Vertebral artery dissection is a cause of stroke in young patients. It often occurs spontaneously and is sometimes accompanied by a history of sudden neck movement or trauma. The stroke developing presents mostly as a Wallenburg syndrome or depending on the area of compromise involved. We highlight here a case of bilateral Wallenburgs syndrome, associated with a right Vertebral artery dissection compromising the basilar artery. Our patient is a 55 year old man who developed left sided hemiparesis and bilateral truncal and limb ataxia on presentation. It is important to recognize this as a cause of stroke in young patients because timely intervention as been associated with minimal morbidity and near full recovery in most cases.
{"title":"Vertebral Artery Dissection Stroke","authors":"A. Mathew, M. Roshen, V. Biradar","doi":"10.5580/1e70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1e70","url":null,"abstract":"Vertebral artery dissection is a cause of stroke in young patients. It often occurs spontaneously and is sometimes accompanied by a history of sudden neck movement or trauma. The stroke developing presents mostly as a Wallenburg syndrome or depending on the area of compromise involved. We highlight here a case of bilateral Wallenburgs syndrome, associated with a right Vertebral artery dissection compromising the basilar artery. Our patient is a 55 year old man who developed left sided hemiparesis and bilateral truncal and limb ataxia on presentation. It is important to recognize this as a cause of stroke in young patients because timely intervention as been associated with minimal morbidity and near full recovery in most cases.","PeriodicalId":232166,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Neurology","volume":"328 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121250432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dreams have been cited as the source of creative ideas in many areas in both the arts and sciences. Two key examples from neuroscience research in the twentieth century were described by Otto Loewi (1873-1961) and John Eccles (1903-1997). Their dreams were pivotal in scientific discoveries which established chemical synaptic transmission. Recent work has led to some progress in understanding the biologic purpose of sleep and dreaming.
{"title":"Inspiration from dreams in neuroscience research","authors":"D. Todman","doi":"10.5580/1b79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1b79","url":null,"abstract":"Dreams have been cited as the source of creative ideas in many areas in both the arts and sciences. Two key examples from neuroscience research in the twentieth century were described by Otto Loewi (1873-1961) and John Eccles (1903-1997). Their dreams were pivotal in scientific discoveries which established chemical synaptic transmission. Recent work has led to some progress in understanding the biologic purpose of sleep and dreaming.","PeriodicalId":232166,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Neurology","volume":"455 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128508739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Milanes-Rodríguez, L. Ibañez-Valdés, H. Foyaca-Sibat
In this article, we illustrate and briefly describe a medial approach, in the sagittally sectioned preserved human brain, to display the oculomotor nerve, in situ and in continuity. The method has been successfully used by Milanes-Rodriguez for several cohorts of our second-year medical students, and can be completed within a 90-min dissecting session. We also review the most common clinical manifestation of oculomotor disorder
{"title":"Oculomotor nerve: Clinical anatomy","authors":"G. Milanes-Rodríguez, L. Ibañez-Valdés, H. Foyaca-Sibat","doi":"10.5580/117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/117","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we illustrate and briefly describe a medial approach, in the sagittally sectioned preserved human brain, to display the oculomotor nerve, in situ and in continuity. The method has been successfully used by Milanes-Rodriguez for several cohorts of our second-year medical students, and can be completed within a 90-min dissecting session. We also review the most common clinical manifestation of oculomotor disorder","PeriodicalId":232166,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Neurology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128138791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose of the study: To describe two cases of syphilis presenting with optic neuropathy and to highlight the importance of considering syphilis in the evaluation of optic neuropathy. Method: Complete physical and ophthalmologic examination was performed in patients along with the necessary laboratory investigations including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, syphilis serology in serum and CSF and HIV serology. Results: Both patients presented with unilateral optic perineuritis evident as swollen optic discs, normal visual acuity and normal pupillary reactions to light and accommodation. Complete recovery of optic neuropathy was achieved in both patients following treatment with procaine penicillin which was administered with oral probenecid and a short course of steroids. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with penicillin is essential to prevent visual impairment in syphilitic optic neuropathy.
