Pub Date : 2022-08-05DOI: 10.1080/00202967.2022.2095112
Ali Arabnejad, P. Najafisayar
ABSTRACT In this study, Al coatings were pulse electrodeposited from a molten salt electrolyte onto copper substrates. The effects of applied peak current density, pulse current frequency and duty cycle on the morphology, microstructure, corrosion behaviour and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, potentiodynamic polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and pin-on-disc wear test methods. The results showed that the changes in processing parameters changed the morphological and microstructural features of the resulting coatings, which in turn affected their corrosion and wear behaviours. Coatings with smoother surfaces, finer crystallite size and more compact morphologies that were electrodeposited at higher applied peak current density (up to 80 mA cm−2), higher pulse current frequency (up to 50 Hz) and higher duty cycle (up to 50%) exhibited more corrosion and wear resistance than the others.
在这项研究中，铝涂层是由熔盐电解液脉冲电沉积到铜基底上的。采用扫描电子显微镜、x射线衍射、动电位极化、电化学阻抗谱和针盘式磨损测试方法研究了外加峰值电流密度、脉冲电流频率和占空比对涂层形貌、微观结构、腐蚀行为和摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明，工艺参数的改变改变了涂层的形貌和显微组织特征，从而影响了涂层的腐蚀和磨损行为。在更高的峰值电流密度(高达80 mA cm - 2)、更高的脉冲电流频率(高达50 Hz)和更高的占空比(高达50%)下电沉积的涂层具有更光滑的表面、更细的晶粒尺寸和更紧凑的形貌，表现出比其他涂层更强的耐腐蚀和耐磨性。
{"title":"Pulse electrodeposition of aluminium coatings from molten salt bath; effect of processing parameters on the coatings’ corrosion and wear behaviour","authors":"Ali Arabnejad, P. Najafisayar","doi":"10.1080/00202967.2022.2095112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2022.2095112","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, Al coatings were pulse electrodeposited from a molten salt electrolyte onto copper substrates. The effects of applied peak current density, pulse current frequency and duty cycle on the morphology, microstructure, corrosion behaviour and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, potentiodynamic polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and pin-on-disc wear test methods. The results showed that the changes in processing parameters changed the morphological and microstructural features of the resulting coatings, which in turn affected their corrosion and wear behaviours. Coatings with smoother surfaces, finer crystallite size and more compact morphologies that were electrodeposited at higher applied peak current density (up to 80 mA cm−2), higher pulse current frequency (up to 50 Hz) and higher duty cycle (up to 50%) exhibited more corrosion and wear resistance than the others.","PeriodicalId":23251,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the IMF","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91058069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Ceramic materials will get deposited inside pre-drilled cooling holes and partially or completely block during thermal barrier coating (TBC). In this study, the hole blockage produced by atmosphere plasma spraying (APS) was investigated using industrial computed tomography. The results show that the geometric features of the blockage owing to APS coating are significantly affected by the inclination angle of the pre-drilled holes. The coating deposition in the vertical holes is rotationally symmetric and mainly concentrates at the entrance. For the inclined holes, the deposition on the trailing edge is much more than that on the leading edge. The deposition height and length on the trailing edge increase with the inclination angle; however, they are little disturbed by the hole size. Therefore, the blockage ratio decreases with the increase of the hole size. In addition, greater TBC thickness causes larger deposition height and length and subsequently results in a larger blockage ratio.
