Tobacco Control最新文献

Background: Tobacco imagery in music videos can glamorise smoking, influencing youth attitudes and behaviours, yet its prevalence in Nigerian music, a global cultural force driven mainly by the Afrobeats genre, remains underexplored.

Methods: This content analysis examined tobacco imagery in 880 Nigerian music videos from 1999 to 2023, sourced from YouTube based on top song charts. Videos were coded for user demographics, tobacco product types and paraphernalia across 15 s episodes. Trends were analysed, and future prevalence was forecasted to 2050 using the Holt-Winters method.

Results: Tobacco imagery was observed in 153 of 880 videos (17.4%), having combined 3.1 billion YouTube views. Cigarettes (51%) and cigars (34%) dominated, followed by shisha (7%), tobacco pipe (5%) and e-cigarettes (3%). Tobacco imagery appeared in the first 15 s of 23% of videos. Five artists accounted for 28% of videos with tobacco imagery and 33% of the tobacco events. The proportion of videos with tobacco imagery increased by 1.58 percentage points annually and is projected to exceed 55% by 2050 without intervention.

Conclusions: Tobacco imagery is prevalent in Nigerian music videos, amplified by Afrobeats' global reach and youth viewership. The upward trend and shift towards newer products like shisha and e-cigarettes signal evolving public health risks and underscores the need for robust enforcement of existing regulations, alongside artist and corporate engagement to mitigate tobacco normalisation.

Objective: Financial incentives, provided following validated smoking cessation, hold substantial potential to cost-effectively promote cessation. To facilitate wider adoption, we systematically reviewed evidence addressing the barriers and facilitators to successful implementation of incentive-based smoking cessation interventions among (expectant) parents.

Data sources: We conducted a systematic search to identify scientific and grey literature across nine electronic databases, from inception to 15 August 2024. Search terms included combinations of "smoking cessation", "incentive", "pregnancy", "preconception" and "parent".

Study selection: Eligible records reported and reflected on the implementation of smoking cessation programmes with incentives for (expectant) parents. Inclusion criteria were applied by two reviewers independently, with discrepancies resolved through consensus. Of 1100 unique records identified, 37 met inclusion criteria.

Data extraction: Characteristics of the studies, interventions, incentives and implementation, along with barriers and facilitators, were independently extracted by two reviewers. Thematic analysis identified barriers and facilitators. Subgroup analysis explored patterns specific to lower socioeconomic populations.

Data synthesis: Studies reported on implementation in the USA (n=18), UK (n=10), Australia (n=4), the Netherlands (n=2), New Zealand (n=1), France (n=1) and international contexts (n=1). Barriers included misalignment with participants' context and resources, recruitment and retention challenges, limited reliability of abstinence verification and high resource demands. Facilitators included ensuring acceptability, accessibility, feasibility, funding and integration into health services.

Conclusions: With the cost-effectiveness of financial incentives for smoking cessation among (expectant) parents already well-documented, this first systematic synthesis of the barriers and facilitators to implementing them in daily practice offers valuable guidance for advancing implementation efforts.

Prospero registration number: 2023:CRD42023407648.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and the evolution of synthetic coolants in cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs) in the context of the recent ban on characterising flavours in these tobacco products including the menthol-flavoured ones in the European Union (EU).

Methodology: A list of synthetic coolants was set up. A data search was conducted in the EU Common Entry Gate for cigarettes and HTPs registered in the period 2017 to 2023 containing one or more of these synthetic coolants. Within this timeframe, the prohibition of menthol as a characterising flavour, in cigarettes and HTPs, entered into force in 2020 and 2023 respectively.

Results: Seven synthetic coolants (n=7) were identified in cigarettes and HTPs: WS3, WS23, WS5, WS27, isopulegol, menthyl lactate and monomenthyl succinate. WS3 and WS23 were the predominant coolants in cigarettes and HTPs. WS27 and monomenthyl succinate were mainly applied in cigarettes, while isopulegol was strongly present in HTPs. WS5 and menthyl lactate were the least applied substances. With some exceptions, menthol has been increasingly removed from cigarettes containing synthetic coolants. A significant increase in the number of cigarettes and HTPs containing synthetic coolants was recorded for 2022, with products being marketed in almost all EU Member States.

Conclusions: From 2020 onwards, a trend towards the addition of synthetic coolants was observed. In more and more EU Member States, industry has been steadily bringing more products containing synthetic coolants onto the market. The compatibility of these products with the provisions of EU tobacco legislation is being questioned.

Objective: Places with more tobacco retailers have higher smoking prevalence levels, but whether this is because retailers locate where people who smoke live or whether tobacco availability prompts tobacco use is unknown. In this study, we compare the role of consumer demand with that of tobacco supply in longitudinal, area-based associations of tobacco retailer density with smoking prevalence.

Methods: We merged annual adult smoking prevalence estimates derived from the USA Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System data with annual county estimates of tobacco retailer density calculated from the National Establishment Time Series data for 3080 counties between 2000 and 2010. We analysed relationships between retailer density and smoking in 3080 counties, using random intercept cross-lagged panel models and employing two measures of tobacco retailer density capturing the number of likely tobacco retailers in a county divided by either the population or land area.