{"title":"Syphilitic Optic Neuropathy: Diagnosis Not To Be Missed","authors":"S. Dhungana, B. Sharrack, I. Pepper, J. Bowen","doi":"10.5580/ea7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/ea7","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of the study: To describe two cases of syphilis presenting with optic neuropathy and to highlight the importance of considering syphilis in the evaluation of optic neuropathy. Method: Complete physical and ophthalmologic examination was performed in patients along with the necessary laboratory investigations including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, syphilis serology in serum and CSF and HIV serology. Results: Both patients presented with unilateral optic perineuritis evident as swollen optic discs, normal visual acuity and normal pupillary reactions to light and accommodation. Complete recovery of optic neuropathy was achieved in both patients following treatment with procaine penicillin which was administered with oral probenecid and a short course of steroids. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with penicillin is essential to prevent visual impairment in syphilitic optic neuropathy.","PeriodicalId":232166,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Neurology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124397800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. S. Oriyes-Perez, S. Perez, G. López-Bejerano, Y. Graza-Fernandez, M. Katrada
Abstract A 26 year old, male professional, right-handed sustained an injury after a fall during a football game. He had pain on neck, right shoulder, right scapula medial side and right arm dorsal-lateral side. The space C6-C7, right 7th nerve root is affected according to patient complains and physical examination. Plain cervical radiographs and MRI of cervical spine confirmed the diagnosis. After underwent conservative treatment for six weeks the patient is back to his normal duties.
{"title":"Traumatic compression of 7th root nerve in cervical spine: A case report","authors":"R. S. Oriyes-Perez, S. Perez, G. López-Bejerano, Y. Graza-Fernandez, M. Katrada","doi":"10.5580/65d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/65d","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A 26 year old, male professional, right-handed sustained an injury after a fall during a football game. He had pain on neck, right shoulder, right scapula medial side and right arm dorsal-lateral side. The space C6-C7, right 7th nerve root is affected according to patient complains and physical examination. Plain cervical radiographs and MRI of cervical spine confirmed the diagnosis. After underwent conservative treatment for six weeks the patient is back to his normal duties.","PeriodicalId":232166,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Neurology","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134285126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We too read with interest the study by Vernooij et al published recently in the New England Journal of Medicine to determine the incidence of incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population 1and the article in response to the above study by Illes published in Lancet Neurology 2. The subjects were 2000 persons (mean age, 63.3 years; range, 45.7 to 96.7) in whom 1.5 T brain MRI was performed according to a standardized protocol. Two experienced neuroradiologists reviewed all incidental findings found on imaging. Unexpected asymptomatic brain abnormalities like silent brain infarcts (7.2%), benign brain tumors (1.6%) like meningiomas and cerebral aneurysms (1.8%) were detected. The authors make the argument that these incidental abnormalities may be potentially clinically relevant and aid appropriate intervention at an earlier stage of the pathological process. While the use of imaging tests to screen for brain pathologies seems attractive it has the potential for generating data that the physician does not know how to interpret. What does one advice a healthy individual who is noted to cerebral atrophy on imaging? We still have no scientific answers to his frightened questions of would he develop dementia? If so when? What if he demands an intervention for which there is no medical justification like a brain biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
{"title":"Brain screening versus colon screening: Are We Dealing With The Same Issues?","authors":"N. Sethi, P. Sethi, J. Torgovnick, E. Arsura","doi":"10.5580/2915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2915","url":null,"abstract":"We too read with interest the study by Vernooij et al published recently in the New England Journal of Medicine to determine the incidence of incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population 1and the article in response to the above study by Illes published in Lancet Neurology 2. The subjects were 2000 persons (mean age, 63.3 years; range, 45.7 to 96.7) in whom 1.5 T brain MRI was performed according to a standardized protocol. Two experienced neuroradiologists reviewed all incidental findings found on imaging. Unexpected asymptomatic brain abnormalities like silent brain infarcts (7.2%), benign brain tumors (1.6%) like meningiomas and cerebral aneurysms (1.8%) were detected. The authors make the argument that these incidental abnormalities may be potentially clinically relevant and aid appropriate intervention at an earlier stage of the pathological process. While the use of imaging tests to screen for brain pathologies seems attractive it has the potential for generating data that the physician does not know how to interpret. What does one advice a healthy individual who is noted to cerebral atrophy on imaging? We still have no scientific answers to his frightened questions of would he develop dementia? If so when? What if he demands an intervention for which there is no medical justification like a brain biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":232166,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Neurology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130109971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanomedicine is new concept in combining nanotechnology and medicine. Nanotherapeutics is the use of nanomedicine in therapy. The definition of nanomedicine require attention as the nanotechnology represents a cluster of technologies. This article outlines present development in nanomedicine and prospect in nanotherapeutics. Health and safety issues also are discussed.