{"title":"Investigation of cooling hole blockage in the plasma spraying of thermal barrier coatings on super-alloy","authors":"Zhuang Liu, Changshui Gao, Zhongyu Wang, Xiaoyu Yu","doi":"10.1080/00202967.2022.2094586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2022.2094586","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ceramic materials will get deposited inside pre-drilled cooling holes and partially or completely block during thermal barrier coating (TBC). In this study, the hole blockage produced by atmosphere plasma spraying (APS) was investigated using industrial computed tomography. The results show that the geometric features of the blockage owing to APS coating are significantly affected by the inclination angle of the pre-drilled holes. The coating deposition in the vertical holes is rotationally symmetric and mainly concentrates at the entrance. For the inclined holes, the deposition on the trailing edge is much more than that on the leading edge. The deposition height and length on the trailing edge increase with the inclination angle; however, they are little disturbed by the hole size. Therefore, the blockage ratio decreases with the increase of the hole size. In addition, greater TBC thickness causes larger deposition height and length and subsequently results in a larger blockage ratio.","PeriodicalId":23251,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the IMF","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81121115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.1080/00202967.2022.2094078
F. C. Walsh
ABSTRACT Traditionally, electroplating has involved the continuous deposition of a single layer of metal at constant current. However, electrodeposition of alternate layers can offer benefits such as reduced wear, improved corrosion resistance and higher tensile strength. The alternate layers can involve different morphology or thickness of metal, different metals or the alloy composition of layers with and without included particles. In the case of a single bath, electrocrystallisation is continuous but layers can be tailored to have different chemical composition, phase composition, morphology and microstructure. The composition of layers can also be systematically modified in a gradient fashion. The thickness of each metal layer can vary from >20 μm down to ≈1 nm; in the case of nanometre thick layers, up to 500 layers of 1 nm thick individual layers might be involved. Compact multilayer deposition from a single bath is often achieved by applying a potential waveform in the laboratory or pulsed current in industry. While multilayer electrodeposition is going through a phase of rediscovery, growth and diversification, the field can be traced back to a patent involving Cu–Ni multilayers, in 1905. Progress in multi-layered electrodeposition has made use of contemporary trends in electroplating research, including self-assembled layers, nanowire arrays and the use of deep eutectic solvents for electrolytes. The developing uses of multilayer deposits are seen to span industries as diverse as wear and corrosion resistant coatings, tool bits and heavy engineering. Speciality uses include electronic, optical and magnetic materials as well as catalytic electrode surfaces for electrochemical technology. Recommendations are made for topics which deserve further R & D.
{"title":"The continued development of multilayered and compositionally modulated electrodeposits","authors":"F. C. Walsh","doi":"10.1080/00202967.2022.2094078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2022.2094078","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Traditionally, electroplating has involved the continuous deposition of a single layer of metal at constant current. However, electrodeposition of alternate layers can offer benefits such as reduced wear, improved corrosion resistance and higher tensile strength. The alternate layers can involve different morphology or thickness of metal, different metals or the alloy composition of layers with and without included particles. In the case of a single bath, electrocrystallisation is continuous but layers can be tailored to have different chemical composition, phase composition, morphology and microstructure. The composition of layers can also be systematically modified in a gradient fashion. The thickness of each metal layer can vary from >20 μm down to ≈1 nm; in the case of nanometre thick layers, up to 500 layers of 1 nm thick individual layers might be involved. Compact multilayer deposition from a single bath is often achieved by applying a potential waveform in the laboratory or pulsed current in industry. While multilayer electrodeposition is going through a phase of rediscovery, growth and diversification, the field can be traced back to a patent involving Cu–Ni multilayers, in 1905. Progress in multi-layered electrodeposition has made use of contemporary trends in electroplating research, including self-assembled layers, nanowire arrays and the use of deep eutectic solvents for electrolytes. The developing uses of multilayer deposits are seen to span industries as diverse as wear and corrosion resistant coatings, tool bits and heavy engineering. Speciality uses include electronic, optical and magnetic materials as well as catalytic electrode surfaces for electrochemical technology. Recommendations are made for topics which deserve further R & D.","PeriodicalId":23251,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the IMF","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85772641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-26DOI: 10.1080/00202967.2022.2099093
P. Żabiński, P. Leisner
The biennial conference, European Pulse Plating Seminar was scheduled to be held in early March for the tenth time as a joint event with the annual conference of the European Academy of Surface Technology, EAST Forum. The pandemic did not allow the conference to be held as planned. Instead, it was integrated with the 14th International Workshop on Electrodeposited Nanostructures (EDNANO, 9–11 June 2022, Krakow, Poland). This became an extended event with 25 oral presentations and 16 posters. Many attendees highlighted the value of again being able to meet and interact at a physically attended scientific event. The conference had 44 attendees from 11 different countries. The organising committee was chaired by the Polish representative of EAST, Professor Piotr Zabinski, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland (Figure 1). The integrated pulse plating session was organised by the Austrian representative of EAST, Dr. Wolgang Hansal, RENA Technologies Austria GmbH.
