Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.1.0044
Onyeka JO, Obi LE, Igiri VC
Environmental concerns have continued to be on the increase as human activities soar. One such environmental concern is air pollution. A major contributor to air pollution is the road transportation activities. This paper sets out to provide a management strategy for air pollution owing to road transportation in urban areas, with Owerri Nigeria as a case study. A field study was conducted in Owerri to ascertain the total passenger requirement, number and mix of passenger vehicles as well as measure three main road transport-induced air pollutants at five locations in the city. The result of the field work showed existing commuter vehicles mix of 56.2:63.7: 19.6:1.6:1 of salons, wagons, mini-buses, coaster buses and big buses respectively, of a total of 85,950 vehicles and air ambient pollutants level higher than the recommended standards. A new model was developed to achieve a remix of 10:33:53: 14:1 of same vehicle types and reduction in traffic volume and target air pollutants. The analyses show that mini-buses and coaster buses have advantage over salon cars, wagon vehicles and big buses in terms of traffic congestions and pollutants release into the environment. The two bus types could be said to have least pollutants release per passenger carried. An optimal vehicle remix, which gives higher priority to these buses have been shown to reduce congestion by 40%, Carbon monoxide by 40%, Nitrogen Dioxide by 50% and Methane by 50%. It therefore recommends that vehicular remix of 10:33:53: 14:1, for salon: wagon: mini-buses: coaster buses: big buses be adopted for Owerri commuters’ transportation need. It concludes that governments should adopt economic instruments embedded in a “push and pull” strategy, leveraging on disincentive and incentive measures to skew road transportation to the use of mini and coaster buses as a deliberate means of reducing air pollution in cities.
{"title":"Management of road transport-induced air pollution in urban areas: A case study of Owerri, Nigeria","authors":"Onyeka JO, Obi LE, Igiri VC","doi":"10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.1.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.1.0044","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental concerns have continued to be on the increase as human activities soar. One such environmental concern is air pollution. A major contributor to air pollution is the road transportation activities. This paper sets out to provide a management strategy for air pollution owing to road transportation in urban areas, with Owerri Nigeria as a case study. A field study was conducted in Owerri to ascertain the total passenger requirement, number and mix of passenger vehicles as well as measure three main road transport-induced air pollutants at five locations in the city. The result of the field work showed existing commuter vehicles mix of 56.2:63.7: 19.6:1.6:1 of salons, wagons, mini-buses, coaster buses and big buses respectively, of a total of 85,950 vehicles and air ambient pollutants level higher than the recommended standards. A new model was developed to achieve a remix of 10:33:53: 14:1 of same vehicle types and reduction in traffic volume and target air pollutants. The analyses show that mini-buses and coaster buses have advantage over salon cars, wagon vehicles and big buses in terms of traffic congestions and pollutants release into the environment. The two bus types could be said to have least pollutants release per passenger carried. An optimal vehicle remix, which gives higher priority to these buses have been shown to reduce congestion by 40%, Carbon monoxide by 40%, Nitrogen Dioxide by 50% and Methane by 50%. It therefore recommends that vehicular remix of 10:33:53: 14:1, for salon: wagon: mini-buses: coaster buses: big buses be adopted for Owerri commuters’ transportation need. It concludes that governments should adopt economic instruments embedded in a “push and pull” strategy, leveraging on disincentive and incentive measures to skew road transportation to the use of mini and coaster buses as a deliberate means of reducing air pollution in cities.","PeriodicalId":231442,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Frontiers in Engineering and Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115553963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.1.0047
Onoh Ikechukwu Maxwell, Anho Lawrence Oghenerivwe, Egwuagu Onyekachi
The aim of this work is to study the acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of cocoyam peels using HCl, H2S04 acids and cellulase enzyme. The cellulase was secreted from Aspergillus Niger (A. niger) fungi. The proximate analysis of the substrate showed that cocoyam peel is a lignocellulosic biomass with a cellulose composition of 48%. The effect of the process parameters (time, temperature, acid concentration and pH) on the yield of glucose in acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of the cocoyam peel was respectively investigated. Maximum glucose yield of 44.5% was obtained after 3 days of enzymatic hydrolysis at 30°C and pH 5. The HCl acid hydrolysis showed a maximum glucose yield of 27.3% at 70°C, 5% HCl after 180 minutes. The glucose yield in H2S04 hydrolysis was relatively lower than that of the HCl with a maximum yield of 26.5% at 70°C, 5% H2SO4 after 180 minutes. In addition to, the functional groups present in the glucose synthesized from cocoyam ground peels and the standard glucose were evaluated using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR). The FTIR results showed similarities in the functional groups present in both sugars. Cocoyam peel can be used for the production of glucose and further fermentative process to produce ethanol.