{"title":"The Emerging Therapy of Tomorrow with Nanomedicine: Present Status","authors":"R. Kumar","doi":"10.5580/14b3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/14b3","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomedicine is new concept in combining nanotechnology and medicine. Nanotherapeutics is the use of nanomedicine in therapy. The definition of nanomedicine require attention as the nanotechnology represents a cluster of technologies. This article outlines present development in nanomedicine and prospect in nanotherapeutics. Health and safety issues also are discussed.","PeriodicalId":232166,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Neurology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122256951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a 27-years-old female patient, who was diagnosed HIV positive in Appelsbosch Hospital, rural South Africa, and subsequently presented with a severe herpes zoster ophtalmicus. The patient had an initial CD4 cell count of 112 cell/mm3 and a Viral Load of 1300000. The patient was initially managed in our facility and eventually referred to the ophthalmologist who diagnosed her as having a severe uveitis or chorioretinitis. BACKGROUND Herpes Zoster is a common infection caused by the human herpes virus 3, the same virus that causes chickenpox. It is a member of herpes viridae, the same family as the herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus occurs when a latent varicella zoster virus in the trigeminal ganglia involving the ophthalmic division of the nerve is reactivated. Of the three divisions of the fifth cranial nerve, the ophthalmic is involved 20 times more frequently than the other divisions. HIV positive patients have a 15 �25 times greater prevalence of zoster compared to the general population. 1 HIV is a major health problem in South African communities and although access to antiretroviral treatment has greatly improved, patients still arrive very late to clinics and hospitals Despite all the efforts patients still arrive late to the HIV/AIDS management services and with advanced immune deficiency. Severe forms of opportunistic infections and complications are common.
{"title":"Herpes Zoster Ophtalmicus in a HIV positive patient: A Case Report","authors":"G. Bejerano, Y. Fernández","doi":"10.5580/26cf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/26cf","url":null,"abstract":"We present a 27-years-old female patient, who was diagnosed HIV positive in Appelsbosch Hospital, rural South Africa, and subsequently presented with a severe herpes zoster ophtalmicus. The patient had an initial CD4 cell count of 112 cell/mm3 and a Viral Load of 1300000. The patient was initially managed in our facility and eventually referred to the ophthalmologist who diagnosed her as having a severe uveitis or chorioretinitis. BACKGROUND Herpes Zoster is a common infection caused by the human herpes virus 3, the same virus that causes chickenpox. It is a member of herpes viridae, the same family as the herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus occurs when a latent varicella zoster virus in the trigeminal ganglia involving the ophthalmic division of the nerve is reactivated. Of the three divisions of the fifth cranial nerve, the ophthalmic is involved 20 times more frequently than the other divisions. HIV positive patients have a 15 �25 times greater prevalence of zoster compared to the general population. 1 HIV is a major health problem in South African communities and although access to antiretroviral treatment has greatly improved, patients still arrive very late to clinics and hospitals Despite all the efforts patients still arrive late to the HIV/AIDS management services and with advanced immune deficiency. Severe forms of opportunistic infections and complications are common.","PeriodicalId":232166,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Neurology","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124693089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Eighty two people were interviewed in the Mngceleni area. The survey involved the general information about the community's demographics, living environment, and health status, but mainly about neurocysticercosis and epilepsy. Aim: To perform a research in the Mngceleni area to evaluate the prevalence and knowledge about neurocysticercosis and epilepsy. Methodology: A group of 14 students conducted a descriptive study of the community, using a random sample survey (Appendix 1) of 82 households. Results: The prevalence of epilepsy and neurocysticercosis was found to be 6% and 4% respectively. While only 3% of the population had a good knowledge for both the diseases. Conclusion: The high prevalence's of both the diseases were attributed to poor sanitation and living standards, as well as a lack of education. The research revealed a need to build toilets, to educate the people about these diseases and about the major risk factors present. INTRODUCTION Following the Community Based Education and Service (COBES) system of the Walter Sisulu University, the students set out on a research of the Mngceleni area, which is located in Sidwadweni. This community consists of approximately 3000 people, whom are served by Mhlakulo Health Centre for their medical attention. The COBES system has been created in order to introduce to students to the community and to motivate them into helping the people of these communities. Based on the community and the people of the community, students are able to get a unique insight on the living conditions and health status, which opens gateways to offer help and find solutions to their difficulties. The research that took place involved finding out general information about the community, such as their housing, occupation, health status, financial status, hygiene and demographics. The specific task at hand was to find out about the communities knowledge and health status on epilepsy and neurocysticercosis (NCC). Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic infection of the CNS caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, the pig tape worm. This is the most common helminth to produce CNS infection in humans. NCC may remain asymptomatic for months too years and sometimes its diagnosis is made incidentally when neuroimaging is performed. NCC is the most common cause of epilepsy in the developing world. Most patients are administered phenytoin Neuroepidemiology Findings As Contributors For Epilepsy Due To Neurocysticercosis At Mngceleni Location, South Africa 2 of 8 or carbamazepine, which effectively controls their seizures. It is important to inform the people that NCC can be PREVENTED! With proper sanitation and food cooking, there's no need to fear the disease. Signs and symptoms are related both to the parasite and to the inflammatory immunological response of the host. Typical manifestations are subcutaneous cyst presenting as nodules that tend to be asymptomatic. The natural history of the infection is unknown, but it
