Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221128
Arun Raj Rajendran, K. Keshav, Mohanraja Balasubramaniam
5G (Fifth Generation) wireless technology introduced a paradigm shift in the way networks are designed to provide services. Unlike 4G (Fourth Generation) which is primarily focusing on achieving high data rates, 5G networks are expected to support varying uses cases as captured in [5]. In order to support these services more efficiently with the allotted spectrum capacity, the most important challenge is to design an optimal physical resource scheduling algorithms which maximizes resource utilization and minimizes resource wastage. The widely used resource scheduling algorithms like Proportional Fair (PF) and Round Robin (RR) are designed to work effectively only for single SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) mobile phones also referred as UE (User Equipment). However, large population is already using UEs that support DSDS (Dual SIM Dual Standby) feature and numbers are increasing. Hence, enhancing these algorithms only to support additional use cases defined in 5G would not suffice to solve the problem of resource wastage. As the 5G network is primarily designed to provide services to Single SIM (SS) UEs, the above mentioned algorithms allocates resources to DSDS UEs in a similar fashion to SS UEs even though DSDS UEs may not be utilizing these resources due to the nature of dual SIM operation. As the network is not aware of dual SIM operation, it continues to allocate resources leading to lot of resource wastage. To overcome this stated problem, we propose a novel network resource scheduler called DANS DANS (Dual SIM Aware Network Scheduler) which modifies the conventional PF and RR algorithms to enhance their performance. The proposed DANS detect the outage in the active communication of all DSDS UEs with network and reduce resource allocation to such DSDS UEs to negligible levels till the duration of outage. In case of DSDS UEs, this outage refers to interruption in active communication of one SIM due to usage of communication hardware by other SIM. We simulated DANS in NS-3 setup and its performance is compared with schedulers with uses conventional PF and RR algorithms.
{"title":"Efficient and Dual SIM Aware Resource Scheduler for 5G and Future Networks","authors":"Arun Raj Rajendran, K. Keshav, Mohanraja Balasubramaniam","doi":"10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221128","url":null,"abstract":"5G (Fifth Generation) wireless technology introduced a paradigm shift in the way networks are designed to provide services. Unlike 4G (Fourth Generation) which is primarily focusing on achieving high data rates, 5G networks are expected to support varying uses cases as captured in [5]. In order to support these services more efficiently with the allotted spectrum capacity, the most important challenge is to design an optimal physical resource scheduling algorithms which maximizes resource utilization and minimizes resource wastage. The widely used resource scheduling algorithms like Proportional Fair (PF) and Round Robin (RR) are designed to work effectively only for single SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) mobile phones also referred as UE (User Equipment). However, large population is already using UEs that support DSDS (Dual SIM Dual Standby) feature and numbers are increasing. Hence, enhancing these algorithms only to support additional use cases defined in 5G would not suffice to solve the problem of resource wastage. As the 5G network is primarily designed to provide services to Single SIM (SS) UEs, the above mentioned algorithms allocates resources to DSDS UEs in a similar fashion to SS UEs even though DSDS UEs may not be utilizing these resources due to the nature of dual SIM operation. As the network is not aware of dual SIM operation, it continues to allocate resources leading to lot of resource wastage. To overcome this stated problem, we propose a novel network resource scheduler called DANS DANS (Dual SIM Aware Network Scheduler) which modifies the conventional PF and RR algorithms to enhance their performance. The proposed DANS detect the outage in the active communication of all DSDS UEs with network and reduce resource allocation to such DSDS UEs to negligible levels till the duration of outage. In case of DSDS UEs, this outage refers to interruption in active communication of one SIM due to usage of communication hardware by other SIM. We simulated DANS in NS-3 setup and its performance is compared with schedulers with uses conventional PF and RR algorithms.","PeriodicalId":232687,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122321719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221028
S. Sud
The Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) is a useful tool that has many applications, such as interference mitigation for communications and radar target echo separation. In this paper, we present a new use, which is estimating an unknown multipath channel, by sending a short chirp signal through the channel. The multiple received chirps in multipath are rotated to the proper FrFT dimension where they become high power tones, whose amplitudes and delays are easily estimated by determining which values in the rotated spectrum exceed a given threshold $gamma$, which is also easily computed. These are then mapped back to the original time domain. This method is enabled because of the nature of the FrFT and its ability to pull signals, especially chirp signals, out of noise. We present the signal and multipath model, and then describe how the FrFT is used to obtain the channel estimates. Through simulations, we show that this is a very accurate method, providing root mean-square error (RMSE) estimates of both channel coefficients and delays at least an order magnitude below that of existing methods, even at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as low as 0dB. It is also very low in complexity, because all coefficient amplitude and delays are estimated simultaneously with few computations; it therefore offers a promising channel estimation solution for existing and future terrestrial communications systems, including 4G/5G cellular systems requiring high data rate applications.
