Journal of Universal Language最新文献

{"title":"A Lexicostatistics Comparison of Standard Yorùbá, Àkúrẹ́ and Ìkàrẹ́\u0000 Àkókó Dialects","authors":"Bọ́láńlé Elizabeth Arókoyọ̀, Olamide Oluwaseun Lagunju","doi":"10.22425/jul.2019.20.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2019.20.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studied the differences and similarities in the lexicon of Standard Yoruba, Ìkàré ̣Àkókó and Àkúré ̣dialects. We examined the lexicostatistics comparison of the lexicons in Standard Yorùbá, Ìkàré ̣Àkókó and Àkúré ̣dialects. The paper aims at determining the level of mutual intelligibility in Standard Yorùbá, Ìkàré ̣Àkókó and Àkúré ̣speech forms. The objectives of this study were: (i) to find out the areas of similarities and differences of the lexical items of Bolanle Elizabeth Arokoyo Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ilorin, Nigeria Email: bolakoyo@yahoo.com Olamide Oluwaseun Lagunju Graduate Student, Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ilorin, Nigeria Email: midelagunju@yahoo.com Received 10 June, 2019; Revised 12 July, 2019; Accepted 7 August, 2019 Copyright © 2019 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 A Lexicostatistics Comparison of Standard Yorùbá, Àkúré ̣and Ìkàré ̣Àkókó Dialects the dialects, (ii) to examine the phonological relatedness of the three dialects and (iii) to determine the cognate percentage of relatedness among the three dialects. The data for this paper were collected from six native speakers using the SIL Comparative African Wordlist of basic lexical items. The numeral system, animal nouns and edible nouns were selected from the wordlist in which they were compared using the comparative method and a lexicostatistics analysis was done. The comparative method and the lexicostatistics analysis were used as the framework for Standard Yorùbá, Ìkàré ̣Àkókó and Àkúré ̣ dialects to determine the level of lexical correspondence among them. The findings of this study revealed that there is a higher cognate percentage between Standard Yorùbá and Àkúré ̣ with 86.40% cognates, with Ìkàré ̣ Àkókó and Àkúré ̣ having 74.60% cognates and Standard Yorùbá and Ìkàré ̣ Àkókó with 78.90% cognates. This paper concluded that there is a higher level of mutual intelligibility between Standard Yorùbá and Àkúré ̣ than Standard Yorùbá and Ìkàré ̣Àkókó while the level of mutual intelligibility between Ìkàré ̣Àkókó and Àkúré ̣is low.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123512919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Typological Comparison of Relativization in Amharic and\u0000 Ezha","authors":"Endalew Assefa","doi":"10.22425/jul.2019.20.2.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2019.20.2.29","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the structure of relative clauses in the Amharic and Ezha Languages thereby making typological comparison between the two languages. Both headed and headless relative clauses are attested in both languages. A headed relative clause in both languages is found to be prenominal as the clause precedes the head noun that is to be modified. With reference to both headed and headless relative clause types, constituents which relate to a subject, direct and indirect object, oblique, and possessor noun are found to be relativized in the target languages. By so doing, Amharic employs the relativizer jәin perfective conjugations, while it makes Endalew Assefa Assistant Professor of Linguistics, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Email: endexye2006@gmail.com Received 16 January, 2019; Revised 12 February, 2019; Accepted 7 August, 2019 Copyright © 2019 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 Typological Comparison of Relativization in Amharic and Ezha use of ɨmmto relativize imperfective verbs. On the other hand, Ezha uses jәin the relativization of perfective structures, whereas it employs no overt morpheme to relativize imperfective verbs, hence, zero marking. Unlike Amharic, Ezha employs no overt relativizer on negative relative verbs. The relativized constituents of headless relative clauses in both languages are traceable as they can be recovered by considering the agreement suffixes attached to the respective relative verbs.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123063743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loanword Syllable Adaptation in Persian: An Optimality-Theoretic\u0000 Account","authors":"A. Ghorbanpour, A. Kambuziya, Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam, Ferdows Agha-Golzadeh","doi":"10.22425/jul.2019.20.2.