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Hybrid System for In Situ Observation of Microstructure Evolution in Steel Materials 原位观察钢材料显微组织演变的混合系统
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06145-0_1
Y. Komizo, Xinfang Zhang, H. Terasaki
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引用次数: 2
Observation of hole formation process in plasma arc drilling 等离子弧钻孔成孔过程的观察
Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.29.66S
K. Kusumoto, S. Hao, S. Ishikawa
Drilling is widely applied in materials processing. Novel drilling methods, including electrical discharge machining, laser drilling, and plasma arc drilling, have emerged in recent years to overcome such problems as tool wear and low efficiency in the drilling of thick plates or difficult-to-machine materials. Plasma arc drilling is an effective and high-speed drilling method for thick plates. However, the mechanisms of plasma arc drilling, such as the hole formation and dross formation processes, have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, a number of experiments under different drilling conditions were conducted to investigate the hole formation process in mild steel plate of 12 mm in thickness, using a high-speed video camera. Hole formation in plasma arc drilling is a highly complex process since both melting and vaporization are involved. The mechanisms of molten metal ejection as a material removal process were verified. The formation and removal of dross at the entrance and exit sides were elucidated by our observations of molten metal ejection. Further experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of the anode motion peculiar to plasma arc drilling. The results clarified the hole formation process and some specific related phenomena. The insights gained into the hole formation process will be useful in improving hole quality and reducing dross around the hole.
钻孔在材料加工中有着广泛的应用。近年来出现了电火花加工、激光加工和等离子弧加工等新型钻孔方法,以克服厚板或难加工材料钻孔时刀具磨损和效率低的问题。等离子弧钻孔是一种高效、高速的厚板钻孔方法。然而,等离子弧钻孔的机制,如孔的形成和渣的形成过程,尚未完全阐明。本研究采用高速摄像机,对厚度为12mm的低碳钢板在不同钻孔条件下的成孔过程进行了实验研究。等离子弧钻孔成孔是一个非常复杂的过程,涉及到熔化和汽化。验证了熔融金属喷射作为材料去除过程的机理。通过对熔融金属喷射的观察,阐明了入口和出口两侧渣滓的形成和去除。进一步的实验研究了等离子弧钻孔特有的阳极运动的影响。结果阐明了孔的形成过程和一些具体的相关现象。对井眼形成过程的深入了解将有助于提高井眼质量,减少井眼周围的杂质。
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引用次数: 1
Enhancement of solderability of Cu60Zr30Ti10 bulk metallic glass by dealloying in hydrofluoric acid solution 氢氟酸溶液中合金化提高Cu60Zr30Ti10块状金属玻璃的可焊性
Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.29.147S
T. Naoi, H. Nishikawa, T. Takemoto, H. Abe, M. Fukuhara, A. Inoue
To extend the engineering applications of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), it is necessary to create process to form appropriate BMG/BMG and BMG/crystalline metal joint. In this study, hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution treatment and a laser soldering process were employed to enhance the solderability of Cu60Zr30Ti10 BMG. The surface treatment in HF solution successfully dissolved surface Zr and Ti, resulting in concentration of Cu at the surface. A reflow soldering process using Sn-3.0 mass% Ag-0.5 mass% Cu (SAC) solder on this surface showed obvious dewetting because the thin Cu-rich layer dissolved into the molten solder. Laser soldering with a 0.01 s irradiation time, which produces rapid heating and cooling rates, offered good wettability of SAC solder and Sn-57 mass% Bi (SB) solder. At the interface between the SB solder and the HF-treated BMG foil, an intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
为了扩大大块金属玻璃的工程应用,有必要创造形成合适的大块金属玻璃/大块金属玻璃和大块金属玻璃/晶体金属玻璃接头的工艺。采用氢氟酸(HF)固溶处理和激光焊接工艺提高Cu60Zr30Ti10 BMG的可焊性。在HF溶液中进行表面处理,成功地溶解了表面Zr和Ti,导致表面Cu浓度升高。采用Sn-3.0质量% Ag-0.5质量% Cu (SAC)焊料在该表面进行回流焊,由于薄的富Cu层溶解在焊料中,导致明显的脱湿。激光焊接时,辐照时间为0.01 s,加热和冷却速度快,SAC焊料和Sn-57质量% Bi (SB)焊料的润湿性好。扫描电镜(SEM)观察到,在SB焊料与经hf处理的BMG箔的界面处,存在一层金属间化合物(IMC)层。
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引用次数: 2
Development of wettability evaluation equipment for solder paste using laser displacement method 激光位移法锡膏润湿性评价装置的研制
Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.5104/JIEP.14.390
S. Koyama, I. Oya, Toshihiro Isaka, I. Shohji, M. Nishimuro, K. Hiramoto, Hironaga Miyamoto
Equipment for evaluating the wettability of solder paste has been developed using a laser displacement method. Using the equipment, the descent behavior of an electronic part in reflow soldering can be measured with a laser displacement meter. From the measured height displacement curve, the wetting time and spread rate of the solder paste onto the electrodes of an electronic part and a substrate can be investigated. The developed equipment can detect the difference in the wettability of solder paste which depends on the solder paste type, the electrode type, and the degradation of the solder paste over time.
