Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.51646/jsesd.v11i1.122
S. Elhamali, M. N. Akhil, K. Abusabee, N. Kalfagiannis, D. Koutsogeorgis
The degradation of transparent electrodes’ electrical conductivity under environmental conditions is considered as a major failure mode for solar cells’ long-term efficiency. In this paper, AZO thin films were subjected to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61646 test to examine their environmental stability and suitability as front electrodes for solar cells. To explore the interplay between AZO deposition parameters and environmental stability, AZO films were deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering at different parameters and without external heating. The conductivity stability evolution upon the testwas investigated via studying the AZO electrical, structural, and morphological characteristics at different deposition conditions. A direct dependence was identified between the samples’ conductivity degradation rates and the samples’ structural and morphological characteristics including grain size, grain boundary density, surface roughness, and compactness. The samples’ resistivity increases linearly over the test period due to both electron density and mobility degradations. Improved stability was observed for thicker AZO samples (360 nm) originating from enhanced grain size, surface profile, and compactness. These samplesmaintained solar cells' applicable sheet resistance of 21.24 Ω/sq (ρ=7.64×10-4 Ω.cm) following the test. The conducted aging studies demonstrated that manipulating the AZO films growth process via optimizing the deposition parameters is an effective pathway for low-temperature deposited electrodes with enhanced environmental stability
{"title":"Environmental Stability Evaluation of Aluminium Doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) Transparent Electrodes Deposited at Low Temperature for Solar cells","authors":"S. Elhamali, M. N. Akhil, K. Abusabee, N. Kalfagiannis, D. Koutsogeorgis","doi":"10.51646/jsesd.v11i1.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v11i1.122","url":null,"abstract":"The degradation of transparent electrodes’ electrical conductivity under environmental conditions is considered as a major failure mode for solar cells’ long-term efficiency. In this paper, AZO thin films were subjected to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61646 test to examine their environmental stability and suitability as front electrodes for solar cells. To explore the interplay between AZO deposition parameters and environmental stability, AZO films were deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering at different parameters and without external heating. The conductivity stability evolution upon the testwas investigated via studying the AZO electrical, structural, and morphological characteristics at different deposition conditions. A direct dependence was identified between the samples’ conductivity degradation rates and the samples’ structural and morphological characteristics including grain size, grain boundary density, surface roughness, and compactness. The samples’ resistivity increases linearly over the test period due to both electron density and mobility degradations. Improved stability was observed for thicker AZO samples (360 nm) originating from enhanced grain size, surface profile, and compactness. These samplesmaintained solar cells' applicable sheet resistance of 21.24 Ω/sq (ρ=7.64×10-4 Ω.cm) following the test. The conducted aging studies demonstrated that manipulating the AZO films growth process via optimizing the deposition parameters is an effective pathway for low-temperature deposited electrodes with enhanced environmental stability","PeriodicalId":232564,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124794214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.51646/jsesd.v11i1.118
مهاب البزنطي, أحمد شنشن, عبد اللطيف الزقلعي, سامح الغول
تحظى دراسات العزل الحراري للجدران الخارجية بأهمية كبيرة، وذلك لما لها من آثار واضحة في توفير استهلاك الطاقة في المباني. وتبحث الدراسة الحالية تأثير التكاليف المصاحبة لإضافة العازل الحراري لجدران المباني على السمك الأمثل للعازل وفترة الاسترداد. حيث تتمثل هذه التكاليف في: تكلفة الحائط الإضافي، وتكلفة اليد العاملة، والتكلفة الناتجة عن زيادة سمك السملة. هذه الدراسة مبنية على البيانات المناخية لمدينة طرابلس الغرب، وكذلك على مواصفات مواد البناء المستخدمة في المنطقة. وقد تم حساب الأحمال الحرارية باستخدام طريقة درجات حرارة أيام التدفئة والتبريد، وكان التحليل الاقتصادي على أساس تحليل تكلفة دورة الحياة. ُحيث أظهرت النتائج ان السمك الأمثل للعازل في الحالة التي فرض فيها سمك ثابت للسملة يساوي 0.6 سم، أي أنه لم يتأثر بالتكاليف المصاحبة، بينما زادت فترة الاسترداد من 14.2 سنة إلى 63.4 سنة. أما في الحالة التي كان فيها سمك السملة متغيراً، فقد أظهرت النتائج أن السمك الأمثل تراوح بين 1.5 سم و0.6 سم، وتراوحت فترة الاسترداد بين 14.2 سنة و 01.5 سنوات وذلك عند إضافة كافة التكاليف المصاحبة. وعليه فإن الدراسة قد أظهرت أهمية أخذ التكاليف المصاحبة في الإعتبار والتي يمكن تلخيصها بإنخفاض من الممكن أن يصل إلى 15 % من قيمة السمك الأمثل للعازل وارتفاع يصل إلى 134 % في فترة الاسترداد.