两年一次的会议，欧洲脉冲电镀研讨会定于3月初与欧洲表面技术学会年会，EAST论坛联合举行第十次会议。大流行使会议未能按计划举行。相反，它与第14届电沉积纳米结构国际研讨会(EDNANO, 2022年6月9日至11日，波兰克拉科夫)整合在一起。这是一个扩展的活动，有25个口头报告和16个海报。许多与会者强调了再次能够在亲自参加的科学活动中见面和互动的价值。这次会议有来自11个不同国家的44名与会者。组委会由EAST的波兰代表、波兰克拉科夫AGH科技大学有色金属学院的Piotr Zabinski教授担任主席(图1)。综合脉冲镀环节由EAST的奥地利代表、RENA Technologies Austria GmbH的Wolgang Hansal博士组织。
{"title":"14th EDNANO (International Workshop on Electrodeposited Nanostructures) integrating 10th European Pulse Plating Seminar and EAST Forum","authors":"P. Żabiński, P. Leisner","doi":"10.1080/00202967.2022.2099093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2022.2099093","url":null,"abstract":"The biennial conference, European Pulse Plating Seminar was scheduled to be held in early March for the tenth time as a joint event with the annual conference of the European Academy of Surface Technology, EAST Forum. The pandemic did not allow the conference to be held as planned. Instead, it was integrated with the 14th International Workshop on Electrodeposited Nanostructures (EDNANO, 9–11 June 2022, Krakow, Poland). This became an extended event with 25 oral presentations and 16 posters. Many attendees highlighted the value of again being able to meet and interact at a physically attended scientific event. The conference had 44 attendees from 11 different countries. The organising committee was chaired by the Polish representative of EAST, Professor Piotr Zabinski, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland (Figure 1). The integrated pulse plating session was organised by the Austrian representative of EAST, Dr. Wolgang Hansal, RENA Technologies Austria GmbH.","PeriodicalId":23251,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the IMF","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82247597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-21DOI: 10.1080/00202967.2022.2082154
A. Aditharajan, N. Radhika, B. Saleh
ABSTRACT Metal cutting is a necessary operation in any production industry. Rapid production has become a necessity as a result of recent trends in high-speed machining and automation. The demand for more sophisticated and advanced cutting tools has significantly increased in recent years. The properties of alloy metals can be improved by applying a thin film to enhance or reduce specific properties based on product needs. The effect is being able to operate the tool at a higher cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and longer tool life, with a dry machining possibility for the end-user when cutting tools are appropriately coated and performing as intended using thin films. Thin coatings improve cutting tool wear resistance, oxidation resistance, friction reduction, resistance to metal fatigue, as well as thermal shock resistance. On the other hand, thin film morphology and stability are crucial challenges in cutting tool applications as thin film morphology is heavily dependent on deposition techniques. As a result, based on the available studies, this article presents a critical review of deposition coating techniques, characterisation methods, and evaluation techniques in order to prevent excessive damage and improve the mechanical properties of cutting tools. The anticipated outcomes of this review can be used as a guide to help researchers understand various coating techniques and their effects on cutting tool properties.