{"title":"Neuroepidemiology Findings As Contributors For Epilepsy Due To Neurocysticercosis At Mngceleni Location, South Africa","authors":"Ainhoa Romero, H. Foyaca-Sibat, L. Ibanez-Valdes","doi":"10.5580/1b49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1b49","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Eighty two people were interviewed in the Mngceleni area. The survey involved the general information about the community's demographics, living environment, and health status, but mainly about neurocysticercosis and epilepsy. Aim: To perform a research in the Mngceleni area to evaluate the prevalence and knowledge about neurocysticercosis and epilepsy. Methodology: A group of 14 students conducted a descriptive study of the community, using a random sample survey (Appendix 1) of 82 households. Results: The prevalence of epilepsy and neurocysticercosis was found to be 6% and 4% respectively. While only 3% of the population had a good knowledge for both the diseases. Conclusion: The high prevalence's of both the diseases were attributed to poor sanitation and living standards, as well as a lack of education. The research revealed a need to build toilets, to educate the people about these diseases and about the major risk factors present. INTRODUCTION Following the Community Based Education and Service (COBES) system of the Walter Sisulu University, the students set out on a research of the Mngceleni area, which is located in Sidwadweni. This community consists of approximately 3000 people, whom are served by Mhlakulo Health Centre for their medical attention. The COBES system has been created in order to introduce to students to the community and to motivate them into helping the people of these communities. Based on the community and the people of the community, students are able to get a unique insight on the living conditions and health status, which opens gateways to offer help and find solutions to their difficulties. The research that took place involved finding out general information about the community, such as their housing, occupation, health status, financial status, hygiene and demographics. The specific task at hand was to find out about the communities knowledge and health status on epilepsy and neurocysticercosis (NCC). Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic infection of the CNS caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, the pig tape worm. This is the most common helminth to produce CNS infection in humans. NCC may remain asymptomatic for months too years and sometimes its diagnosis is made incidentally when neuroimaging is performed. NCC is the most common cause of epilepsy in the developing world. Most patients are administered phenytoin Neuroepidemiology Findings As Contributors For Epilepsy Due To Neurocysticercosis At Mngceleni Location, South Africa 2 of 8 or carbamazepine, which effectively controls their seizures. It is important to inform the people that NCC can be PREVENTED! With proper sanitation and food cooking, there's no need to fear the disease. Signs and symptoms are related both to the parasite and to the inflammatory immunological response of the host. Typical manifestations are subcutaneous cyst presenting as nodules that tend to be asymptomatic. The natural history of the infection is unknown, but it","PeriodicalId":232166,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Neurology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128403165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Sethi, D. Labar, L. Ponticello, J. Torgovnick, P. Sethi, E. Arsura
Epilepsy is among the most common disorder encountered by neurologists in their day-to-day practice. While the majority of seizures can be readily controlled with antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy, there remains a small subset of patients who are refractory to AEDs. In these patients even polytherapy with three or more frontline AEDs does not achieve adequate seizure control. In the past the medical community had little to offer these medically intractable epilepsy patients whose quality of life was severely affected by ongoing chronic seizures. In the last decade nonpharmacological treatment options of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) have provided new ammunition in the fight against epilepsy. These options for medically refractory epilepsy shall be discussed in this article.
{"title":"Treatment of Medically Refractory Epilepsy: A Review Of Vagus Nerve Stimulator","authors":"N. Sethi, D. Labar, L. Ponticello, J. Torgovnick, P. Sethi, E. Arsura","doi":"10.5580/1510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1510","url":null,"abstract":"Epilepsy is among the most common disorder encountered by neurologists in their day-to-day practice. While the majority of seizures can be readily controlled with antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy, there remains a small subset of patients who are refractory to AEDs. In these patients even polytherapy with three or more frontline AEDs does not achieve adequate seizure control. In the past the medical community had little to offer these medically intractable epilepsy patients whose quality of life was severely affected by ongoing chronic seizures. In the last decade nonpharmacological treatment options of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) have provided new ammunition in the fight against epilepsy. These options for medically refractory epilepsy shall be discussed in this article.","PeriodicalId":232166,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Neurology","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128237542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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