{"title":"Channel Estimation Using a Chirp Signal and the Fractional Fourier Transform","authors":"S. Sud","doi":"10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221028","url":null,"abstract":"The Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) is a useful tool that has many applications, such as interference mitigation for communications and radar target echo separation. In this paper, we present a new use, which is estimating an unknown multipath channel, by sending a short chirp signal through the channel. The multiple received chirps in multipath are rotated to the proper FrFT dimension where they become high power tones, whose amplitudes and delays are easily estimated by determining which values in the rotated spectrum exceed a given threshold $gamma$, which is also easily computed. These are then mapped back to the original time domain. This method is enabled because of the nature of the FrFT and its ability to pull signals, especially chirp signals, out of noise. We present the signal and multipath model, and then describe how the FrFT is used to obtain the channel estimates. Through simulations, we show that this is a very accurate method, providing root mean-square error (RMSE) estimates of both channel coefficients and delays at least an order magnitude below that of existing methods, even at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as low as 0dB. It is also very low in complexity, because all coefficient amplitude and delays are estimated simultaneously with few computations; it therefore offers a promising channel estimation solution for existing and future terrestrial communications systems, including 4G/5G cellular systems requiring high data rate applications.","PeriodicalId":232687,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132215212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221432
M. Jha, Navin Kumar, Y. Lakshmi
Non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is used in visible light communication (VLC) to achieve better system capacity. In VLC, unipolar signal is required which is normally achieved using DC-bias, clipping or flipping of negative portion. However, these techniques result in energy and spectral inefficiency. In this work, we proposed NOMA for VLC using zero bias without any clipping. The system is compared with OFDMA VLC for their rate pairs between the users, the spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). Additionally, the system performance is analyzed for transmit power and bit-error-rate (BER). We further analyzed the performances for static and dynamic power allocation (PA) and outage probability. Simulation results showed the improved performance of zero biased based NOMA VLC. NOMA achieves average rate greater than lOMbps, SE outperformed by 2 bits/sec/Hz and EE improved by 0.4 $times$ $10^{7}mathrm{b}mathrm{i}mathrm{t}/$Joule compared to OFDMA. NOMA system achieved BER of10-5 at signal to noise ratio (SNR) of about 21dB. The dynamic PA scheme reduces outage probability from 1 to 0.5 compared to static PA especially for the far user target rate of 35-60 Mbps.
{"title":"Performance of Zero-Biased NOMA VLC System","authors":"M. Jha, Navin Kumar, Y. Lakshmi","doi":"10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221432","url":null,"abstract":"Non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is used in visible light communication (VLC) to achieve better system capacity. In VLC, unipolar signal is required which is normally achieved using DC-bias, clipping or flipping of negative portion. However, these techniques result in energy and spectral inefficiency. In this work, we proposed NOMA for VLC using zero bias without any clipping. The system is compared with OFDMA VLC for their rate pairs between the users, the spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). Additionally, the system performance is analyzed for transmit power and bit-error-rate (BER). We further analyzed the performances for static and dynamic power allocation (PA) and outage probability. Simulation results showed the improved performance of zero biased based NOMA VLC. NOMA achieves average rate greater than lOMbps, SE outperformed by 2 bits/sec/Hz and EE improved by 0.4 $times$ $10^{7}mathrm{b}mathrm{i}mathrm{t}/$Joule compared to OFDMA. NOMA system achieved BER of10-5 at signal to noise ratio (SNR) of about 21dB. The dynamic PA scheme reduces outage probability from 1 to 0.5 compared to static PA especially for the far user target rate of 35-60 Mbps.","PeriodicalId":232687,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132865728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221055
J. Brassil, I. Kopaliani