{"title":"Recent advances and challenges associated with thin film coatings of cutting tools: a critical review","authors":"A. Aditharajan, N. Radhika, B. Saleh","doi":"10.1080/00202967.2022.2082154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2022.2082154","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Metal cutting is a necessary operation in any production industry. Rapid production has become a necessity as a result of recent trends in high-speed machining and automation. The demand for more sophisticated and advanced cutting tools has significantly increased in recent years. The properties of alloy metals can be improved by applying a thin film to enhance or reduce specific properties based on product needs. The effect is being able to operate the tool at a higher cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and longer tool life, with a dry machining possibility for the end-user when cutting tools are appropriately coated and performing as intended using thin films. Thin coatings improve cutting tool wear resistance, oxidation resistance, friction reduction, resistance to metal fatigue, as well as thermal shock resistance. On the other hand, thin film morphology and stability are crucial challenges in cutting tool applications as thin film morphology is heavily dependent on deposition techniques. As a result, based on the available studies, this article presents a critical review of deposition coating techniques, characterisation methods, and evaluation techniques in order to prevent excessive damage and improve the mechanical properties of cutting tools. The anticipated outcomes of this review can be used as a guide to help researchers understand various coating techniques and their effects on cutting tool properties.","PeriodicalId":23251,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the IMF","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89668704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-08DOI: 10.1080/00202967.2022.2087944
Liangwen Liu, Xin Wu, Jingyi Wang, N. Tang, Shuang Li, Xianjv Zhang, Mei Yang
ABSTRACT A Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) treatment was performed to modify the surface of a TiO2-based coating containing Ca and P prepared by micro-arc oxidation (MAO). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterise the composition and morphology of the immersed Ca-P containing coating. The coating primarily presents a porous structure, which is mainly composed of anatase, rutile, CaP, and Nb2O5.The biological activity of the coating was determined by immersing in SBF for 5 days, showing hydroxyapatite (HA) formed on the surface of the coating and also revealing the good corrosion resistance of the coating in SBF. Finally, a lower MAO coating contact angle with SBF solution than that of TLM Ti alloy was obtained in the compatibility test, indicating that the coating has good compatibility with SBF.
{"title":"Hydroxyapatite formation of Ca and P modified micro-arc oxidation coating on Ti alloy","authors":"Liangwen Liu, Xin Wu, Jingyi Wang, N. Tang, Shuang Li, Xianjv Zhang, Mei Yang","doi":"10.1080/00202967.2022.2087944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2022.2087944","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) treatment was performed to modify the surface of a TiO2-based coating containing Ca and P prepared by micro-arc oxidation (MAO). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterise the composition and morphology of the immersed Ca-P containing coating. The coating primarily presents a porous structure, which is mainly composed of anatase, rutile, CaP, and Nb2O5.The biological activity of the coating was determined by immersing in SBF for 5 days, showing hydroxyapatite (HA) formed on the surface of the coating and also revealing the good corrosion resistance of the coating in SBF. Finally, a lower MAO coating contact angle with SBF solution than that of TLM Ti alloy was obtained in the compatibility test, indicating that the coating has good compatibility with SBF.","PeriodicalId":23251,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the IMF","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88822288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-08DOI: 10.1080/00202967.2022.2087943
S. Banerjee, G. Sutradhar, P. Sahoo
ABSTRACT The current work scrutinises the effect of incorporating WC and graphite (Gr) nanoparticles on the tribological characteristics of Mg-based hybrid nano-composites for different wt.% of WC and Gr. Hybrid nano-composites were synthesised using ultrasonic vibration associated with the stir casting technique. Synthesised nano-composites were characterised in detail using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Characterisation confirms superior microstructural integrity compared to the base alloy Mg AZ31 and also confirms particle inclusion. Microhardness values of as-cast hybrid nano-composites were also observed. The addition of 1 wt.% of Gr nanoparticles enhances the microhardness of Mg-1WC and Mg-2WC nano-composites. A pin-on-disk tribotester was used to carry out the tribological tests, using various loads (10 N–40 N) and sliding speeds (0.1 m s−1–0.4 m s−1). Mg-WC nano-composites with 1 wt.% of nano-Gr show better results than those with 2 wt.% of nano-Gr. The coefficient of friction (COF) of Mg-2WC-1Gr is the lowest, followed by Mg-1WC-1Gr, Mg-1WC-2Gr and Mg-2WC-2Gr. Roughness values of worn surfaces were also examined. The worn surface of the Mg-2WC-1Gr sample shows minimum roughness. Worn surfaces were also examined under SEM to reveal wear mechanisms. Abrasion is the most dominant for hybrid nano-composites with 1 wt.% of Gr, while delamination is the most dominant for those with 2 wt.% of Gr.
