Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14286
Andriy Buketov, S. Smetankin, P. Maruschak, K. Yurenin, O. Sapronov, Viktor Matvyeyev, A. Menou
The methods for ensuring long-term and safe operation of marine equipment due to comprehensive repair technologies that use epoxy oligomers and new compositions based on them are developed. The influence of temperature and UltraSonic Treatment (UST) on the rheological properties of the pure epoxy matrix and compositions based on it is explored. The compositions have different content of nanodispersed soot carbon black of brand PowCarbon 2419G (particle size of 24 ± 2 nm). It is established that when nanoparticle soot (q = 0.10…15.00 pts wt) is introduced into the composition of the epoxy matrix treated with ultrasound, the viscosity of the composition increases gradually. Based on the results obtained, temperature ranges are recommended, in which the viscosity of the studied compositions reaches optimal technological parameters for the effective impregnation of threads, tows and various fabrics, and which provide for the effective application of the composition to the working surfaces of marine equipment. Technical recommendations are given for applying the developed black-filled epoxy compositions to the working surfaces of parts, ship mechanisms and pipeline systems of marine vessels.
{"title":"NEW BLACK-FILLED EPOXY COATINGS FOR REPAIRING SURFACE OF EQUIPMENT OF MARINE SHIPS","authors":"Andriy Buketov, S. Smetankin, P. Maruschak, K. Yurenin, O. Sapronov, Viktor Matvyeyev, A. Menou","doi":"10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14286","url":null,"abstract":"The methods for ensuring long-term and safe operation of marine equipment due to comprehensive repair technologies that use epoxy oligomers and new compositions based on them are developed. The influence of temperature and UltraSonic Treatment (UST) on the rheological properties of the pure epoxy matrix and compositions based on it is explored. The compositions have different content of nanodispersed soot carbon black of brand PowCarbon 2419G (particle size of 24 ± 2 nm). It is established that when nanoparticle soot (q = 0.10…15.00 pts wt) is introduced into the composition of the epoxy matrix treated with ultrasound, the viscosity of the composition increases gradually. Based on the results obtained, temperature ranges are recommended, in which the viscosity of the studied compositions reaches optimal technological parameters for the effective impregnation of threads, tows and various fabrics, and which provide for the effective application of the composition to the working surfaces of marine equipment. Technical recommendations are given for applying the developed black-filled epoxy compositions to the working surfaces of parts, ship mechanisms and pipeline systems of marine vessels.","PeriodicalId":23260,"journal":{"name":"Transport","volume":"20 1","pages":"679-690"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85663897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14280
Sen Xiao, F. Mo, Jikuang Yang, Jing Huang, Zhi-yu Xiao, J. Crandall
While the seatbelt restraint has significantly improved occupant safety, the protection efficiency still needs further enhance to reduce the consequence of the crash. Influence of seatbelt restraint loading on chest injury under 40 km/h has been tested and documented. However, a comprehensive profiling of the efficiency of restraint systems with various impact speeds has not yet been sufficiently reported. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of the seatbelt loadings on chest injuries at different impact speeds utilizing a high bio-fidelity human body Finite Element (FE) model. Based on the whole-body frontal sled test configuration, the current simulation is setup using a substitute of Post-Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS). Chest injury outcomes from simulations are analysed in terms of design variables, such as seatbelt position parameters and collision speed in a full factorial experimental design. These outcomes are specifically referred to strain-based injury probabilities and four-point chest deflections caused by the change of the parameters. The results indicate that impact speed does influence chest injury outcome. The ribcage injury risk for more than 3 fractured ribs will increase from around 40 to nearly 100% when the impact speed change from 20 to 40 km/h if the seatbelt positioned at the middle-sternum of this study. Great injuries to the chest are mainly caused by the change of inertia, which indicates that chest injuries are greatly affected by the impact speed. Furthermore, the rib fracture risk and chest deflection are nonlinearly correlated with the change of the seatbelt position parameters. The study approach can serve as a reference for seatbelt virtual design. Meanwhile, it also provides basis for the research of chest injury mechanism.