{"title":"تأثير التكاليف المصاحبة لإضافة العازل الحراري إلى الجدران الخارجية للمباني على السمك الأمثل وفترة الاسترداد","authors":"مهاب البزنطي, أحمد شنشن, عبد اللطيف الزقلعي, سامح الغول","doi":"10.51646/jsesd.v11i1.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v11i1.118","url":null,"abstract":"تحظى دراسات العزل الحراري للجدران الخارجية بأهمية كبيرة، وذلك لما لها من آثار واضحة في توفير استهلاك الطاقة في المباني. وتبحث الدراسة الحالية تأثير التكاليف المصاحبة لإضافة العازل الحراري لجدران المباني على السمك الأمثل للعازل وفترة الاسترداد. حيث تتمثل هذه التكاليف في: تكلفة الحائط الإضافي، وتكلفة اليد العاملة، والتكلفة الناتجة عن زيادة سمك السملة. هذه الدراسة مبنية على البيانات المناخية لمدينة طرابلس الغرب، وكذلك على مواصفات مواد البناء المستخدمة في المنطقة. وقد تم حساب الأحمال الحرارية باستخدام طريقة درجات حرارة أيام التدفئة والتبريد، وكان التحليل الاقتصادي على أساس تحليل تكلفة دورة الحياة. ُحيث أظهرت النتائج ان السمك الأمثل للعازل في الحالة التي فرض فيها سمك ثابت للسملة يساوي 0.6 سم، أي أنه لم يتأثر بالتكاليف المصاحبة، بينما زادت فترة الاسترداد من 14.2 سنة إلى 63.4 سنة. أما في الحالة التي كان فيها سمك السملة متغيراً، فقد أظهرت النتائج أن السمك الأمثل تراوح بين 1.5 سم و0.6 سم، وتراوحت فترة الاسترداد بين 14.2 سنة و 01.5 سنوات وذلك عند إضافة كافة التكاليف المصاحبة. وعليه فإن الدراسة قد أظهرت أهمية أخذ التكاليف المصاحبة في الإعتبار والتي يمكن تلخيصها بإنخفاض من الممكن أن يصل إلى 15 % من قيمة السمك الأمثل للعازل وارتفاع يصل إلى 134 % في فترة الاسترداد.","PeriodicalId":232564,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal","volume":"42 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132044619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-19DOI: 10.51646/jsesd.v11i1.117
عبدالفتاح الهادي الشيباني
خلال الفترة من 19 يونيو إلى 4 يوليو 2021، تأثرت مناطق شمال غرب ليبيا بأجواء حرارية لاهبة ومرهقة نتيجة تأثرها بظاهرة جوية صيفية تسمى القبة الحرارية. تستهدف هذه الورقة تشخيص أسباب حدوثها وكيفية تقييم آثارها البيئية باتباع منهجيات التشخيص السينوبتيكي والتقييم البيئي المتكامل. بينت نتائج التشخيص أن حدوث الظاهرة يرجع إلى تكون نظام من الضغط الجوي العالي المعروف بنمط حاجز اوميجا (Ω)، يتمركز على المستوى الضغطي 500 هيكتوبسكال، تتسبب هذه الوضعية في تنشيط بعض العوامل المؤثرة مثل، انبعاث التيارات الهوائية الهابطة المحفزة لانضغاط الهواء وارتفاع حرارته، انخفاض نسبة تركيز غاز الأوزون الاستراتوسفيري، وصول كمية كبيرة من الإشعاع الفوق بنفسجي إلى سطح الأرض، وزيادة نسبة الأوزون التروبوسفيري. تؤثر التغيرات المناخية على الظاهرة وتجعلها أكثر تكراراً وأطول عمراً وأشد سخونة، ونظراً لارتباط الظاهرة بجملة من الآثار البيئية والتداعيات السلبية، تؤكد الورقة على أهمية استخدام نموذج إطار التقييم البيئي المتكامل (نموذج - DPSIR)، لأجل ترتيب سلسلة مراحل تطور خطورة الظاهرة إلى جانب تحديد أنماط الاستجابة الموجهة نحو مراحل الخطورة لتفادي آثارها وتداعياتها السلبية والتقليل من أضرارها. توصي الورقة بإجراء دراسة تفصيلية موسعة للظاهرة، وتقييم آثارها البيئية، وتحديد المسار الفعال لتوجيه تدابير التخفيف من حدتها، والعمل على إصدار النشرات اليومية لمؤشر الأشعة فوق البنفسجية خلال فترة الصيف.