To continue innovating in an age of at-scale computer systems research, the academic computing and networking systems research community must explore new approaches to addressing growing researcher demands to support larger size experiments. CloudJoin explores a transformational approach to scaling out successful Computing Research Infrastructures (CRI) into larger testbeds by creating hybrid cloud computing systems. We describe how to create a seamless, scalable, single experiment testbed that spans CloudLab and the Google Cloud Platform (GCP), while requiring no infrastructure changes. In addition to added elastic computing capacity, CloudJoin experiments benefit from easy access specialized hardware and cloud services and APIs to leverage world class data analytics and experimental infrastructure monitoring. In this work-in-progress, we show how to integrate the infrastructures by creating a Virtual Private Network between a CloudLab experiment and a GCP Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). To simplify understanding of large-scale experiment behavior, problem diagnosing and debugging, we also demonstrate how to use scalable, single dashboard cloud monitoring and logging tools across the hybrid testbed infrastructure.11This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CNS-1923692
{"title":"CloudJoin: Experimenting at scale with Hybrid Cloud Computing","authors":"J. Brassil, I. Kopaliani","doi":"10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221055","url":null,"abstract":"To continue innovating in an age of at-scale computer systems research, the academic computing and networking systems research community must explore new approaches to addressing growing researcher demands to support larger size experiments. CloudJoin explores a transformational approach to scaling out successful Computing Research Infrastructures (CRI) into larger testbeds by creating hybrid cloud computing systems. We describe how to create a seamless, scalable, single experiment testbed that spans CloudLab and the Google Cloud Platform (GCP), while requiring no infrastructure changes. In addition to added elastic computing capacity, CloudJoin experiments benefit from easy access specialized hardware and cloud services and APIs to leverage world class data analytics and experimental infrastructure monitoring. In this work-in-progress, we show how to integrate the infrastructures by creating a Virtual Private Network between a CloudLab experiment and a GCP Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). To simplify understanding of large-scale experiment behavior, problem diagnosing and debugging, we also demonstrate how to use scalable, single dashboard cloud monitoring and logging tools across the hybrid testbed infrastructure.11This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CNS-1923692","PeriodicalId":232687,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131204871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221445
S. Mondal, Vaisshale Rathinasamy, Shriya Kapoor, S. Mukherjee, T. Rao
Terahertz (THz) frequencies span over a range of 0.1–10 THz within the electromagnetic spectrum and seeking technologically and commercial development for various applications, particularly in wireless domain. This research paper proposes a variety of designs for the inter-digitated photoconductive antenna (IPCA) and examines their performance for efficient generation and detection of THz radiation. The design parameters like inter-digitated element dimensions, number of digitated elements and dielectric gap have been varied and a comparison of the gain bandwidth is presented using finite difference time domain solver.
{"title":"Interdigitated Photoconductive Antenna Design and Analysis for Terahertz Wireless Applications","authors":"S. Mondal, Vaisshale Rathinasamy, Shriya Kapoor, S. Mukherjee, T. Rao","doi":"10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221445","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz (THz) frequencies span over a range of 0.1–10 THz within the electromagnetic spectrum and seeking technologically and commercial development for various applications, particularly in wireless domain. This research paper proposes a variety of designs for the inter-digitated photoconductive antenna (IPCA) and examines their performance for efficient generation and detection of THz radiation. The design parameters like inter-digitated element dimensions, number of digitated elements and dielectric gap have been varied and a comparison of the gain bandwidth is presented using finite difference time domain solver.","PeriodicalId":232687,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116117036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221304
R. Ratasuk, David Zhou, R. Sinha
In Re1-13 of 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 3GPP introduced LTE-M feature for supporting machine type communications used by the Internet of Things. LTE-M is a lowpower, wide-area cellular technology that can be deployed within existing 4G LTE networks. In 5G New Radio (NR), LTE-M has also been adopted by 3GPP to provide massive machine type communications support. The ability to deploy LTE-M technology in 4G network and reuse LTE-M technology in 5G network is beneficial as it prevents having two different technologies for the same use cases and therefore fragmenting the market. It also provides support for legacy 4G LTE-M devices as 4G systems are migrated to 5G. In this paper, we discuss deployment of LTE-M within 5G carrier including deployment options, coexistence issues, spectrum sharing, overhead analysis and enhancements.