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF IMPACT SPEED ON CHEST INJURY OUTCOME IN WHOLE BODY FRONTAL SLED IMPACTS","authors":"Sen Xiao, F. Mo, Jikuang Yang, Jing Huang, Zhi-yu Xiao, J. Crandall","doi":"10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14280","url":null,"abstract":"While the seatbelt restraint has significantly improved occupant safety, the protection efficiency still needs further enhance to reduce the consequence of the crash. Influence of seatbelt restraint loading on chest injury under 40 km/h has been tested and documented. However, a comprehensive profiling of the efficiency of restraint systems with various impact speeds has not yet been sufficiently reported. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of the seatbelt loadings on chest injuries at different impact speeds utilizing a high bio-fidelity human body Finite Element (FE) model. Based on the whole-body frontal sled test configuration, the current simulation is setup using a substitute of Post-Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS). Chest injury outcomes from simulations are analysed in terms of design variables, such as seatbelt position parameters and collision speed in a full factorial experimental design. These outcomes are specifically referred to strain-based injury probabilities and four-point chest deflections caused by the change of the parameters. The results indicate that impact speed does influence chest injury outcome. The ribcage injury risk for more than 3 fractured ribs will increase from around 40 to nearly 100% when the impact speed change from 20 to 40 km/h if the seatbelt positioned at the middle-sternum of this study. Great injuries to the chest are mainly caused by the change of inertia, which indicates that chest injuries are greatly affected by the impact speed. Furthermore, the rib fracture risk and chest deflection are nonlinearly correlated with the change of the seatbelt position parameters. The study approach can serve as a reference for seatbelt virtual design. Meanwhile, it also provides basis for the research of chest injury mechanism.","PeriodicalId":23260,"journal":{"name":"Transport","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87304583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-21DOI: 10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14242
S. Goolak, V. Tkachenko, G. Bureika, G. Vaičiūnas
An improved method for spectral analysis of traction current of an Alternating Current (AC) electric locomotive is considered in the article. A new method of spectral analysis considers the change in voltage in the catenary system as a non-deterministic, non-ergodic and non-Gaussian process. It has been established that higher voltage harmonics in the catenary system have a significant negative effect on the operation of non-traction railway consumers of electricity. In addition, electric locomotives operating in the same feeder zone have a mutual influence on each other. Electric railway transport is a source of higher voltage harmonics and strongly distorts the shape of the sinusoidal voltage of the catenary system, which are caused by the higher spectral components of the current in the electric locomotive traction drive circuit. These spectral components of the traction current arise in the traction drive circuit due to the nonlinearity of the current-voltage characteristics of the electronic devices of an electric locomotive, for example, a contact rectifier, a capacitor circuit of traction motors. Reactive power compensators are used in electric locomotives to eliminate components of higher harmonic traction current in the catenary system. Traditionally, spectral analysis in such systems is performed using Fourier methods. However, the determination of the spectral components of the traction current by the Fourier method for constructing a control system for a reactive power compensator is possible only if the process of voltage variation is a deterministic or ergodic Gaussian process. Otherwise, the application of Fourier transform methods will be incorrect. An analysis of the factors that affect voltage changes in the catenary system showed that this process is significantly different from the ergodic Gaussian process. Such factors include the following: the operating mode of the electric locomotives; number and total capacity of electric locomotives in one feeder zone; electric locomotives passing through feeder zones; instability of collection current. Thus, in the case under consideration, the application of the Fourier methods is incorrect for the analysis of the spectral components of the traction current. This affects the quality of compensation of the higher harmonic components of the traction current, and in some cases, the unstable operation of the control system of the active part of the reactive power compensator. Proposed scientific approach is based on the Levinson–Durbin linear prediction algorithm. On the one hand, this allows adapting the control system of the compensator to the voltage parameters of the catenary system. On the other hand, this allows taking into account the operating modes of electric rail vehicle with reactive power compensation. The construction of a compensator control system using the Levinson–Durbin algorithm significantly simplifies thensynchronization scheme of the compensator and power circuits of