{"title":"الملامح السينوبتيكية للقبة الحرارية المؤثرة على شمال غرب ليبيا وطريقة تقييم آثارها البيئية","authors":"عبدالفتاح الهادي الشيباني","doi":"10.51646/jsesd.v11i1.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v11i1.117","url":null,"abstract":"خلال الفترة من 19 يونيو إلى 4 يوليو 2021، تأثرت مناطق شمال غرب ليبيا بأجواء حرارية لاهبة ومرهقة نتيجة تأثرها بظاهرة جوية صيفية تسمى القبة الحرارية. تستهدف هذه الورقة تشخيص أسباب حدوثها وكيفية تقييم آثارها البيئية باتباع منهجيات التشخيص السينوبتيكي والتقييم البيئي المتكامل. بينت نتائج التشخيص أن حدوث الظاهرة يرجع إلى تكون نظام من الضغط الجوي العالي المعروف بنمط حاجز اوميجا (Ω)، يتمركز على المستوى الضغطي 500 هيكتوبسكال، تتسبب هذه الوضعية في تنشيط بعض العوامل المؤثرة مثل، انبعاث التيارات الهوائية الهابطة المحفزة لانضغاط الهواء وارتفاع حرارته، انخفاض نسبة تركيز غاز الأوزون الاستراتوسفيري، وصول كمية كبيرة من الإشعاع الفوق بنفسجي إلى سطح الأرض، وزيادة نسبة الأوزون التروبوسفيري. تؤثر التغيرات المناخية على الظاهرة وتجعلها أكثر تكراراً وأطول عمراً وأشد سخونة، ونظراً لارتباط الظاهرة بجملة من الآثار البيئية والتداعيات السلبية، تؤكد الورقة على أهمية استخدام نموذج إطار التقييم البيئي المتكامل (نموذج - DPSIR)، لأجل ترتيب سلسلة مراحل تطور خطورة الظاهرة إلى جانب تحديد أنماط الاستجابة الموجهة نحو مراحل الخطورة لتفادي آثارها وتداعياتها السلبية والتقليل من أضرارها. توصي الورقة بإجراء دراسة تفصيلية موسعة للظاهرة، وتقييم آثارها البيئية، وتحديد المسار الفعال لتوجيه تدابير التخفيف من حدتها، والعمل على إصدار النشرات اليومية لمؤشر الأشعة فوق البنفسجية خلال فترة الصيف.","PeriodicalId":232564,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123817530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.51646/jsesd.v10i2.115
Ismaeel Muhammad Belal
Water-pumping windmills are reliable alternatives to provide water in some areas isolated from the electricity network, especially those with poor wind sources that are insufficient to operate wind turbines to generate electricity. The successful design of windmills for water pumping requires careful study of many variable parameters depending on the wind pattern and topography of the site. However, in this study, the researchers relied on the application of an integrated approach between forwarding Engineering (FE) and Reverse Engineering (RE), with the aim of obtaining a 3D CAD model of a water pumping windmill system.This 3D model will be the basis for manufacturing the windmill prototype that will be installed at a pilot site in a suburb of the city of Tajoura within a research project. The FE activities cannot be neglected when applying RE for the successful manufacturing of the windmills. The wind data recorded at the Center for Solar Energy Research and Studies (CSERS) for several years was used for calculating daily and monthly average wind speed and studying the daily wind pattern. The analysis of the collected wind data showed that the minimum and maximum daily average wind speed at Tajoura varies from 2.35m/s to 4.69 m/s, and theannual average wind speed is 3.24m/s. Among the Forward design, activity is estimating the wind resources available at the site for sizing the system to provide the site water requirements of 5 m³/day. From this point on, a commercial water-pumping windmill of 4.88m (16ft and a standard tower height of 12m were chosen to be the target of a RE application to obtain a CAD model. RE is accomplished in three phases: digitizing the component (part), processing the measured data, and creating the CAD model. To adopt the 3D model for all parts, they must be compared with the original scanned data using Deviation Analysis in CATIA. Afteradopting the 3D models of all the system components, the 3D assembly models were created based on the integrated approach between RE and FE. Finally, it is worth noting that the windmills for water pumping could not be manufactured solely by just applying reverse engineering.