本文研究了WC和石墨(Gr)纳米颗粒对不同wt % mg基杂化纳米复合材料摩擦学特性的影响。采用超声振动结合搅拌铸造技术合成了WC和Gr的杂化纳米复合材料。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对合成的纳米复合材料进行了详细表征。表征证实，与基体合金Mg AZ31相比，该合金具有更好的显微组织完整性，也证实了颗粒夹杂物。观察了铸态复合材料的显微硬度值。加上1wt。Mg-1WC和Mg-2WC纳米复合材料的显微硬度均有提高。在不同载荷(10 N - 40 N)和滑动速度(0.1 m s−1 - 0.4 m s−1)下，使用针盘式摩擦测试仪进行摩擦学测试。Mg-WC纳米复合材料%的纳米gr比2 wt的效果更好。%纳米gr。Mg-2WC-1Gr的摩擦系数(COF)最低，其次是Mg-1WC-1Gr、Mg-1WC-2Gr和Mg-2WC-2Gr。磨损表面的粗糙度值也进行了检测。Mg-2WC-1Gr试样的磨损表面粗糙度最小。磨损表面也在扫描电镜下检查，以揭示磨损机制。对于重量为1wt的杂化纳米复合材料来说，磨损是最主要的。而对于体重为2wt的人来说，分层是最主要的。%的Gr。
{"title":"Effect of incorporation of graphite nanoparticles on wear characteristics of Mg-WC nano-composites in dry sliding condition","authors":"S. Banerjee, G. Sutradhar, P. Sahoo","doi":"10.1080/00202967.2022.2087943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2022.2087943","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The current work scrutinises the effect of incorporating WC and graphite (Gr) nanoparticles on the tribological characteristics of Mg-based hybrid nano-composites for different wt.% of WC and Gr. Hybrid nano-composites were synthesised using ultrasonic vibration associated with the stir casting technique. Synthesised nano-composites were characterised in detail using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Characterisation confirms superior microstructural integrity compared to the base alloy Mg AZ31 and also confirms particle inclusion. Microhardness values of as-cast hybrid nano-composites were also observed. The addition of 1 wt.% of Gr nanoparticles enhances the microhardness of Mg-1WC and Mg-2WC nano-composites. A pin-on-disk tribotester was used to carry out the tribological tests, using various loads (10 N–40 N) and sliding speeds (0.1 m s−1–0.4 m s−1). Mg-WC nano-composites with 1 wt.% of nano-Gr show better results than those with 2 wt.% of nano-Gr. The coefficient of friction (COF) of Mg-2WC-1Gr is the lowest, followed by Mg-1WC-1Gr, Mg-1WC-2Gr and Mg-2WC-2Gr. Roughness values of worn surfaces were also examined. The worn surface of the Mg-2WC-1Gr sample shows minimum roughness. Worn surfaces were also examined under SEM to reveal wear mechanisms. Abrasion is the most dominant for hybrid nano-composites with 1 wt.% of Gr, while delamination is the most dominant for those with 2 wt.% of Gr.","PeriodicalId":23251,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the IMF","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88801020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.1080/00202967.2022.2087985
The Organic Finishing Group of the IMF is dedicated to supporting and promoting the interests of the paint and powder coating sector for metal finishing. We meet regularly to discuss topics of importance and relevance, from coating manufacture through application to final testing and specification. What does ‘Organic’ mean? In the context of materials finishing, it is any finish which is based on organic chemistry as opposed to electroplating, which is generally inorganic – the application of a metal to a surface. Organic chemistry is based on compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen starting with the simplest CH4 – methane – and building up with the addition of carbon and hydrogen atoms to multiple carbon chain polymers, to which can be added oxygen and nitrogen. The most common example of organic surface finishing is paint. Functional Groups in polymers and monomers used in paint include amines, carboxylic acids, amides, alcohols, esters, isocyanates and carbamates (urethane). The use of the words, paint and coating, can be used interchangeably – they mean the same thing. However, it is necessary to distinguish between a coating system and a coat of paint. A coating system is more than just the material applied, it also refers to other factors such as the surface preparation requirements, the application of a number of coats of paint, in a specific order, and the thickness of each coat of paint. A coat of paint is a single layer, applied to form a coherent film when dry. All liquid paints are composed of three basic ingredients: resins (polymers), pigments and solvent. The resin is the film-forming portion of the paint it holds together the pigment particles and binds the paint to the surface. The resin plays the main part in contributing to the durability, strength and chemical resistance of the final film. Paint types are often referred to by the type of resin in the formulation, so when we talk about an alkyd or epoxy, for example, we are referring to the main resin used to make the paint. The second ingredient in paint is the pigment. This is a relatively insoluble finely divided powder, or more commonly a mixture of powders. The pigment(s) primarily provide hiding power (opacity), and colour, but they also improve weather resistance, increase paint adhesion, decrease moisture permeability and control gloss. The final ingredient, the solvent, ‘carries’ the resin and pigment(s) and controls the viscosity such that the paint can be applied to a surface. The chemical ingredients in each of the components vary widely from one generic type of paint to another, in addition, each of the components (resin, pigment and solvent) are also usually mixtures of different materials. For example, a paint formulation may contain three or four solvents one solvent dissolves the resin, while some are used to control evaporation, and others are used to dilute the solution (control viscosity). It is not important for a user to know all the ingredients i