{"title":"METHOD OF SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF TRACTION CURRENT OF AC ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES","authors":"S. Goolak, V. Tkachenko, G. Bureika, G. Vaičiūnas","doi":"10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14242","url":null,"abstract":"An improved method for spectral analysis of traction current of an Alternating Current (AC) electric locomotive is considered in the article. A new method of spectral analysis considers the change in voltage in the catenary system as a non-deterministic, non-ergodic and non-Gaussian process. It has been established that higher voltage harmonics in the catenary system have a significant negative effect on the operation of non-traction railway consumers of electricity. In addition, electric locomotives operating in the same feeder zone have a mutual influence on each other. Electric railway transport is a source of higher voltage harmonics and strongly distorts the shape of the sinusoidal voltage of the catenary system, which are caused by the higher spectral components of the current in the electric locomotive traction drive circuit. These spectral components of the traction current arise in the traction drive circuit due to the nonlinearity of the current-voltage characteristics of the electronic devices of an electric locomotive, for example, a contact rectifier, a capacitor circuit of traction motors. Reactive power compensators are used in electric locomotives to eliminate components of higher harmonic traction current in the catenary system. Traditionally, spectral analysis in such systems is performed using Fourier methods. However, the determination of the spectral components of the traction current by the Fourier method for constructing a control system for a reactive power compensator is possible only if the process of voltage variation is a deterministic or ergodic Gaussian process. Otherwise, the application of Fourier transform methods will be incorrect. An analysis of the factors that affect voltage changes in the catenary system showed that this process is significantly different from the ergodic Gaussian process. Such factors include the following: the operating mode of the electric locomotives; number and total capacity of electric locomotives in one feeder zone; electric locomotives passing through feeder zones; instability of collection current. Thus, in the case under consideration, the application of the Fourier methods is incorrect for the analysis of the spectral components of the traction current. This affects the quality of compensation of the higher harmonic components of the traction current, and in some cases, the unstable operation of the control system of the active part of the reactive power compensator. Proposed scientific approach is based on the Levinson–Durbin linear prediction algorithm. On the one hand, this allows adapting the control system of the compensator to the voltage parameters of the catenary system. On the other hand, this allows taking into account the operating modes of electric rail vehicle with reactive power compensation. The construction of a compensator control system using the Levinson–Durbin algorithm significantly simplifies thensynchronization scheme of the compensator and power circuits of","PeriodicalId":23260,"journal":{"name":"Transport","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90426312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-21DOI: 10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14226
Reza Rostamzadeh, A. Esmaeili, H. Sivilevičius, Hossein Bodaghi Khajeh Nobard
Business environment is full of ups and down and this makes companies to develop different ways of using resources. By expanding life cycle of products, these ways can be cost effective and not harmful for environment. As Reverse Logistics (RL) uses a product after end of its life, it reduces pollution, therefore it has been considered as a part of sustainable development. The core goal of current research is developing a framework by which it evaluates Third Party RL Provider (3rdPRLP) using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) based on Fuzzy Additive Ratio ASsessment (FARAS). Thirty-seven criteria were identified, which are classified into seven main criteria. The main criteria were ranked as follows: product lifecycle position C1, RL process function C2, organizational performance C3, organizational role of RL C4, IT system and communication C5, general company consideration C6, geographical location C7. Market coverage, destination, financial considerations, integrated system, reclaim, efficiency and quality, and growth are each group’s dominant sub-criteria. In addition, the current research helps the logistics managers to better understand the key attributes’ complex relationships in the environment of decision-making.
