations VmE was fitted to Redlich–Kister type function in terms of mole fraction. In the whole range of composition the values of VmE were found to be positive. The positive values of VmE were shown due to depolymerization of the network structures and disrupt their H-bonding and resulting into volume expansion.
{"title":"Study of Excess Molar Volumes of the Binary Mixture of 1-Hexanol and Benzene at 303.15 K Temperature","authors":"Sonu Dwivedi","doi":"10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i07.001","url":null,"abstract":"The densities, ρ of pure 1-Hexanol, Benzene and their binary mixture covering the whole composition range have been measured at 303.15 K temperature. Excess molar volumes VmE, partial molar volumes, Vi have been calculated from the ρ data. To obtain correlation coefficients and standard deviations VmE was fitted to Redlich–Kister type function in terms of mole fraction. In the whole range of composition the values of VmE were found to be positive. The positive values of VmE were shown due to depolymerization of the network structures and disrupt their H-bonding and resulting into volume expansion.","PeriodicalId":230897,"journal":{"name":"Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114422089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i06.003
Victor Ntandoyenkosi Zikhali, C. Mpofu, D. Nyama, Bothwell Nyoni, Knowledge Mushonga
This study explores the kinetics of the pyrolysis process applied to chicken manure as an environmentally sustainable waste management technique within the poultry industry. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion method, involves the decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen, yielding biochar, gases, and bio-oil. Experimental runs were conducted using a fixed-bed reactor, varying reactor temperature and heating rate settings. Pyrolytic conversion was determined by weighing the reactor contents before and after each run, allowing for the construction of pyrolytic conversion curves. Through the application of the Coats-Redfern method, the pyrolysis kinetics was determined. It was found that a second-order kinetics model exhibited better agreement with the experimental data than a first-order model, yielding coefficient of determination (R2) values ranging from 0.99 to 1.00, compared to 0.94 to 0.97 for the first-order model. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was estimated to fall within the range of 140.4 to 151.2 kJ/mol. Additionally, the pre-exponential factors (A) were found to be significantly high, on the order of 1010 min-1, suggesting a low pyrolytic reactivity. The calculated enthalpy of reaction (ΔH) ranged from 134.1 to 145 kJ/mol. Importantly, the energy barrier, represented by the difference between activation energy (Ea) and enthalpy of reaction (ΔH), was determined to be low at 7 kJ/mol. These findings indicate the potential for efficiently and sustainably valorizing chicken waste through pyrolysis. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the kinetics and thermodynamics of chicken manure pyrolysis, supporting its adoption as an energy-efficient and environmentally sound waste management strategy within the poultry industry.
{"title":"Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Chicken Manure Pyrolysis for Sustainable Waste Management in the Poultry Industry","authors":"Victor Ntandoyenkosi Zikhali, C. Mpofu, D. Nyama, Bothwell Nyoni, Knowledge Mushonga","doi":"10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i06.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i06.003","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the kinetics of the pyrolysis process applied to chicken manure as an environmentally sustainable waste management technique within the poultry industry. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion method, involves the decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen, yielding biochar, gases, and bio-oil. Experimental runs were conducted using a fixed-bed reactor, varying reactor temperature and heating rate settings. Pyrolytic conversion was determined by weighing the reactor contents before and after each run, allowing for the construction of pyrolytic conversion curves. Through the application of the Coats-Redfern method, the pyrolysis kinetics was determined. It was found that a second-order kinetics model exhibited better agreement with the experimental data than a first-order model, yielding coefficient of determination (R2) values ranging from 0.99 to 1.00, compared to 0.94 to 0.97 for the first-order model. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was estimated to fall within the range of 140.4 to 151.2 kJ/mol. Additionally, the pre-exponential factors (A) were found to be significantly high, on the order of 1010 min-1, suggesting a low pyrolytic reactivity. The calculated enthalpy of reaction (ΔH) ranged from 134.1 to 145 kJ/mol. Importantly, the energy barrier, represented by the difference between activation energy (Ea) and enthalpy of reaction (ΔH), was determined to be low at 7 kJ/mol. These findings indicate the potential for efficiently and sustainably valorizing chicken waste through pyrolysis. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the kinetics and thermodynamics of chicken manure pyrolysis, supporting its adoption as an energy-efficient and environmentally sound waste management strategy within the poultry industry.","PeriodicalId":230897,"journal":{"name":"Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126066721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-22DOI: 10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i06.002
P. O. Uahomo, Samuel Kpaduwa, C. Daniel, Chidi Emmanuel Ezerioha
Citrus fruits are a rich source of essential oils that have various applications in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Lime is notable for its high essential oil yield, which contains active compounds that possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This study aimed to compare the maceration and Soxhlet extraction methods for obtaining essential oil from lime exocarp as well as characterizing the compounds in the oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The study found that the Soxhlet extraction method had a higher yield of oil compared to the maceration method. However, the maceration method had a lower acid value and free fatty acid content, and a higher saponification value. The oil obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method was more acidic than that of the essential oil obtained using the maceration method. The study also found that limonene was the most prominent compound in both extraction methods. However, the percentage of β-ocimene and γ-terpinene were significantly higher in the maceration method compared to the Soxhlet extraction method. Limonene, β-ocimene, and γ-terpinene are important compounds found in essential oils and have various medicinal properties. These findings have significant implications for the essential oil industry. The choice of extraction method can influence the composition of the essential oil obtained, as well as its chemical and physical properties. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the intended use of the essential oil when choosing an extraction method.