{"title":"Study of the effect of process parameters on the yield of fermentable sugar from red cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) peels via acid and enzyme hydrolysis","authors":"Onoh Ikechukwu Maxwell, Anho Lawrence Oghenerivwe, Egwuagu Onyekachi","doi":"10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.1.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.1.0047","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to study the acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of cocoyam peels using HCl, H2S04 acids and cellulase enzyme. The cellulase was secreted from Aspergillus Niger (A. niger) fungi. The proximate analysis of the substrate showed that cocoyam peel is a lignocellulosic biomass with a cellulose composition of 48%. The effect of the process parameters (time, temperature, acid concentration and pH) on the yield of glucose in acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of the cocoyam peel was respectively investigated. Maximum glucose yield of 44.5% was obtained after 3 days of enzymatic hydrolysis at 30°C and pH 5. The HCl acid hydrolysis showed a maximum glucose yield of 27.3% at 70°C, 5% HCl after 180 minutes. The glucose yield in H2S04 hydrolysis was relatively lower than that of the HCl with a maximum yield of 26.5% at 70°C, 5% H2SO4 after 180 minutes. In addition to, the functional groups present in the glucose synthesized from cocoyam ground peels and the standard glucose were evaluated using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR). The FTIR results showed similarities in the functional groups present in both sugars. Cocoyam peel can be used for the production of glucose and further fermentative process to produce ethanol.","PeriodicalId":231442,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Frontiers in Engineering and Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132025326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.1.0043
Onyeka JO, Obi LE, Igiri VC
Urban Areas in almost all cases develop outwards from the centre. Public facilities (schools, offices, markets) are usually located at about the centre while residential abodes radiate outwards. Such development pattern necessitates road transportation movement to the centre. This paper examines strategies that can be adopted to achieve the necessary movement in a sustainable manner for these urban areas, with Owerri Nigeria as a case study. A field study was conducted to ascertain the total passenger requirement, number and mix of passenger vehicles as well as measure three main road transport-induced air pollutants. The result of the field work showed existing commuter vehicles mix of 56.2:63.7: 19.6:1.6:1 for salons, wagons, mini-buses, coaster buses and big buses respectively, of a total of 85,950 vehicles. The survey also revealed ambient air pollutants level higher than the recommended standards. A new model was developed to achieve a vehicles remix of 10:33:53: 14:1 of same vehicle types and reduction in traffic volume and target air pollutants. The analyses showed that mini-buses and coaster buses have advantage over salon cars, wagon vehicles and big buses in terms of traffic congestions and pollutants release into the environment. The two bus types have least pollutants release per passenger carried. An optimal vehicle remix, which gives higher priority to these buses has been shown to reduce congestion by 40%, Carbon monoxide by 40%, Nitrogen Dioxide by 50% and Methane by 50%. Based on the findings, it is recommended that vehicular remix of 10:33:53:14:1, for salon: wagon: mini-buses: coaster buses: big buses be adopted for Owerri commuters’ transportation need. Some policy measures were put forward to help achieve this. The measures include an outright ban on use of low-passenger-carrying vehicles for commercial purposes.
{"title":"Towards a sustainable road transportation system in urban areas: A case study of Owerri, Nigeria","authors":"Onyeka JO, Obi LE, Igiri VC","doi":"10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.1.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.1.0043","url":null,"abstract":"Urban Areas in almost all cases develop outwards from the centre. Public facilities (schools, offices, markets) are usually located at about the centre while residential abodes radiate outwards. Such development pattern necessitates road transportation movement to the centre. This paper examines strategies that can be adopted to achieve the necessary movement in a sustainable manner for these urban areas, with Owerri Nigeria as a case study. A field study was conducted to ascertain the total passenger requirement, number and mix of passenger vehicles as well as measure three main road transport-induced air pollutants. The result of the field work showed existing commuter vehicles mix of 56.2:63.7: 19.6:1.6:1 for salons, wagons, mini-buses, coaster buses and big buses respectively, of a total of 85,950 vehicles. The survey also revealed ambient air pollutants level higher than the recommended standards. A new model was developed to achieve a vehicles remix of 10:33:53: 14:1 of same vehicle types and reduction in traffic volume and target air pollutants. The analyses showed that mini-buses and coaster buses have advantage over salon cars, wagon vehicles and big buses in terms of traffic congestions and pollutants release into the environment. The two bus types have least pollutants release per passenger carried. An optimal vehicle remix, which gives higher priority to these buses has been shown to reduce congestion by 40%, Carbon monoxide by 40%, Nitrogen Dioxide by 50% and Methane by 50%. Based on the findings, it is recommended that vehicular remix of 10:33:53:14:1, for salon: wagon: mini-buses: coaster buses: big buses be adopted for Owerri commuters’ transportation need. Some policy measures were put forward to help achieve this. The measures include an outright ban on use of low-passenger-carrying vehicles for commercial purposes.","PeriodicalId":231442,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Frontiers in Engineering and Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132559330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.2.0049
Muhammad Hussain, Yan Gao, Falak Shair, Sherehe Semba
Balancing electricity consumption and generation in the residential market is essential for power grids. The imbalance of power scheduling between energy supply and demand would definitely increase costs to both the energy provider and customer. This paper proposes a control function to normalize the peak cost and customer discomfort. In this work, we modify an optimization power scheduling scheme by using the inclined-block rate (IBR) and real-time price (RTP) technique to achieve a desired trade-off between electricity payment and consumer discomfort level. For discomfort, an average time delay between peak and off-peak is proposed to minimize waiting time. The simulation results present our model more practical and realistic with respect to the consumption constrained at peak hours.
{"title":"Optimal residential load scheduling under dynamic pricing and demand-side management","authors":"Muhammad Hussain, Yan Gao, Falak Shair, Sherehe Semba","doi":"10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.2.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53294/ijfetr.2021.1.2.0049","url":null,"abstract":"Balancing electricity consumption and generation in the residential market is essential for power grids. The imbalance of power scheduling between energy supply and demand would definitely increase costs to both the energy provider and customer. This paper proposes a control function to normalize the peak cost and customer discomfort. In this work, we modify an optimization power scheduling scheme by using the inclined-block rate (IBR) and real-time price (RTP) technique to achieve a desired trade-off between electricity payment and consumer discomfort level. For discomfort, an average time delay between peak and off-peak is proposed to minimize waiting time. The simulation results present our model more practical and realistic with respect to the consumption constrained at peak hours.","PeriodicalId":231442,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Frontiers in Engineering and Technology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129592406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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