{"title":"Reverse Engineering and Design of a Windmill Pumping System suitable for Wind Conditions: A Case Study in a Suburb of Tajoura, Libya","authors":"Ismaeel Muhammad Belal","doi":"10.51646/jsesd.v10i2.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v10i2.115","url":null,"abstract":"Water-pumping windmills are reliable alternatives to provide water in some areas isolated from the electricity network, especially those with poor wind sources that are insufficient to operate wind turbines to generate electricity. The successful design of windmills for water pumping requires careful study of many variable parameters depending on the wind pattern and topography of the site. However, in this study, the researchers relied on the application of an integrated approach between forwarding Engineering (FE) and Reverse Engineering (RE), with the aim of obtaining a 3D CAD model of a water pumping windmill system.This 3D model will be the basis for manufacturing the windmill prototype that will be installed at a pilot site in a suburb of the city of Tajoura within a research project. The FE activities cannot be neglected when applying RE for the successful manufacturing of the windmills. The wind data recorded at the Center for Solar Energy Research and Studies (CSERS) for several years was used for calculating daily and monthly average wind speed and studying the daily wind pattern. The analysis of the collected wind data showed that the minimum and maximum daily average wind speed at Tajoura varies from 2.35m/s to 4.69 m/s, and theannual average wind speed is 3.24m/s. Among the Forward design, activity is estimating the wind resources available at the site for sizing the system to provide the site water requirements of 5 m³/day. From this point on, a commercial water-pumping windmill of 4.88m (16ft and a standard tower height of 12m were chosen to be the target of a RE application to obtain a CAD model. RE is accomplished in three phases: digitizing the component (part), processing the measured data, and creating the CAD model. To adopt the 3D model for all parts, they must be compared with the original scanned data using Deviation Analysis in CATIA. Afteradopting the 3D models of all the system components, the 3D assembly models were created based on the integrated approach between RE and FE. Finally, it is worth noting that the windmills for water pumping could not be manufactured solely by just applying reverse engineering.","PeriodicalId":232564,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126825548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.51646/jsesd.v10i2.113
K. Dadesh, Wafa S. Alarabi
The continues demand for Photovoltaic device improvement has led us to search for new sources of photovoltaic action. For that, this paper proves the existence of other sources for photovoltaic action in addition to the main source which is the built-in electrostatic fild generated through controlled composition gradientThese new sources are uncovered through mathematical examination of a specifi material system followed by the construction of four-layer p-type semi-conducting materials (i.e., without pn-junction formation). First three layers of this specifi material system are fabricated with AlxGα1-xAs with diffrent Aluminum fractions, while the fourth layer is fabricated with Ge with a diffsed back surface fild (BSF) layer to reduce surface recombination velocities (SRV).The complete structure is analyzed using the PC-1D simulation softare, and it shows that the junctionless structure possesses the photovoltaic action with low performance.