{"title":"Characterization and Comparative Assessment of the Essential Oil from Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Exocarp Using Maceration and Soxhlet Extraction Methods","authors":"P. O. Uahomo, Samuel Kpaduwa, C. Daniel, Chidi Emmanuel Ezerioha","doi":"10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i06.002","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus fruits are a rich source of essential oils that have various applications in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Lime is notable for its high essential oil yield, which contains active compounds that possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This study aimed to compare the maceration and Soxhlet extraction methods for obtaining essential oil from lime exocarp as well as characterizing the compounds in the oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The study found that the Soxhlet extraction method had a higher yield of oil compared to the maceration method. However, the maceration method had a lower acid value and free fatty acid content, and a higher saponification value. The oil obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method was more acidic than that of the essential oil obtained using the maceration method. The study also found that limonene was the most prominent compound in both extraction methods. However, the percentage of β-ocimene and γ-terpinene were significantly higher in the maceration method compared to the Soxhlet extraction method. Limonene, β-ocimene, and γ-terpinene are important compounds found in essential oils and have various medicinal properties. These findings have significant implications for the essential oil industry. The choice of extraction method can influence the composition of the essential oil obtained, as well as its chemical and physical properties. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the intended use of the essential oil when choosing an extraction method.","PeriodicalId":230897,"journal":{"name":"Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133133104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i06.001
I. Ajoko, B. M. A. Tautua, E. Bamgbade
Triumfetta cordifolia is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, however, the aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves have not been explored scientifically to confirm this ethno-medicinal claim using animal model. In this study, aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves was tested for its anti- inflammatory properties and the profiling of flavonoid components using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy was performed utilizing a rat model of formalin-induced paw edema. The extract's anti-inflammatory effectiveness against formalin-induced paw edema revealed notable anti-inflammatory effects. The percentage inhibition of the extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg with 10.69% inhibition was comparable to the standard drug aspirin with 10.69% inhibition while the dose of 100 and 250 mg/kg has higher percentage inhibition (13.58%) in comparison with the standard drug aspirin (10.69%) at same time interval all in the curative measure. The major flavonoid compounds from the HPLC analysis include kaempferol, quercitrin, (+) - catechin, luteolin, quercetin, myricetin, hesperidin, narigin, apigenin and rutin. Thus, it can be suggested that the high content of flavonoids may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activities exhibited by the methanol extract of T. cordifolia. Therefore, the results obtained in this study shows that the methanol leaf extract of T. cordifloia possess potent anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammation.
{"title":"HPLC Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Methanol Extract of the Leaves of Triumfetta cordifolia A. Rich. (Malvaceae) Available in Bayelsa State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Ajoko, B. M. A. Tautua, E. Bamgbade","doi":"10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i06.001","url":null,"abstract":"Triumfetta cordifolia is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, however, the aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves have not been explored scientifically to confirm this ethno-medicinal claim using animal model. In this study, aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves was tested for its anti- inflammatory properties and the profiling of flavonoid components using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy was performed utilizing a rat model of formalin-induced paw edema. The extract's anti-inflammatory effectiveness against formalin-induced paw edema revealed notable anti-inflammatory effects. The percentage inhibition of the extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg with 10.69% inhibition was comparable to the standard drug aspirin with 10.69% inhibition while the dose of 100 and 250 mg/kg has higher percentage inhibition (13.58%) in comparison with the standard drug aspirin (10.69%) at same time interval all in the curative measure. The major flavonoid compounds from the HPLC analysis include kaempferol, quercitrin, (+) - catechin, luteolin, quercetin, myricetin, hesperidin, narigin, apigenin and rutin. Thus, it can be suggested that the high content of flavonoids may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activities exhibited by the methanol extract of T. cordifolia. Therefore, the results obtained in this study shows that the methanol leaf extract of T. cordifloia possess potent anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammation.","PeriodicalId":230897,"journal":{"name":"Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129703668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-26DOI: 10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i05.002
Temesgen Bekele, Biruk Bezabeh Yimam
The majority of the world population prepares medicines from plants to cure diseases. Schinus molle linens is a multipurpose plant that has been used for various remedies as constituents of traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of methanol extract and solvent fraction extracts of the stem bark of Schinus molle. Powder of Schinus molle was extracted with methanol by using the maceration method and the fractions were obtained by successive fractionation of the methanol extract with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the crude methanol extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, anthraquinones, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and saponins. In addition to this, the antimicrobial activity of crude and solvent fraction extract was tested against S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and C. albicans at a concentration of 90.0, 180.0, and 900.0 μg/ mL. The crude methanol extract and chloroform fraction exhibited greater activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The n-hexane and n-butanol fractions showed the least activity against most test bacteria and fungi. The study showed that it is possible to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi at different concentrations.
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Schinus molle linens","authors":"Temesgen Bekele, Biruk Bezabeh Yimam","doi":"10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2023.v06i05.002","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of the world population prepares medicines from plants to cure diseases. Schinus molle linens is a multipurpose plant that has been used for various remedies as constituents of traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of methanol extract and solvent fraction extracts of the stem bark of Schinus molle. Powder of Schinus molle was extracted with methanol by using the maceration method and the fractions were obtained by successive fractionation of the methanol extract with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the crude methanol extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, anthraquinones, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and saponins. In addition to this, the antimicrobial activity of crude and solvent fraction extract was tested against S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and C. albicans at a concentration of 90.0, 180.0, and 900.0 μg/ mL. The crude methanol extract and chloroform fraction exhibited greater activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The n-hexane and n-butanol fractions showed the least activity against most test bacteria and fungi. The study showed that it is possible to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi at different concentrations.","PeriodicalId":230897,"journal":{"name":"Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117152714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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