{"title":"A FUZZY DECISION-MAKING APPROACH FOR EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF THIRD PARTY REVERSE LOGISTICS PROVIDER USING FUZZY ARAS","authors":"Reza Rostamzadeh, A. Esmaeili, H. Sivilevičius, Hossein Bodaghi Khajeh Nobard","doi":"10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14226","url":null,"abstract":"Business environment is full of ups and down and this makes companies to develop different ways of using resources. By expanding life cycle of products, these ways can be cost effective and not harmful for environment. As Reverse Logistics (RL) uses a product after end of its life, it reduces pollution, therefore it has been considered as a part of sustainable development. The core goal of current research is developing a framework by which it evaluates Third Party RL Provider (3rdPRLP) using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) based on Fuzzy Additive Ratio ASsessment (FARAS). Thirty-seven criteria were identified, which are classified into seven main criteria. The main criteria were ranked as follows: product lifecycle position C1, RL process function C2, organizational performance C3, organizational role of RL C4, IT system and communication C5, general company consideration C6, geographical location C7. Market coverage, destination, financial considerations, integrated system, reclaim, efficiency and quality, and growth are each group’s dominant sub-criteria. In addition, the current research helps the logistics managers to better understand the key attributes’ complex relationships in the environment of decision-making.","PeriodicalId":23260,"journal":{"name":"Transport","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90490585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-20DOI: 10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14195
Paulius Yamin, S. Lahlou, Santiago Ortega, Viktor Skrickij
Eco-driving has been linked to considerable reductions in negative externalities and costs for transportation companies, employees and communities (including fuel consumption, safety and emission benefits). Nevertheless, some of the biggest challenges to its implementation are related to promoting behavioural change among drivers. This paper presents the results of three behavioural field interventions that were successful to improve fuel efficiency in heavy freight transportation. The interventions brought further improvement even though the target company already had strong training, incentive, control and feedback procedures in place. The Installation Theory framework and the Subjective EvidenceBased Ethnography (SEBE) technique were used to systematically analyse determinants of driving behaviours, and to design cost-effective behavioural interventions based on social norms. The effects of three interventions were then tested using a pre-test post-test control group design among 211 drivers of the company. Results show significant decreases in average monthly fuel consumption of up to 4% in month 1 and up to 4.5% in month 3. Our findings show (with certain qualifications), that the Installation Theory framework and social norm interventions can be a cost-effective method to improve fuel efficiency in road freight transport companies, even when strong training, incentive, control and feedback procedures are already in place.
{"title":"LOCAL DETERMINANTS OF DRIVING BEHAVIOURS: INSTALLATION THEORY INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION AMONG TRUCK DRIVERS IN COLOMBIA","authors":"Paulius Yamin, S. Lahlou, Santiago Ortega, Viktor Skrickij","doi":"10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14195","url":null,"abstract":"Eco-driving has been linked to considerable reductions in negative externalities and costs for transportation companies, employees and communities (including fuel consumption, safety and emission benefits). Nevertheless, some of the biggest challenges to its implementation are related to promoting behavioural change among drivers. This paper presents the results of three behavioural field interventions that were successful to improve fuel efficiency in heavy freight transportation. The interventions brought further improvement even though the target company already had strong training, incentive, control and feedback procedures in place. The Installation Theory framework and the Subjective EvidenceBased Ethnography (SEBE) technique were used to systematically analyse determinants of driving behaviours, and to design cost-effective behavioural interventions based on social norms. The effects of three interventions were then tested using a pre-test post-test control group design among 211 drivers of the company. Results show significant decreases in average monthly fuel consumption of up to 4% in month 1 and up to 4.5% in month 3. Our findings show (with certain qualifications), that the Installation Theory framework and social norm interventions can be a cost-effective method to improve fuel efficiency in road freight transport companies, even when strong training, incentive, control and feedback procedures are already in place.","PeriodicalId":23260,"journal":{"name":"Transport","volume":"22 1","pages":"616-634"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89725469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-19DOI: 10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14137
Piotr Smoczyński, A. Gill, Adam Kadziński
The railway network in Poland with over 19000 km is one of the biggest in the European Union (EU). At the same time safety indicators collected by the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) show that it is one of the least safe in Europe. Consequently, all the actions taken in safety management of Polish Railways are particularly important for the society. In 2015, there was a change in the main infrastructure manager’s rulebook on track maintenance. A new process rule was introduced to replace a large set of long-established action rules. However, supervision reports of the Polish National Safety Authority indicate that the new rule is not used properly. Therefore, the current process of taking maintenance decisions on Polish Railways was described and a novel concept of maintenance layers and Maintenance Board meetings was proposed. The change would allow to choose the order of maintenance activities in a more objective way than it is done nowadays, without the necessity to make any major investments.