{"title":"Simulation of a Novel Junction-less Solar Cell Structure Using PC-1D Software","authors":"K. Dadesh, Wafa S. Alarabi","doi":"10.51646/jsesd.v10i2.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v10i2.113","url":null,"abstract":"The continues demand for Photovoltaic device improvement has led us to search for new sources of photovoltaic action. For that, this paper proves the existence of other sources for photovoltaic action in addition to the main source which is the built-in electrostatic fild generated through controlled composition gradientThese new sources are uncovered through mathematical examination of a specifi material system followed by the construction of four-layer p-type semi-conducting materials (i.e., without pn-junction formation). First three layers of this specifi material system are fabricated with AlxGα1-xAs with diffrent Aluminum fractions, while the fourth layer is fabricated with Ge with a diffsed back surface fild (BSF) layer to reduce surface recombination velocities (SRV).The complete structure is analyzed using the PC-1D simulation softare, and it shows that the junctionless structure possesses the photovoltaic action with low performance.","PeriodicalId":232564,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128234578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.51646/jsesd.v10i2.114
A. Algareu, M. Abdunnabi, Maged Mabruk, A. Elmaghrabi
Legionella is a kind of bacteria that has been detected by many researchers in diffrent Water Heating Electrical (EWH) or solar (SWH) systems installed at various places. In the capital city Tripoli - Libya, most of water heater systems used are of electric type. Simultaneously, over 100 solar water heating (SWH) systems provided with electric heaters were installed under the supervision of the Centre for Solar Energy Research and Studies (CSERS) in the residential buildings in Tripoli in the period between (2000 and (2020). Ten hot water samples were collected from the outlet points in SWH systems and 43 water samples from diffrent water draining points at Corinthia hotel and Palm City Residences water systems, for the purpose of legionella detection and enumeration in the systems. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to be filed by the 10 SWH system users whom the ten water samples were taken from. Th purpose was to collect information about the building, the hot water system, and the user’s satisfaction. As the water source is untreated ground water from private wells, analysis of Escherichia coli (E.coli), total Coliform bacteria and total bacterial count were conducted to see whether any other probable bacteria kind is available. According to the results obtained, both 43 samples and 10 SWH samples investigated are free of legionella bacteria, while the total bacteria count for 4 out of 10 SWH systems was less than 60 CFU/g. Ths was due to water temperature not lowered to the bacteria colonisation temperature, and the daily water temperature gained from solar energy was high enough to be more than 55°C for at least an hour daily and maximum daily temperature exceeds 60°C for 80 days in addition to summer time, which is high enough to destroy legionella bacteria
军团菌是一种被许多研究人员在安装在不同地方的不同的水加热电(EWH)或太阳能(SWH)系统中检测到的细菌。在利比亚首都的黎波里，大多数使用的热水器系统都是电热水器。同时，在太阳能研究和研究中心(CSERS)的监督下，在2000年至2020年期间，在的黎波里的住宅建筑中安装了100多个配备电加热器的太阳能热水系统。从SWH系统的出水点采集10个热水样品，从Corinthia酒店和Palm City Residences供水系统的不同排水点采集43个水样，对系统中的军团菌进行检测和计数。我们设计并分发了一份问卷，由10个采集了10个水样的SWH系统用户填写。目的是收集有关建筑、热水系统和用户满意度的信息。由于水源为未经处理的私人水井地下水，因此进行了大肠杆菌、大肠菌群总数和细菌总数的分析，以确定是否有其他可能的细菌种类。结果显示，43份样品和10份SWH样品均未检出军团菌，10份SWH系统中有4份细菌总数小于60 CFU/g。这是由于水温没有降低到细菌定植的温度，并且每天从太阳能获得的水温足够高，每天至少有一个小时超过55°C，加上夏季，每天最高温度超过60°C，持续80天，足以杀死军团菌
{"title":"Legionella Bacteria Activity investigation in Domestic Water Heating Systems: Tripoli-Libya as a case study","authors":"A. Algareu, M. Abdunnabi, Maged Mabruk, A. Elmaghrabi","doi":"10.51646/jsesd.v10i2.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v10i2.114","url":null,"abstract":"Legionella is a kind of bacteria that has been detected by many researchers in diffrent Water Heating Electrical (EWH) or solar (SWH) systems installed at various places. In the capital city Tripoli - Libya, most of water heater systems used are of electric type. Simultaneously, over 100 solar water heating (SWH) systems provided with electric heaters were installed under the supervision of the Centre for Solar Energy Research and Studies (CSERS) in the residential buildings in Tripoli in the period between (2000 and (2020). Ten hot water samples were collected from the outlet points in SWH systems and 43 water samples from diffrent water draining points at Corinthia hotel and Palm City Residences water systems, for the purpose of legionella detection and enumeration in the systems. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to be filed by the 10 SWH system users whom the ten water samples were taken from. Th purpose was to collect information about the building, the hot water system, and the user’s satisfaction. As the water source is untreated ground water from private wells, analysis of Escherichia coli (E.coli), total Coliform bacteria and total bacterial count were conducted to see whether any other probable bacteria kind is available. According to the results obtained, both 43 samples and 10 SWH samples investigated are free of legionella bacteria, while the total bacteria count for 4 out of 10 SWH systems was less than 60 CFU/g. Ths was due to water temperature not lowered to the bacteria colonisation temperature, and the daily water temperature gained from solar energy was high enough to be more than 55°C for at least an hour daily and maximum daily temperature exceeds 60°C for 80 days in addition to summer time, which is high enough to destroy legionella bacteria","PeriodicalId":232564,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129239320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.51646/jsesd.v10i1.112
Imhamed M. Saleh, E. Elmabrouk, F. A. Taher
A non-imaging solar concentrator system of reflecting surfaces redirects the solar radiation from the source to target (receiver). This work is focused on a 2-D elliptical hyperboloid geometric design of static solar collectors, though many design concepts and procedures for 2-D static solar collector is discussed in this paper. Based on the general equation for a solar concentrator, parameters vary slightly to determine the optical efficiency. 2-D MATLAB code is written to obtain the different shapes of the concentrator. The resultsof 2-D hyperboloid concentrator (2-DHC) has been reported. The optical efficiency, effective concentration ratio, receiver major axis and concentrator height have been investigated through ray trace analysis. The optimisation of the concentrator profile and geometry is also carried out, based on the geometrical concentration ratio. The maximum optical efficiency is found to be 51% and the maximum acceptance angle of ±60° was achieved
{"title":"Design and Otimisation OF 2-D Static Solar Concentrator","authors":"Imhamed M. Saleh, E. Elmabrouk, F. A. Taher","doi":"10.51646/jsesd.v10i1.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v10i1.112","url":null,"abstract":"A non-imaging solar concentrator system of reflecting surfaces redirects the solar radiation from the source to target (receiver). This work is focused on a 2-D elliptical hyperboloid geometric design of static solar collectors, though many design concepts and procedures for 2-D static solar collector is discussed in this paper. Based on the general equation for a solar concentrator, parameters vary slightly to determine the optical efficiency. 2-D MATLAB code is written to obtain the different shapes of the concentrator. The resultsof 2-D hyperboloid concentrator (2-DHC) has been reported. The optical efficiency, effective concentration ratio, receiver major axis and concentrator height have been investigated through ray trace analysis. The optimisation of the concentrator profile and geometry is also carried out, based on the geometrical concentration ratio. The maximum optical efficiency is found to be 51% and the maximum acceptance angle of ±60° was achieved","PeriodicalId":232564,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120847127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.51646/jsesd.v10i1.111
S. Pashiardis, S. Kalogirou
In this work, hourly measurements of global solar irradiances obtained from a pyranometer and direct normal irradiances obtained from sunshine duration sensor are assessed through an extensive quality control procedure and statistical analysis on the measured and derived solar parameters for a semimountainous location using data from the last fie years (2016-2020). This information and the method suggested concerning the solar energy capture systems and energy efficiency is useful for engineers who can therefore take knowledge of the local radiation levels. Furthermore, the direct horizontal irradiance canbe easily calculated and the diffuse component can be estimated from the difference of global and direct horizontal irradiances. Monthly mean hourly values of the radiation components are also estimated and shown through isolines