Pub Date : 2012-09-30DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.35
J. F. Ilori
This paper examines issues on the categorial status of oun in Yoruba grammar, particularly its status as conjunction. It draws insight from binding theory to show that in Standard Yoruba and other related dialects, such as Ilaje?, oun is constantly anaphorically bound by the first of the two nominal constituents it purportedly coordinates in line with binding rule and binding principle ‘B’ within the particular phrasal context where it is often analysed as conjunction. Relying on data from South-Eastern Yoruba dialects (O?do and Ao) and a Central Yoruba dialect (Omuo-Araro?mi) where there is clear cut evidence for two oun in the lexicon, one of which is non-referential unlike the oun in Standard Yoruba, the paper shows that the use of oun as conjunction in Ao, reported in Taiwo (2005), is not exclusive as there are other dialects in the language that do the same. The paper however provide additional evidence to demonstrate that the claim that oun is a conjunction in Yoruba based on the Ao data cannot be generalized to Standard Yoruba and other related dialects (e.g., Ilaje?) where the non-referential oun found in Ao, Omuo-Araro?mi, and O?do dialects is absent. These make argument in favour of the so-called conjunction oun in Standard Yoruba (School) grammar being a a3sg pronominal anaphor compelling.
{"title":"Issues on the Categorial Status of ‘Òun’ in Yorùbá","authors":"J. F. Ilori","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.35","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines issues on the categorial status of oun in Yoruba grammar, particularly its status as conjunction. It draws insight from binding theory to show that in Standard Yoruba and other related dialects, such as Ilaje?, oun is constantly anaphorically bound by the first of the two nominal constituents it purportedly coordinates in line with binding rule and binding principle ‘B’ within the particular phrasal context where it is often analysed as conjunction. Relying on data from South-Eastern Yoruba dialects (O?do and Ao) and a Central Yoruba dialect (Omuo-Araro?mi) where there is clear cut evidence for two oun in the lexicon, one of which is non-referential unlike the oun in Standard Yoruba, the paper shows that the use of oun as conjunction in Ao, reported in Taiwo (2005), is not exclusive as there are other dialects in the language that do the same. The paper however provide additional evidence to demonstrate that the claim that oun is a conjunction in Yoruba based on the Ao data cannot be generalized to Standard Yoruba and other related dialects (e.g., Ilaje?) where the non-referential oun found in Ao, Omuo-Araro?mi, and O?do dialects is absent. These make argument in favour of the so-called conjunction oun in Standard Yoruba (School) grammar being a a3sg pronominal anaphor compelling.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117172492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-30DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.65
A. K. Nath
This paper deals with the sound changes that have undergone in Deori language from the time of publication of Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India, i.e., 1903 to the present time. (That is till the time of collecting data: January 2008 - January 2009.) During this span of hundred and five years, a considerable amount of phonetic and morphological changes have taken place. Deori has shown ample evidences of sound changes in the patterns of complete lexical shift, epenthesis, devoicing, de-aspiration, vowel shift, nasalization, elision, deletion, morpheme addition, degemination, borrowing, and so on. Most remarkably the loan and borrowing words are fast replacing the basic vocabularies of this language.
{"title":"Sound Change in Deori: A Descriptive Account","authors":"A. K. Nath","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.65","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the sound changes that have undergone in Deori language from the time of publication of Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India, i.e., 1903 to the present time. (That is till the time of collecting data: January 2008 - January 2009.) During this span of hundred and five years, a considerable amount of phonetic and morphological changes have taken place. Deori has shown ample evidences of sound changes in the patterns of complete lexical shift, epenthesis, devoicing, de-aspiration, vowel shift, nasalization, elision, deletion, morpheme addition, degemination, borrowing, and so on. Most remarkably the loan and borrowing words are fast replacing the basic vocabularies of this language.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124050868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-30DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.119
P. Rutkowski
Rutkowski & Progovac (2005) propose to analyze the postnominal placement of classifying adjectives in Polish as resulting from N-movement. Rutkowski (2007a) modifies this account by arguing for a special structural layer (nP) projected immediately above NP, whose head (n°―‘little’ or ‘light’ N) attracts the noun in classifying structures. The goal of the present paper is to discuss the status of nP in more detail and to extend the nP analysis to other nominal constructions―both in Polish and crosslinguistically.