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2019.20.2.95","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper examines the process of loanword syllable adaptation in tetrasyllabic words in Persian, within an Optimalitytheoretic framework. In Persian, consonant clusters are avoided in onset position. As a result, the loanwords borrowed from other languages which have complex onsets, when introduced into Persian, are adapted to fit the syllable structure of the target language. When placed word-initially, the onset cluster is generally resolved by the insertion of an epenthetic vowel. However, this vowel epenthesis occurs in a split pattern, as it does in many other languages. In this study, following Gouskova’s (2001) proposal, we argue that this split pattern in loanword syllabic adaptation can best be explained to be an effect of the Syllable Contact Law (SCL). That is, when the two segments in the onset cluster have a rising sonority sequence, the cluster is broken up by the process of anaptyxis; while in sequences of falling sonority, the cluster is resolved through the process of prothesis. It is argued that, this pattern uniformly holds true at least as far as the dictionary-derived data in the present study are concerned. For the exceptional cases of /SN/ and /SL/ clusters— not attested in our data set, but still present and frequently referred to in the literature—we propose the addition of two positional faithfulness constraints of the DEP-V/X_Y family (Fleischhacker 2001) to our set of universal constraints to account for all the possible cases of loanword syllabic adaptation in Persian.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122847684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissimilation at the Interface: Nominalization as the Key to a Longstanding Puzzle","authors":"Jeffrey Punske","doi":"10.22425/jul.2019.20.1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2019.20.1.39","url":null,"abstract":"The narrow goal is to provide a complete account of the doubl-ing effect (Ross 1972) within a Minimalist and Distributed Morphology § I am indebted to a number of helpful hands who have helped shape this work too many to properly thank. I would like to express special gratitude to audiences at the Arizona Linguistics Circle, the University of Kansas, the University of Illinois, and Nominals at the Interface at Songang University along with Heidi Harley, Jason Haugen, Scott Jackson, Vicki Carstens, Stacey Sloboda, Ulrich Reichhard, Bridget Samuels, and Carrie Gillon of Quick Fox Consulting. All errors and oversights remain my own. Jeffrey Punske Assistant Professor, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA Email: punske@siu.edu Received 24 September, 2018; Revised 8 December, 2018; Accepted 10 January, 2019 Copyright © 2019 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 40 Dissimilation at the Interface: Nominalization as the Key to a Longstanding Puzzle approach. In particular, I examine the effect within nominals and show that the pattern can be fully captured via the interaction of previous analyses: structural differences based on whether the nominals are complex event nominals (Grimshaw 1990), local dislocation of the -ing affix (Punske 2016), and Distinctness (Richards 2010). I show that this account is fully compatible with full facts of the phenomenon and discuss other possible dissimilation effects that may be explored in the future.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124443486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Syntactic Position of Negative Markers in Idoma and Tiv: A Deviation from Language Universal Validity","authors":"I. O. Sanusi, Lydia Damilola Oyewole","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2019.20.1.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2019.20.1.77","url":null,"abstract":"Syntacticians and typologists have carried out a cross-linguistic study of the syntactic position of the negative marker with respect to the verb in a given sentence (Greenberg 1966 and Dryer 1988). The objective of this study is to carry out a comparative study of Issa O. Sanusi (First & Corresponding Author) Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ilorin, Nigeria Email: sanusissa2@yahoo.com Lydia D. Oyewole (Co-author) Researcher, Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ilorin, Nigeria Email: damsly25@gmail.com Received 9 January, 2019; Revised 2 March, 2019; Accepted 11 March, 2019 Copyright © 2019 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 78 The Syntactic Position of Negative Markers in Idoma and Tiv: ~ the negative marking strategies in both Idoma and Tiv languages, spoken in Benue State, Nigeria. Given the fact that the two languages belong to the same genetic family (Benue-Congo) and share the same basic word order (subject, S; object, O; verb ,V); the study is intended to find out the extent to which the negative marking strategies in the two languages conform to the assumption under language universals. The assumption is that there is an overall tendency for the negative marker to precede the main verb in SVO languages. That is, a location between the subject and the verb. Since none of the two writers speaks any of the two languages, data were collected through interview method. And the frame technique method was adopted in presenting structured grammatical sentences in English to native speakers of the two languages to translate to both Idoma and Tiv. The Principles and Parameters approach was employed for our analysis in this study. Our findings revealed that what obtains in both Idoma and Tiv negative constructions is contrary to the assumption under language universals. Instead of preceding the main verb, the negative markers occur at the sentence-final position, in each of the two languages. Notwithstanding the deviation from the language universal validity, we have discovered a high degree of similarities in the syntactic behaviour of negative markers in both Idoma and Tiv languages.