Results: Both density models provided evidence of significant demand and supply effects; in the population-based model, the association of smoking prevalence in 1 year with tobacco retailer density in the next year (standardised coefficient=0.038, p<0.01) was about double the association between tobacco retailer density with subsequent smoking prevalence (0.017, p<0.01). The reverse was true in the land area-based model, where the supply effect (0.042, p<0.01) was more than 10 times stronger than the demand effect (0.003, p<0.01).

Conclusions: Policies that restrict access to retail tobacco have the potential to reduce smoking prevalence, but pairing such policies with interventions to reduce consumer demand remains important.

Background: The tobacco industry has spent millions of dollars promoting racialised narratives against the US Food and Drug Administration's recently announced ban on menthol as a characterising cigarette flavour. This research investigates racialised narratives in online discourse following the ban's announcement.

Methods: Tweets and users responding to the April 2022 menthol ban announcement were content analysed to examine the influence of tobacco industry affiliates and potentially organic African-American/Black (AA/B) users. Next we investigated the extent to which the menthol ban was discussed on AA/B subreddits and used Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modelling to provide an overview of the menthol ban discussion on Reddit.

Results: Only 28 (13.9%) tweets by 22 users claimed that the menthol ban would lead to police violence and/or racial discrimination. Of users who tweeted about over-policing, eight (36.4%) had financial connections to the tobacco industry. There were only three tweets receiving a combined seven retweets from potentially organic AA/B users. On Reddit, only two posts with one comment discussed the menthol ban on subreddits dedicated to AA/B issues and culture. Topic modelling showed that the most common topic related to the menthol ban involved the social and political implications of the ban followed by illicit markets and protecting youth.

Conclusion: Tweets claiming a menthol ban will lead to police violence are indicative of industry agenda-setting. The menthol ban was not a prominent topic of discussion in AA/B subreddits although users discussing news and politics expressed concern for how AA/B people would respond to a ban politically.

Introduction: Significant progress has been made in reducing maternal exposure to tobacco smoke and subsequent adverse birth outcomes, however, reductions may require strategies that reduce the availability of tobacco retailers. In this study, we investigated the relationship between tobacco retailer density and birth outcomes across the USA and predicted the potential impact of a tobacco retailer density cap on these outcomes.

Methods: Annual US county (n=3105), rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational age, all-cause infant mortality and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were calculated using National Vital Statistics System data. Tobacco retailers were identified from the National Establishment Time-Series Database. We used Poisson regression to estimate the effect of capping retailer density at 1.4 retailers per 1000 population, controlling for county demographics and air pollution, using propensity score weighting.

Results: Tobacco retailer density was positively associated with most adverse birth outcomes. We estimate that a nationwide cap on tobacco retailer density, implemented in 2016, would have resulted in a reduction of 4275 (95% CI 2210 to 6392) preterm births, 6096 (95% CI 4421 to 7806) small-for-gestational-age births, 3483 (95% CI 2615 to 4378) low birthweight births, 538 (95% CI 345 to 733) all-cause infant deaths and 107 (95% CI 55 to 158) SIDS deaths in that year.

Conclusion: Higher rates of adverse birth outcomes were seen in counties with high tobacco retailer density compared with those with low density. These results provide further support for regulating tobacco retail density to reduce adverse health outcomes associated with tobacco use.

Introduction: Previous studies have identified pricing strategies that the tobacco industry employs to try to minimise the impact of tobacco taxation, but these studies are mostly about high-income countries. This research examines industry price responses to a recent cigarette tax increase in Mexico, including in the capsule cigarette segment that has expanded rapidly in Latin America.

Methods: Data of cigarette prices and sales in Mexico between October 2018 and September 2021 licensed from NielsenIQ were used following a quasi-experimental design to analyse price changes after excise tax increases with fixed effect models by product. To explore heterogeneous responses, estimates were disaggregated by cigarette attributes such as presence of capsules and market segment. Differential shifting was also assessed.

Results: Increasing the tobacco tax from 2011MX$0.35( ≈ US$0.02) to 2020 MX$0.4944( ≈ US$0.0283) in January 2020 was associated with an overall 8% cigarette price increase in real terms. However, some cigarette types, including premium to discount segments, exhibited price increases larger than the tax increase, which reduced the relative price of ultra-low-priced cigarettes. Instead of a single hike, prices were gradually raised throughout the first months of 2020 for all cigarette types. A combination of both pricing strategies was employed for capsule cigarettes. The 2021 smaller tax adjustment for annual inflation was fully passed onto consumer, maintaining real prices constant.

Conclusions: The industry's ability to raise prices more than the tax increase and manage these price increases smoothly suggests that there was room for larger tobacco tax increases in Mexico. Future developments on tobacco taxes could consider a fully specific tax structure or minimum taxes to mitigate the adverse effects of market segmentation and differential shifting.