{"title":"Is nP Part of Universal Grammar","authors":"P. Rutkowski","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.119","url":null,"abstract":"Rutkowski & Progovac (2005) propose to analyze the postnominal placement of classifying adjectives in Polish as resulting from N-movement. Rutkowski (2007a) modifies this account by arguing for a special structural layer (nP) projected immediately above NP, whose head (n°―‘little’ or ‘light’ N) attracts the noun in classifying structures. The goal of the present paper is to discuss the status of nP in more detail and to extend the nP analysis to other nominal constructions―both in Polish and crosslinguistically.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"41 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115272025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.7
Stuart Davis, Karen Baertsch
This paper first contrasts formal versus functional explanations for language processes. It suggests that the different types of explanation can be...
本文首先对比了语言过程的形式解释和功能解释。这表明不同类型的解释可以是……
{"title":"Formal versus Functional Explanation for a Universal Theory of Syllable Structure : The Case of Vowel Epenthesis in Winnebago","authors":"Stuart Davis, Karen Baertsch","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2012.13.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"This paper first contrasts formal versus functional explanations for language processes. It suggests that the different types of explanation can be...","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121736563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-31DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.7
N. Al-Horais
Cross-linguistically, it has often been observed that there is no any specific language-independent formal definition that can be used to determine the characterization of any given element as an auxiliary verb. This paper, though it agrees to some extent with this observation, argues that there is still room to find some universal properties that help us end up with the conclusion that auxiliaries and lexical verbs are two distinct types of syntactic entities. To this end, this paper describes the characteristics necessary for what is to count as an auxiliary verb. Having done that, the paper turns to illustrate the most common properties that can be found among languages in order to find a clear universally agreed definition of an auxiliary verb.
{"title":"On the Universality of Auxiliary Verbs","authors":"N. Al-Horais","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-linguistically, it has often been observed that there is no any specific language-independent formal definition that can be used to determine the characterization of any given element as an auxiliary verb. This paper, though it agrees to some extent with this observation, argues that there is still room to find some universal properties that help us end up with the conclusion that auxiliaries and lexical verbs are two distinct types of syntactic entities. To this end, this paper describes the characteristics necessary for what is to count as an auxiliary verb. Having done that, the paper turns to illustrate the most common properties that can be found among languages in order to find a clear universally agreed definition of an auxiliary verb.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129117508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-31DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.125
A. Libert
Korean and other Altaic languages are generally not well represented in artificial international auxiliary languages: the best known such languages (such as Esperanto and Ido) have borrowed almost nothing from them, instead almost exclusively using Indo-European languages as sources. In this paper I will present some auxiliary languages which have taken words and/or parts of their grammar from Altaic languages, looking at which items have been borrowed and in some cases what percentage of the vocabulary they account for. The languages discussed (most of which were created relatively recently) include Ardano, Dousha, Dunia, Konya, Kosmo, Kumiko, Lingwa de Planeta, Neo Patwa, NOXILO, Olingo, Pan-kel, Sambahsa-mundialect, Sona, and Unish. In the cases of most of these languages only a small proportion of the total vocabulary comes from Altaic languages. Further, some of the words said to have been taken from an Altaic language originally came from an Indo-European language. In addition, I will compare the proportion of Korean items to those taken from the other languages of the Altaic family. Overall Korean has been drawn upon less than Japanese, but (not surprisingly) more than Mongolian, Azerbaijani, and Uzbek. Most conclusions are tentative because the vocabularies of most of the auxiliary languages examined have not been fully developed and because often information about sources of words is not given.