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131159722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meaning in Metaphors Used in Nollywood Films: A Lexical Concept Integration","authors":"Eniayo Sobola","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2019.20.1.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2019.20.1.99","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines contributions of the semantic potential of lexical items in the metaphorical expressions used in Nollywood films towards realisation of the intended meaning. Metaphor can be described as a semantic change based on a similarity in form or function between one linguistic concept and another. The data were extracted from the Nollywood films uploaded on internet via YouTube, and they are analysed using the lexical concept integration in Vyvyan Evans’ theory of Lexical Concept and Cognitive Model in order to match the semantic potential of the lexical items in the metaphors used in the films. The study reveals that only the openEniayo Sobola Lecturer and Researcher, Department of English, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria Email: sobolaeniayo@gmail.com Received 28 December, 2018; Revised 8 March, 2019; Accepted 13 March, 2019 Copyright © 2019 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 100 Meaning in Metaphors Used in Nollywood Films: A Lexical Concept Integration class lexical concepts in the metaphors have semantic potential to undergo interpretation in a lexical conceptual unit; each open-class lexical concept in the metaphors has a cognitive model profile which contains cognitive models—layers of meaning—to which it facilitates access; each cognitive model in the cognitive model profile of the open-class lexical item is an interpretation, both socio-cultural and linguistic; matching explores interpretation of the two interpretations that connect among the possible interpretations to arrive at the intended meaning of the metaphors with sociocultural and linguistic import as used in Nollywood films.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124085262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theme-Attraction and Bound Verbs in Southern Wakashan","authors":"J. Stonham","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2019.20.1.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2019.20.1.127","url":null,"abstract":"The present article addresses the issue of the existence of noun incorporation in the Southern Wakashan languages of the Pacific Northwest. There have been a number of proposals for treating a process in the languages that combines elements of a theme argument with a bound verbal element. None of these previous treatments account for the full range of data surrounding this phenomenon in this family of languages. This article introduces new data from all of the Southern Wakashan languages, demonstrating that this is a property of the entire family and provides a new § This work was supported by a Research Grant from Pukyong National University (2018). John Stonham Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, Pukyong National University, Korea Email: stonham@pknu.ac.kr Received 24 January, 2019; Revised 19 February, 2019; Accepted 25 February, 2019 Copyright © 2019 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 128 Theme-Attraction and Bound Verbs in Southern Wakashan analysis of this phenomenon that makes use of a feature of theme attraction that may be associated with select verbal elements in all three languages. This feature, combined with a distinction between verbal suffix and bound verb, suggests a new and more general account of the facts of the process. When combined with the recognition of the thematic parallelism between transitive objects and unaccusative subjects, this leads to a new and general account of the facts of the process of combining elements of the theme argument with bound verbs in Southern Wakashan languages.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"10 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133287172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conditionals in Moroccan Arabic","authors":"Abdelhakim Boubekri","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2019.20.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2019.20.