diagrams. Representative values of global direct and diffuse irradiances for different times of the year and different hour of the day can be easily read from these diagrams. Simultaneously, a similar analysis is carried out over various solar indices estimated on both an hourly and daily basis. The derived solar indices are the clearness index for global, direct, and diffuse radiation as well as the diffuse and direct fractions from global radiation. The interrelationships between the said indices are also examined.Additionally, the BRL (Boland-Ridley-Lauret) diffuse fraction model which is a multiple predictor logistic model was tested and can be used to estimate the diffuse and later the direct radiation component. The model is a function of clearness index (kt), the apparent solar time (AST), the solar altitude (αs), the daily clearness index (KT) and persistence parameter ψ which is an average of both a lag and lead of the clearness index. The outcome of the model shows that it can be used to estimate successfully the diffuse radiation.
{"title":"Assessment and statistical analysis of global radiation by decomposing it to its direct and diffse components","authors":"S. Pashiardis, S. Kalogirou","doi":"10.51646/jsesd.v10i1.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v10i1.111","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, hourly measurements of global solar irradiances obtained from a pyranometer and direct normal irradiances obtained from sunshine duration sensor are assessed through an extensive quality control procedure and statistical analysis on the measured and derived solar parameters for a semimountainous location using data from the last fie years (2016-2020). This information and the method suggested concerning the solar energy capture systems and energy efficiency is useful for engineers who can therefore take knowledge of the local radiation levels. Furthermore, the direct horizontal irradiance canbe easily calculated and the diffuse component can be estimated from the difference of global and direct horizontal irradiances. Monthly mean hourly values of the radiation components are also estimated and shown through isolines diagrams. Representative values of global direct and diffuse irradiances for different times of the year and different hour of the day can be easily read from these diagrams. Simultaneously, a similar analysis is carried out over various solar indices estimated on both an hourly and daily basis. The derived solar indices are the clearness index for global, direct, and diffuse radiation as well as the diffuse and direct fractions from global radiation. The interrelationships between the said indices are also examined.Additionally, the BRL (Boland-Ridley-Lauret) diffuse fraction model which is a multiple predictor logistic model was tested and can be used to estimate the diffuse and later the direct radiation component. The model is a function of clearness index (kt), the apparent solar time (AST), the solar altitude (αs), the daily clearness index (KT) and persistence parameter ψ which is an average of both a lag and lead of the clearness index. The outcome of the model shows that it can be used to estimate successfully the diffuse radiation.","PeriodicalId":232564,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129947892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Abdunnabi, K. Dadesh, O. R. Mrehel, N. El-shamekh
Electricity plays an important role in the contemporary life, and it has become indispensable nowadays. Reducing the peak electricity load and increasing the load factor have been considered as one of the main tasks that have to be accomplished by both electricity generation-side and demand-side managements.The residential sector of Libya consumes over 31% of the total sold electricity, and 29.8% of that is delivered to the electric water heating load. This is an inefficient way of electricity utilization. Usually, the electricity supplier in Libya used to increase the local generation capacity or import electricity from neighboring countries. Both solutions did not resolve the problem. This work attempts to investigate the effect of replacing electric water heaters in the residential sector of Libya by solar water heaters on reducing the electricity peakload and increasing the load factor. The results show that on average 3% of the peak load demand can be saved. This is equivalent to 149.5 MW of reduced power. The study also revealed that the annual amount of energy saved is up to 2.55TWh, and the load factor is improved by 2% (i.e. from 65% to 67%). This saved energy is equivalent to a power plant with a nominal capacity of 448 MW considering a load factor of 0.65