研制了一种用激光位移法评价锡膏润湿性的设备。利用该设备,可以用激光位移计测量回流焊中电子零件的下降行为。根据测量的高度位移曲线,可以研究锡膏在电子元件和衬底电极上的润湿时间和涂敷速率。所开发的设备可以检测锡膏润湿性的差异,这取决于锡膏类型,电极类型以及锡膏随时间的降解。
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引用次数: 0
In-situ Observation of martensite transformation and retained austenite in supermartensitic stainless steel 超马氏体不锈钢中马氏体相变和残余奥氏体的原位观察
Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.2355/TETSUTOHAGANE.96.691
Shuoyuan Zhang, H. Terasaki, Y. Komizo
Martensite transformation of supermartensitic stainless steel during cooling was in-situ observed by using high temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy and X-ray diffraction by Synchrotron radiation. The crystallography of martensite and austenite structure were analyzed which X-ray diffraction spots and electron back scattered diffraction patterns (EBSD). From the test results it could be concluded that the austenite phase is accommodated by rotation less that 3 degree of the crystallite when the martensite transformation is occurred. X-Ray diffraction integration strength of austenite was influenced by the transformation stress immediately after the martensite transformation. We consider that the diffracting power of parent phase of austenite increase during martensitie transformation, because the compression stress is accommodated, and the defect is introduced, resulting in the mosaic structure.
采用高温激光扫描共聚焦显微镜和同步辐射x射线衍射观察了超马氏体不锈钢在冷却过程中的马氏体转变。利用x射线衍射斑点和电子背散射衍射图(EBSD)分析了马氏体和奥氏体组织的晶体学。从试验结果可以看出,马氏体转变发生时,奥氏体相被晶体旋转了不到3度。马氏体转变后,奥氏体的x射线衍射积分强度受到相变应力的直接影响。我们认为,在马氏体转变过程中,奥氏体母相的衍射能力增大,这是由于压缩应力被容纳,缺陷被引入,导致了马赛克结构的形成。
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引用次数: 12
Experiment and numerical simulation in temperature distribution and welding distortion in GMA welding GMA焊接温度分布及焊接变形的实验与数值模拟
Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.29.31S
S. Yamane, T. Yamazaki, Tomoaki Kaneta, Toru Nakajima, H. Yamamoto
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引用次数: 6
Numerical analysis of weld pool formation mechanism in TIG welding in consideration of the influence of emitter material adding to the tungsten cathode 考虑射极材料加入钨阴极影响的TIG焊熔池形成机理的数值分析
Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.29.14S
Tasuku Zeniya, S. Tashiro, Manabu Tanaka, E. Yamamoto, K. Yamazaki, Keiichi Suzuki
Generally, ThO2 or La2O3 are added to a tungsten cathode for prompting electron emission from the cathode and preventing the cathode from consumption. In this study, influence of adding 2%ThO to the tungsten cathode as emitter material on arc properties and weld pool formation mechanism in TIG welding was investigated by employing numerical simulation model considering heat and mass transfers among the cathode, the arc and the weld pool. As a result, it was found that although the maximum cathode jet velocity in case of 2%ThO2-W cathode was 497 m/s, that in case of pure W cathode was only 156 m/s because of low current density caused by flatten surface of the melting cathode tip. In case of 2%ThO2-W cathode, the depth and the width of the weld pool became shallow wide than those in case of pure W cathode. For a reason, it is considered that because shearing force from the arc to the weld pool was larger than that of pure W cathode due to higher cathode jet velocity, the heat transport in the weld pool near the surface in radial outward direction increased
一般来说,在钨阴极中加入ThO2或La2O3是为了促进阴极的电子发射,防止阴极消耗。采用考虑阴极、电弧和焊池之间传热传质的数值模拟模型,研究了在钨阴极中添加2%ThO作为射极材料对TIG焊接电弧性能和焊池形成机理的影响。结果发现,虽然2% th2 -W阴极的最大阴极喷射速度为497 m/s,但纯W阴极的最大阴极喷射速度仅为156 m/s,这是由于熔化的阴极尖端表面平坦导致电流密度低所致。当阴极为2% th2 -W时,熔池的深度和宽度比纯W时变浅变宽。有理由认为,由于阴极射流速度较高,电弧对焊缝熔池的剪切力比纯W阴极大,因此在径向向外靠近表面的焊缝熔池中传热增加
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引用次数: 2
Experimental observation of cleaning action of cathode spots in AC TIG welding of aluminum plates 铝板交流TIG焊阴极点清洗作用的实验观察
Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.29.5S
S. Tashiro, H. Sawato, Manabu Tanaka
Since it is indispensable to remove oxide layer on aluminum for realizing high quality weld joint in arc welding of aluminum plates, AC TIG welding is generally employed. In periods of EP (Electrode Positive) of AC TIG welding, the oxide layer is removed by cleaning action of cathode spots. In this paper, results on experimental observations of the cleaning action of the oxide layer by cathode spots in AC TIG welding of the aluminum plate with a high speed video camera will be reported. As a result, it was found that cathode spots moved slowly on the oxide layer and their averaged velocity was 26.1m/s. On the other hand, cathode spots near the center of the weld pool, where the oxide layer had been mostly removed, moved at high speed and their averaged velocity reached 121.9 m/s. Furthermore, the velocity greatly changed depending on the position of the cathode spot and exceeded 1 km/s at the maximum.