{"title":"MAINTENANCE LAYERS FOR RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE IN POLAND","authors":"Piotr Smoczyński, A. Gill, Adam Kadziński","doi":"10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14137","url":null,"abstract":"The railway network in Poland with over 19000 km is one of the biggest in the European Union (EU). At the same time safety indicators collected by the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) show that it is one of the least safe in Europe. Consequently, all the actions taken in safety management of Polish Railways are particularly important for the society. In 2015, there was a change in the main infrastructure manager’s rulebook on track maintenance. A new process rule was introduced to replace a large set of long-established action rules. However, supervision reports of the Polish National Safety Authority indicate that the new rule is not used properly. Therefore, the current process of taking maintenance decisions on Polish Railways was described and a novel concept of maintenance layers and Maintenance Board meetings was proposed. The change would allow to choose the order of maintenance activities in a more objective way than it is done nowadays, without the necessity to make any major investments.","PeriodicalId":23260,"journal":{"name":"Transport","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81038731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-07DOI: 10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14136
Rupali Roy, Pritam Saha
Time headway is an important microscopic traffic flow parameter, which affects safety, level-of-service, capacity and traffic simulation. It is, therefore, important to know the specific distribution for a particular roadway and traffic condition. Further, headway between two vehicles depends on the type of lead vehicle and is influenced by its size and dynamics. Such impact is considerably high on two-lane roads with mixed traffic composed of a wide variety of vehicle types. This paper identified sixteen combinations of vehicle pairs and analysed vehicle-type-specific headways using field data. Appropriate distribution functions were fitted to field data and predictive models were used in understanding carfollowing behaviour. Observations indicate that quite often bike riders become reluctant in obeying lane discipline. However, car drivers show conservative attitude and usually, keep safe distance from the lead vehicle except the case when they follow another car. In addition, while following Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMV), most of the drivers keep reasonably safe distances. In this paper, a comparison of computed headway probabilities was also made with those obtained from more or less homogeneous traffic. It was found that values obtained in current study are high in most of the instances. This indicates risk-taking behaviour of driver population, which eventually affects safety of such roads. The present study, thus, demonstrates the need of investigating vehicle-type-specific headways under mixed traffic based on comprehensive field data.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE-TYPE-SPECIFIC HEADWAYS ON TWO-LANE ROADS WITH MIXED TRAFFIC","authors":"Rupali Roy, Pritam Saha","doi":"10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/TRANSPORT.2020.14136","url":null,"abstract":"Time headway is an important microscopic traffic flow parameter, which affects safety, level-of-service, capacity and traffic simulation. It is, therefore, important to know the specific distribution for a particular roadway and traffic condition. Further, headway between two vehicles depends on the type of lead vehicle and is influenced by its size and dynamics. Such impact is considerably high on two-lane roads with mixed traffic composed of a wide variety of vehicle types. This paper identified sixteen combinations of vehicle pairs and analysed vehicle-type-specific headways using field data. Appropriate distribution functions were fitted to field data and predictive models were used in understanding carfollowing behaviour. Observations indicate that quite often bike riders become reluctant in obeying lane discipline. However, car drivers show conservative attitude and usually, keep safe distance from the lead vehicle except the case when they follow another car. In addition, while following Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMV), most of the drivers keep reasonably safe distances. In this paper, a comparison of computed headway probabilities was also made with those obtained from more or less homogeneous traffic. It was found that values obtained in current study are high in most of the instances. This indicates risk-taking behaviour of driver population, which eventually affects safety of such roads. The present study, thus, demonstrates the need of investigating vehicle-type-specific headways under mixed traffic based on comprehensive field data.","PeriodicalId":23260,"journal":{"name":"Transport","volume":"34 1","pages":"588-604"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82509201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3846/transport.2021.14739
F. Bella, M. Silvestri
This study aimed to analyse the driver’s behaviour during the interaction with a pedestrian crossing into and outside the zebra crossing, and evaluate the effectiveness of two kinds of Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that provided to the driver an auditory alert, and a visual alert to detect the pedestrian. 42 participants joined the experiment conducted using the fixed-base driving simulator of the Department of Engineering (Roma Tre University). They experienced different crossing conditions (legal and illegal) and ADAS conditions (no ADAS, visual warning and auditory warning) in an urban scenario. The parameters Time-To-Arrive (TTA) and Speed Reduction Time (SRT) were obtained from the drivers’ speed profiles in the last 150 m in advance of the conflict point with the pedestrian. Results clearly showed the criticality of illegal crossings. When the pedestrian crossed outside of the crosswalk, the highest number of collision occurred and the ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) returned significant effects on both the dependent variables TTA and SRT, highlighting the higher criticality of the vehicle–pedestrian interaction and the more abrupt yielding manoeuvre. Positive effects (the vehicle–pedestrian interaction was less critical and the yielding manoeuvre was smoother) emerged for both the driver assistance systems, although not statistically significant. Besides, both the driver assistance systems positively affected the behaviour of the average cautious drivers. No significant effects of the warning systems were recorded on the aggressive drivers, which because of their behavioural characteristics ignored the warning alarm. In addition, no significant effects of the warning systems were recorded for the very cautious drivers, which adjusted their behaviour even before the alarm trigger. Finally, the outcomes of the questionnaire submitted to the participants highlighted the clear preference for the auditory warning, probably because of the different physical stimuli that are solicited by the warning signal. The results confirm that adequate pedestrian paths should be planned to avoid jaywalker conditions, which induce the driver to assume critical driving behaviour and provide useful findings of the effectiveness of driver assistance systems for pedestrian detection.