{"title":"Effect of Full Implementation of Domestic Solar Water Heaters on the Electricity Peak Load in Libya","authors":"M. Abdunnabi, K. Dadesh, O. R. Mrehel, N. El-shamekh","doi":"10.51646/JSESD.V5I2.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51646/JSESD.V5I2.85","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity plays an important role in the contemporary life, and it has become indispensable nowadays. Reducing the peak electricity load and increasing the load factor have been considered as one of the main tasks that have to be accomplished by both electricity generation-side and demand-side managements.The residential sector of Libya consumes over 31% of the total sold electricity, and 29.8% of that is delivered to the electric water heating load. This is an inefficient way of electricity utilization. Usually, the electricity supplier in Libya used to increase the local generation capacity or import electricity from neighboring countries. Both solutions did not resolve the problem. This work attempts to investigate the effect of replacing electric water heaters in the residential sector of Libya by solar water heaters on reducing the electricity peakload and increasing the load factor. The results show that on average 3% of the peak load demand can be saved. This is equivalent to 149.5 MW of reduced power. The study also revealed that the annual amount of energy saved is up to 2.55TWh, and the load factor is improved by 2% (i.e. from 65% to 67%). This saved energy is equivalent to a power plant with a nominal capacity of 448 MW considering a load factor of 0.65","PeriodicalId":232564,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114249611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is considered extremely suitable for electrical power plant application. Both high temperature (HT) and intermediate temperature (IT) SOFC performances are investigated using models which are built in Aspen customer modeller. Moreover, this paper introduces a new simulation software, called Al-Nour V.1.0-2012 software application. The interface of Al-Nour V.1.0-2012 software was mainly implemented based on the educational theory of User’s Split Attention, that is; the entire software works with only one screen for all operations without any scrolling (user-friendly interface). This application reflects the fact that Al-Nour software does not require the user to have any previous training. The performance of HT-SOFC and IT-SOFC models is evaluated and compared using both software applications . The simulation results show that, the cell voltage value increases by raising the operating pressure, operating temperature, and hydrogen partial pressure. The electrical power output value from the SOFC is increased simultaneously by increasing the current density . Furthermore, the IT-SOFC has a higher cell voltage than the HT-SOFC.
{"title":"Optimal Operating Point of a Hydrogen Fueled SOFC Models Using Al-Nour Software","authors":"Abdullatif Musa, R. Arfa, Adel M. Agina","doi":"10.51646/JSESD.V5I2.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51646/JSESD.V5I2.87","url":null,"abstract":"The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is considered extremely suitable for electrical power plant application. Both high temperature (HT) and intermediate temperature (IT) SOFC performances are investigated using models which are built in Aspen customer modeller. Moreover, this paper introduces a new simulation software, called Al-Nour V.1.0-2012 software application. The interface of Al-Nour V.1.0-2012 software was mainly implemented based on the educational theory of User’s Split Attention, that is; the entire software works with only one screen for all operations without any scrolling (user-friendly interface). This application reflects the fact that Al-Nour software does not require the user to have any previous training. The performance of HT-SOFC and IT-SOFC models is evaluated and compared using both software applications . The simulation results show that, the cell voltage value increases by raising the operating pressure, operating temperature, and hydrogen partial pressure. The electrical power output value from the SOFC is increased simultaneously by increasing the current density . Furthermore, the IT-SOFC has a higher cell voltage than the HT-SOFC.","PeriodicalId":232564,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134498226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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