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study describes conditional constructions in Moroccan Arabic (henceforth MA) using a cognitive approach. Adopting the tripartite classification of conditionals namely factual, hypothetical, and counterfactual by Comrie (1986), this study examines conditional constructions that are introduced by the particles ila (لاإ) and kun (نوك). The analysis shows that there are two basic types of conditional constructions in MA depending on whether the ‘if-clause’ represents a possible condition (real conditional) as in: ila ilǝcbu mǝzyan, irǝbḥu ‘If they play well, they will win’; or a contrary-tofact/impossible condition (unreal conditional) as in kun ğa, nǝmšiw kamlin ‘If he came, we would go’. In real conditional constructions, Abdelhakim Boubekri Ph.D. candidate in Second Language Acquisition Studies, Department of English, Faculty of Education Sciences, Mohamed V University-Rabat, Morocco Email: boubekri755@gmail.com Received 28 June, 2018; Revised 2 Septmber, 2018; Accepted 1 October, 2018 Copyright © 2019 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 Conditionals in Moroccan Arabic the particle ila is used in conditional constructions to signal the condition and the future. Ila allows two verb forms in both the protasis and the apodosis, namely, the perfective as in ila ğit, rani ğit ‘If you came, I came’, and the imperfective form as in ila kan ḫǝddam, nḫǝlsu ‘If he is working, I will pay him’. However, each form is used in a special and different way. In unreal conditionals, the various particles are used to signal solely the condition. There are three types of unreal conditionals. The first one refers to the present, the second refers to the future, and the third refers to the past. Concerning verb forms, there are three possible patterns. The first one is that the verb in both the protasis and the apodosis is in the perfective form as in kun ğa, kun lcǝb ‘If he had come, he would have played’. The second one is that the verb in both the protasis and the apodosis is in the imperfective form as in kun iği, ilcǝb ‘If he comes, he will play’. The third one is that the verb in the protasis is in the perfective form, while the verb in the apodosis is in the imperfective form as in kun ğa, ilcǝb ‘If he came/had come, he would play/would have played’. The meanings of the verb form whether it is in the perfective or the imperfective, depend on their use in the protasis and the apodosis.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129398445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Questions in Managing Affect and Emotional Involvement in Japanese Conversations","authors":"Asuka Yasunari","doi":"10.22425/jul.2018.19.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2018.19.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"647 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114099231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence of Marked Semantic Formulas in Refusal Strategy Hierarchies","authors":"Inook Lyuh, Jin-young Tak","doi":"10.22425/JUL.2018.19.2.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22425/JUL.2018.19.2.27","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to investigate semantic formulas of refusal strategies emerging in such various language circumstances as Korean, Chinese, Persian, German, and English and then to account for similarities and differences of refusal strategies in these languages from the perspective of typology. The focus of most previous research has been on employments of refusal strategies of Inook Lyuh (First author) Assistant Professor, Bangmok College of General Education, Myongji University, Korea Email:claraly@mju.ac.kr Jin-young Tak (Corresponding author) Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, Sejong University, Korea Email: jytak@sejong.ac.kr Received 16 August, 2018; Revised 5 September, 2018; Accepted 12 September, 2018 Copyright © 2018 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 28 Emergence of Marked Semantic Formulas in Refusal Strategy Hierarchies two different culturally-oriented individuals (i.e., usually one language in comparison with English, thereby failing to provide a comprehensive analysis to ensure what strategies languages favor or disfavor in refusing someone. In light of this observation, this paper reanalyzes refusal strategy data in cases of invitation from five language speakers and then adopts the notion of “Markedness Theory” to propose semantic formula hierarchies for each language (Archangeli 1992, Bybee 2011, Hume 2011). Furthermore, this paper suggests that “Explanation” is the most unmarked semantic formula of refusal strategies from the perspective of typology; some marked ones emerge depending on a given language and social status.","PeriodicalId":231529,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Universal Language","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129000624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}