{"title":"IMF and Industry News","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00202967.2022.2087985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2022.2087985","url":null,"abstract":"The Organic Finishing Group of the IMF is dedicated to supporting and promoting the interests of the paint and powder coating sector for metal finishing. We meet regularly to discuss topics of importance and relevance, from coating manufacture through application to final testing and specification. What does ‘Organic’ mean? In the context of materials finishing, it is any finish which is based on organic chemistry as opposed to electroplating, which is generally inorganic – the application of a metal to a surface. Organic chemistry is based on compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen starting with the simplest CH4 – methane – and building up with the addition of carbon and hydrogen atoms to multiple carbon chain polymers, to which can be added oxygen and nitrogen. The most common example of organic surface finishing is paint. Functional Groups in polymers and monomers used in paint include amines, carboxylic acids, amides, alcohols, esters, isocyanates and carbamates (urethane). The use of the words, paint and coating, can be used interchangeably – they mean the same thing. However, it is necessary to distinguish between a coating system and a coat of paint. A coating system is more than just the material applied, it also refers to other factors such as the surface preparation requirements, the application of a number of coats of paint, in a specific order, and the thickness of each coat of paint. A coat of paint is a single layer, applied to form a coherent film when dry. All liquid paints are composed of three basic ingredients: resins (polymers), pigments and solvent. The resin is the film-forming portion of the paint it holds together the pigment particles and binds the paint to the surface. The resin plays the main part in contributing to the durability, strength and chemical resistance of the final film. Paint types are often referred to by the type of resin in the formulation, so when we talk about an alkyd or epoxy, for example, we are referring to the main resin used to make the paint. The second ingredient in paint is the pigment. This is a relatively insoluble finely divided powder, or more commonly a mixture of powders. The pigment(s) primarily provide hiding power (opacity), and colour, but they also improve weather resistance, increase paint adhesion, decrease moisture permeability and control gloss. The final ingredient, the solvent, ‘carries’ the resin and pigment(s) and controls the viscosity such that the paint can be applied to a surface. The chemical ingredients in each of the components vary widely from one generic type of paint to another, in addition, each of the components (resin, pigment and solvent) are also usually mixtures of different materials. For example, a paint formulation may contain three or four solvents one solvent dissolves the resin, while some are used to control evaporation, and others are used to dilute the solution (control viscosity). It is not important for a user to know all the ingredients i","PeriodicalId":23251,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the IMF","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85213944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1080/00202967.2022.2067401
C. Larson
ABSTRACT A strong linear relationship is shown between manufacturing output and both the sub-contract surface finishing output for different national sectors, recorded by official statistics departments, and total surface finishing outputs estimated by relating industrial paint sales to paint coating plants output, to the fraction of paint and powder coating application in overall surface finishing. This estimates that total surface finishing output globally may be more than US$ 800 Bn, and at least 4x the value of the sub-contract sector. This latter sector is defined by up to half its companies being very small, less than 10 employees in size, which, because of lack of sufficient resources, in financial strength and employee education and training, may pose a significant problem to the sector when having to deal with one of the major challenges thought to be now facing the sector. This is the issue of adopting new smart technology which many customers are having to take up to stay productive and competitive.
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Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1080/00202967.2022.2079287
P. Leisner
{"title":"2022 Prize and grants from European Academy of Surface Technology","authors":"P. Leisner","doi":"10.1080/00202967.2022.2079287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2022.2079287","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23251,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the IMF","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90363341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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