朝鲜语和其他阿尔泰语系语言在人工国际辅助语言中通常没有很好的代表性:最著名的这些语言(如世界语和伊多语)几乎没有从它们那里借鉴任何东西，而是几乎完全使用印欧语作为来源。在本文中，我将介绍一些辅助语言，它们从阿尔泰语系语言中借用了单词和/或部分语法，看看哪些项目是借来的，在某些情况下，它们占词汇量的百分比是多少。所讨论的语言(其中大部分是最近创建的)包括Ardano, Dousha, Dunia, Konya, Kosmo, Kumiko, Lingwa de Planeta, Neo Patwa, NOXILO, Olingo, Pan-kel, Sambahsa-mundialect, Sona和Unish。在大多数这些语言中，只有一小部分词汇来自阿尔泰语系语言。此外，一些据说来自阿尔泰语系的单词最初来自印欧语系。此外，我将比较从阿尔泰语系的其他语言中提取的韩国语物品的比例。总的来说，韩语的使用率低于日语，但(毫不奇怪)高于蒙古语、阿塞拜疆语和乌兹别克语。大多数结论都是试探性的，因为所研究的大多数辅助语言的词汇还没有得到充分的发展，而且往往没有给出有关单词来源的信息。
{"title":"The Representation of Korean and Other Altaic Languages in Artificial International Auxiliary Languages","authors":"A. Libert","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.125","url":null,"abstract":"Korean and other Altaic languages are generally not well represented in artificial international auxiliary languages: the best known such languages (such as Esperanto and Ido) have borrowed almost nothing from them, instead almost exclusively using Indo-European languages as sources. In this paper I will present some auxiliary languages which have taken words and/or parts of their grammar from Altaic languages, looking at which items have been borrowed and in some cases what percentage of the vocabulary they account for. The languages discussed (most of which were created relatively recently) include Ardano, Dousha, Dunia, Konya, Kosmo, Kumiko, Lingwa de Planeta, Neo Patwa, NOXILO, Olingo, Pan-kel, Sambahsa-mundialect, Sona, and Unish. In the cases of most of these languages only a small proportion of the total vocabulary comes from Altaic languages. Further, some of the words said to have been taken from an Altaic language originally came from an Indo-European language. In addition, I will compare the proportion of Korean items to those taken from the other languages of the Altaic family. Overall Korean has been drawn upon less than Japanese, but (not surprisingly) more than Mongolian, Azerbaijani, and Uzbek. Most conclusions are tentative because the vocabularies of most of the auxiliary languages examined have not been fully developed and because often information about sources of words is not given.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116060361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-31DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.31
Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam
The Iranian languages spoken in Iran reveal a very intriguing typological peculiarity. They all strongly benefit from agreement as a typological parameter. In this paper, I will begin with Comrie (1978) in which he has proposed the five possible language types based on case-marking and verb-agreement and will address the status of several varieties of Kurdish, as well as a dialect of Talyshi and Davani with respect to agreement. I will show that type (d), i.e., the Tripartite system in Comrie’s terminology where S, A, and P each has a distinct marking, and type (e), for which he has not proposed any name but is a type in which A and P are identically marked, are highly productive and stable systems in the mentioned Iranian languages. The observations reported have implications for the notion of type, language change, and linguistic variation.
{"title":"Linguistic Typology: An Iranian Perspective","authors":"Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.31","url":null,"abstract":"The Iranian languages spoken in Iran reveal a very intriguing typological peculiarity. They all strongly benefit from agreement as a typological parameter. In this paper, I will begin with Comrie (1978) in which he has proposed the five possible language types based on case-marking and verb-agreement and will address the status of several varieties of Kurdish, as well as a dialect of Talyshi and Davani with respect to agreement. I will show that type (d), i.e., the Tripartite system in Comrie’s terminology where S, A, and P each has a distinct marking, and type (e), for which he has not proposed any name but is a type in which A and P are identically marked, are highly productive and stable systems in the mentioned Iranian languages. The observations reported have implications for the notion of type, language change, and linguistic variation.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127270373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-31DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.101
Eunjoo Kwak
Various linguistic phenomena may serve a basis for the classification of languages and nominal forms make part of the criteria for the classification. In this study, two major approaches are closely compared for language typology based on nominal forms. Chierchia (1998a, b) assumes that morpho-syntactic features should be crucial in determining the denotations and grammatical categories of NPs. He suggests three classificatory categories with the notion of nominal mapping parameters. Contrastingly, the OT analysis of de Swart & Zwarts (2009, 2010) do not assume that morpho-syntactic features should be collapsed with countability and plurality. They propose several general constraints governing nominal forms and argue that different ordering of the constraints in optimality accounts for different nominal forms crosslinguistically. I have shown that the OT analysis provides an appropriate framework to categorize languages systematically.