{"title":"VEHICLE–PEDESTRIAN INTERACTIONS INTO AND OUTSIDE OF CROSSWALKS: EFFECTS OF DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS","authors":"F. Bella, M. Silvestri","doi":"10.3846/transport.2021.14739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2021.14739","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to analyse the driver’s behaviour during the interaction with a pedestrian crossing into and outside the zebra crossing, and evaluate the effectiveness of two kinds of Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that provided to the driver an auditory alert, and a visual alert to detect the pedestrian. 42 participants joined the experiment conducted using the fixed-base driving simulator of the Department of Engineering (Roma Tre University). They experienced different crossing conditions (legal and illegal) and ADAS conditions (no ADAS, visual warning and auditory warning) in an urban scenario. The parameters Time-To-Arrive (TTA) and Speed Reduction Time (SRT) were obtained from the drivers’ speed profiles in the last 150 m in advance of the conflict point with the pedestrian. Results clearly showed the criticality of illegal crossings. When the pedestrian crossed outside of the crosswalk, the highest number of collision occurred and the ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) returned significant effects on both the dependent variables TTA and SRT, highlighting the higher criticality of the vehicle–pedestrian interaction and the more abrupt yielding manoeuvre. Positive effects (the vehicle–pedestrian interaction was less critical and the yielding manoeuvre was smoother) emerged for both the driver assistance systems, although not statistically significant. Besides, both the driver assistance systems positively affected the behaviour of the average cautious drivers. No significant effects of the warning systems were recorded on the aggressive drivers, which because of their behavioural characteristics ignored the warning alarm. In addition, no significant effects of the warning systems were recorded for the very cautious drivers, which adjusted their behaviour even before the alarm trigger. Finally, the outcomes of the questionnaire submitted to the participants highlighted the clear preference for the auditory warning, probably because of the different physical stimuli that are solicited by the warning signal. The results confirm that adequate pedestrian paths should be planned to avoid jaywalker conditions, which induce the driver to assume critical driving behaviour and provide useful findings of the effectiveness of driver assistance systems for pedestrian detection.","PeriodicalId":23260,"journal":{"name":"Transport","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90410247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-28DOI: 10.3846/transport.2020.14080
Zhi-Hua Hu
To investigate the relations among delay times (weighted by vessels’ handling times), the emissions during the vessels’ sailing and mooring in a Berth Allocation Problem (BAP) where the berth times and sailing speeds are formulated as decision variables. The vessels’ delay times are computed comparing to the vessels’ Expected Departure Times (EDTs); the sailing emission is determined by the sailing speed and distance; the mooring emission is positive to the mooring time at terminal. Multi-objective mixed-integer programs are established, and the nonlinear functions between emissions and sailing speeds are transferred to linear ones by the Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP) method. Solution methods are further developed based on e-constraint and stage-based methods by considering the preferences of objectives. Four groups of experiments are conducted to demonstrate the formulations, effects of vessels’ handling times and EDTs on the solutions, and the reduced emissions affected by the number of vessels in the schedules. Experimental results demonstrated that the efficiency purpose is not absolutely conflict with the environment purposes for some instances, and so they can be pursued at the same time; improving the vessels’ handling efficiency help expand the ranges of berth times and sailing speeds, resulting in reducing the delay times and emissions; advancing the EDTs can improve the terminal operators’ service quality to shipping companies, while the weighted delay times and emission may be increased.