由于铝板电弧焊要实现高质量焊缝,必须清除铝表面氧化层,因此一般采用交流TIG焊。在交流TIG焊的EP(极正)阶段,通过阴极点的清洗作用去除氧化层。本文报道了用高速摄像机对铝板交流TIG焊中阴极点对氧化层清洗作用的实验观察结果。结果表明,阴极斑点在氧化层上的移动速度较慢,平均速度为26.1m/s。另一方面,靠近熔池中心的阴极斑点移动速度较快,其平均速度达到121.9 m/s,氧化层已被大部分去除。此外,速度随阴极点位置的变化而变化很大,最大速度超过1 km/s。
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引用次数: 13
Effects of tool geometry and process conditions on material flow and strength of friction stir spot welded joints 刀具几何形状和工艺条件对搅拌摩擦点焊接头材料流动和强度的影响
Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.29.119S
S. Horie, K. Shinozaki, Motomichi Yamamoto, K. Kadoi, Hiroki Nakashin, T. North
In this study, the theoretical tool design was proposed based on the material flow during friction stir spot welding (FSSW). At first, the fracture mode in a cross tensile test and a tensile shear test was investigated in detail. Then, the ideal profile of the welded joint was proposed to accomplish the high joint strength. The high joint strength can be acquired when the tip of the partially bonded interface is located at distance from the periphery of the keyhole and the surface of the top sheet. Based on the material flow model, it became clear that the strong inwards flow produced by the shoulder or the increase of the heat input to soften material around the stir zone leaded to producing the ideal joint. Thus four types of tools with different shoulder profiles were investigated. The investigation of the material flow and tensile tests were carried out. 15mm-spiral tool, which was designed to facilitate the material flow beneath the shoulder efficiently, attained the high joint strength in both a cross tensile and a tensile shear test.
在本研究中,提出了基于搅拌摩擦点焊过程中材料流动的理论工具设计。首先,对交叉拉伸试验和拉伸剪切试验中的断裂模式进行了详细研究。在此基础上,提出了理想的焊接接头形状,以达到较高的接头强度。当部分粘结界面的尖端位置远离锁孔外围和顶板表面时,可以获得较高的接合强度。根据物料流动模型,可以清楚地看到,肩部产生的强烈向内流动或增加热量输入以软化搅拌区周围的材料导致产生理想的接头。因此,研究了四种不同肩型的刀具。进行了材料流动研究和拉伸试验。15mm螺旋工具设计的目的是为了有效地促进材料在肩下流动,在交叉拉伸和拉伸剪切试验中均获得了较高的接头强度。
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引用次数: 5
Numerical simulation of heat source properties of pulsed tungsten inert gas arc 脉冲钨惰性气体电弧热源特性的数值模拟
Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.29.9S
Kuniyoshi Ito, S. Tashiro, Manabu Tanaka
The heat source properties of TIG arc strongly depend on composition of shielding gas. For example, since the arc column is constricted due to low electrical conductivity of the helium arc, heat flux onto a base metal in case of helium TIG arc is higher than that of argon TIG arc. The heat source properties can be controlled also by current waveform. Pulsed TIG welding is suitable for back-bead welding and thin plate welding, because the heat flux onto the base metal can be controlled by adjusting peak / base current ratio and frequency. A number of results on experimental and theoretical investigations of the heat source properties of DC TIG arc have been reported. However, those of pulsed TIG arc are still not fully understood because of the complexity of the phenomenon. In this paper, numerical simulation result of the heat source properties of pulsed TIG arc for various shielding gas composition will be reported. As a result, it was found that the heat flux increased immediately after transition from base current to peak current because of the thermal pinch effect. Furthermore, temperature distribution of helium arc changes following change in current immediately due to high thermal conductivity
TIG电弧的热源性能在很大程度上取决于保护气体的成分。例如,由于氦弧的导电性较低,弧柱被压缩,因此氦TIG弧的热流到贱金属上的热流比氩TIG弧的热流高。热源的特性也可以通过电流波形来控制。脉冲TIG焊适用于背焊和薄板焊接,因为可以通过调节峰值/基极电流比和频率来控制基材上的热流密度。对直流TIG电弧的热源特性进行了大量的实验和理论研究。然而,由于脉冲TIG电弧现象的复杂性,人们对脉冲TIG电弧的特性还没有完全了解。本文报道了不同保护气体成分下脉冲TIG电弧热源特性的数值模拟结果。结果发现,由于热捏效应,从基极电流到峰值电流转换后,热流通量立即增加。此外,由于热导率高,氦弧温度分布随电流变化而变化
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Transactions of JWRI
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