{"title":"Typological Accounts for Nominal Forms","authors":"Eunjoo Kwak","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.101","url":null,"abstract":"Various linguistic phenomena may serve a basis for the classification of languages and nominal forms make part of the criteria for the classification. In this study, two major approaches are closely compared for language typology based on nominal forms. Chierchia (1998a, b) assumes that morpho-syntactic features should be crucial in determining the denotations and grammatical categories of NPs. He suggests three classificatory categories with the notion of nominal mapping parameters. Contrastingly, the OT analysis of de Swart & Zwarts (2009, 2010) do not assume that morpho-syntactic features should be collapsed with countability and plurality. They propose several general constraints governing nominal forms and argue that different ordering of the constraints in optimality accounts for different nominal forms crosslinguistically. I have shown that the OT analysis provides an appropriate framework to categorize languages systematically.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123412670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-31DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.71
Hemanga Dutta
The paper investigates the problem of phonological strength relations that account for the organization of speech sounds in a specific fashion in the light of spirantization process as attested in the Assamese language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the northeastern part of India. In Assamese aspirated stops /p?/ and /b?/ are spirantized as [f] and [v] in word-final position, leaving the unaspirated stops intact. In word-initial and medial positions spirantization is blocked in Assamese. De-aspiration in Assamese does not apply to word final position when no following consonant occurs. In Assamese, coda is de-aspirated when it is followed by an aspirated onset. However the fricatives /f/ and /v/ never lose their feature [+asp] despite the fact that both consonants occur in the word-final position or in coda position, being followed by aspirated onset. They turn in to /p?/ and /b?/ respectively when they are followed by obstruents. Nevertheless, the feature [+asp] is maintained in the onset position which does not undergo alternation. Distribution of Assamese aspirated phonemes at word boundary inform us that only the labial stops spirantize at the word-final position unlike coronal and velar stops which are not susceptible to the process of spirantization.
{"title":"Spirantization and the Notion of Phonological Strength Relations in Assamese","authors":"Hemanga Dutta","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2012.13.1.71","url":null,"abstract":"The paper investigates the problem of phonological strength relations that account for the organization of speech sounds in a specific fashion in the light of spirantization process as attested in the Assamese language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the northeastern part of India. In Assamese aspirated stops /p?/ and /b?/ are spirantized as [f] and [v] in word-final position, leaving the unaspirated stops intact. In word-initial and medial positions spirantization is blocked in Assamese. De-aspiration in Assamese does not apply to word final position when no following consonant occurs. In Assamese, coda is de-aspirated when it is followed by an aspirated onset. However the fricatives /f/ and /v/ never lose their feature [+asp] despite the fact that both consonants occur in the word-final position or in coda position, being followed by aspirated onset. They turn in to /p?/ and /b?/ respectively when they are followed by obstruents. Nevertheless, the feature [+asp] is maintained in the onset position which does not undergo alternation. Distribution of Assamese aspirated phonemes at word boundary inform us that only the labial stops spirantize at the word-final position unlike coronal and velar stops which are not susceptible to the process of spirantization.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131085474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-30DOI: 10.22425/JUL.2011.12.2.7
F. Forza
1 The main goal of the paper is showing that there are three different kinds of iterative phenomena in languages: phoneme reduplication, not analyzed here, reduplication, and repetition. The phenomena differ on the basis of the grammatical components involved and therefore have very different effects. My work argues that reduplication is first and fore-most a formal phenomenon. It can involve several kinds of meaning, some of which of very iconic origin, but all the meanings get encoded grammatically. Then, phrases can be iterated, as well, and they are candidates for repetition. I take repetition to have an exclusively iconic function, basically with a single meaning: emphasis. No formal aspects are involved here. I insert the preceding generalization in the wider framework of the Parallel Architecture (Jackendoff 1997, 2002).
{"title":"Doubling as a Sign of Morphology: A Typological Perspective","authors":"F. Forza","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2011.12.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2011.12.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"1 The main goal of the paper is showing that there are three different kinds of iterative phenomena in languages: phoneme reduplication, not analyzed here, reduplication, and repetition. The phenomena differ on the basis of the grammatical components involved and therefore have very different effects. My work argues that reduplication is first and fore-most a formal phenomenon. It can involve several kinds of meaning, some of which of very iconic origin, but all the meanings get encoded grammatically. Then, phrases can be iterated, as well, and they are candidates for repetition. I take repetition to have an exclusively iconic function, basically with a single meaning: emphasis. No formal aspects are involved here. I insert the preceding generalization in the wider framework of the Parallel Architecture (Jackendoff 1997, 2002).","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133642602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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