{"title":"LOW-EMISSION BERTH ALLOCATION BY OPTIMIZING SAILING SPEED AND MOORING TIME","authors":"Zhi-Hua Hu","doi":"10.3846/transport.2020.14080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.14080","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the relations among delay times (weighted by vessels’ handling times), the emissions during the vessels’ sailing and mooring in a Berth Allocation Problem (BAP) where the berth times and sailing speeds are formulated as decision variables. The vessels’ delay times are computed comparing to the vessels’ Expected Departure Times (EDTs); the sailing emission is determined by the sailing speed and distance; the mooring emission is positive to the mooring time at terminal. Multi-objective mixed-integer programs are established, and the nonlinear functions between emissions and sailing speeds are transferred to linear ones by the Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP) method. Solution methods are further developed based on e-constraint and stage-based methods by considering the preferences of objectives. Four groups of experiments are conducted to demonstrate the formulations, effects of vessels’ handling times and EDTs on the solutions, and the reduced emissions affected by the number of vessels in the schedules. Experimental results demonstrated that the efficiency purpose is not absolutely conflict with the environment purposes for some instances, and so they can be pursued at the same time; improving the vessels’ handling efficiency help expand the ranges of berth times and sailing speeds, resulting in reducing the delay times and emissions; advancing the EDTs can improve the terminal operators’ service quality to shipping companies, while the weighted delay times and emission may be increased.","PeriodicalId":23260,"journal":{"name":"Transport","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90750919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.3846/transport.2020.14016
H. Brožová, M. Růžička
Intelligent Parking Systems (IPS) allow customers to select a car park according to their preferences, rapidly park their vehicle without searching for the available parking space (place) or even book their place in advance avoiding queues. IPS provides the possibility to reduce the wastage of fuel (energy) while finding a parking place and consequently reduce harmful emissions. Some systems interact with in-vehicle navigation systems and provide users with information in real-time such as free places available at a given parking lot (car park), the location and parking fees. Few of these systems, however, provide information on the forecasted utilisation at specific time. This paper describes results of a traffic survey carried out at the parking lot of supermarket and the proposal of the model predicting real-time parking space availability based on these surveyed data. The proposed model is formulated as the non-homogenous Markov chains that are used as a tool for the forecasting of parking space availability. The transition matrices are calculated for different time periods, which allow for and include different drivers’ behaviour and expectations. The proposed forecasting model is adequate for potential use by IPS with the support of different communication means such as the internet, navigation systems (GPS, Galileo etc.) and personal communication services (mobile-phones).
{"title":"THE PREDICTION OF PARKING SPACE AVAILABILITY","authors":"H. Brožová, M. Růžička","doi":"10.3846/transport.2020.14016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.14016","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent Parking Systems (IPS) allow customers to select a car park according to their preferences, rapidly park their vehicle without searching for the available parking space (place) or even book their place in advance avoiding queues. IPS provides the possibility to reduce the wastage of fuel (energy) while finding a parking place and consequently reduce harmful emissions. Some systems interact with in-vehicle navigation systems and provide users with information in real-time such as free places available at a given parking lot (car park), the location and parking fees. Few of these systems, however, provide information on the forecasted utilisation at specific time. This paper describes results of a traffic survey carried out at the parking lot of supermarket and the proposal of the model predicting real-time parking space availability based on these surveyed data. The proposed model is formulated as the non-homogenous Markov chains that are used as a tool for the forecasting of parking space availability. The transition matrices are calculated for different time periods, which allow for and include different drivers’ behaviour and expectations. The proposed forecasting model is adequate for potential use by IPS with the support of different communication means such as the internet, navigation systems (GPS, Galileo etc.) and personal communication services (mobile-phones).","PeriodicalId":23260,"journal":{"name":"Transport","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90443050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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