{"title":"LTE-M Coexistence Within 5G New Radio Carrier","authors":"R. Ratasuk, David Zhou, R. Sinha","doi":"10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221304","url":null,"abstract":"In Re1-13 of 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 3GPP introduced LTE-M feature for supporting machine type communications used by the Internet of Things. LTE-M is a lowpower, wide-area cellular technology that can be deployed within existing 4G LTE networks. In 5G New Radio (NR), LTE-M has also been adopted by 3GPP to provide massive machine type communications support. The ability to deploy LTE-M technology in 4G network and reuse LTE-M technology in 5G network is beneficial as it prevents having two different technologies for the same use cases and therefore fragmenting the market. It also provides support for legacy 4G LTE-M devices as 4G systems are migrated to 5G. In this paper, we discuss deployment of LTE-M within 5G carrier including deployment options, coexistence issues, spectrum sharing, overhead analysis and enhancements.","PeriodicalId":232687,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126270275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221486
Ahmed Chebaane, Simon Spornraft, Abdelmajid Khelil
Moving applications from the local Internet of Things (IoT) device to the neighboring infrastructures has been the highlight of the current distributed computing era. Due to high latency and network bottlenecks, Cloud Computing has become rather problematic for real-time applications. Accordingly, Fog Computing, well supported by 5G, has been presented as the missing piece to provide along with cloud computing for virtually all applications. Application virtualization through containers has become more and more popular in the context of Cloud Computing as it simplifies live migration of the application or it’s selected tasks. The concept has been adapted to Fog computing too, However, time-critical task migration and in particular task offloading have not been sufficiently investigated. This work proposes a novel approach to offload time-critical application tasks from the application initiator to surrounding Fog nodes based on Docker containers and Checkpointing. The result is a flexible layer-oriented framework that effectively restricts the offloading to only necessary steps in only two message rounds. Performance evaluations show that through careful easy arrangements the framework performs remarkably well concerning offloading latency.
{"title":"Container-based Task Offloading for Time-Critical Fog Computing","authors":"Ahmed Chebaane, Simon Spornraft, Abdelmajid Khelil","doi":"10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221486","url":null,"abstract":"Moving applications from the local Internet of Things (IoT) device to the neighboring infrastructures has been the highlight of the current distributed computing era. Due to high latency and network bottlenecks, Cloud Computing has become rather problematic for real-time applications. Accordingly, Fog Computing, well supported by 5G, has been presented as the missing piece to provide along with cloud computing for virtually all applications. Application virtualization through containers has become more and more popular in the context of Cloud Computing as it simplifies live migration of the application or it’s selected tasks. The concept has been adapted to Fog computing too, However, time-critical task migration and in particular task offloading have not been sufficiently investigated. This work proposes a novel approach to offload time-critical application tasks from the application initiator to surrounding Fog nodes based on Docker containers and Checkpointing. The result is a flexible layer-oriented framework that effectively restricts the offloading to only necessary steps in only two message rounds. Performance evaluations show that through careful easy arrangements the framework performs remarkably well concerning offloading latency.","PeriodicalId":232687,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125450979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increase in the consumption of real-time and OTT content over cellular networks has driven the need for innovation to provide improved QoE to cellular subscribers. This paper describes how terrestrial broadcast and cellular technologies can complement each other, considering the changing patterns of bandwidth consumption. Several architectural concepts based on prior work in standardization forums and how they alleviate the problem of network loading with the incidence of the traffic patterns are presented. The paper describes architectures and mechanisms which, leveraging the work proposed in previous 3GPP Releases relevant to 5G, aim at realizing the true convergence of broadband and broadcast technologies
{"title":"A Collaborative RAN Approach for Handling Multicast-Broadcast Traffic in 5GS","authors":"Anindya Saha, Makarand Kulkarni, Parag Naik, Arindam Chakraborty, G. Padaki, KS Subrahmanya","doi":"10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221464","url":null,"abstract":"Increase in the consumption of real-time and OTT content over cellular networks has driven the need for innovation to provide improved QoE to cellular subscribers. This paper describes how terrestrial broadcast and cellular technologies can complement each other, considering the changing patterns of bandwidth consumption. Several architectural concepts based on prior work in standardization forums and how they alleviate the problem of network loading with the incidence of the traffic patterns are presented. The paper describes architectures and mechanisms which, leveraging the work proposed in previous 3GPP Releases relevant to 5G, aim at realizing the true convergence of broadband and broadcast technologies","PeriodicalId":232687,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114735167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221314
Ahmad M. El-Hajj, Tarek Naous
In a world where many overlapping 2G, 3G, and 4G electromagnetic radiation sources already exist, concerns regarding the potential increase in these radiation levels following the roll-out of 5G networks are growing. The deployment of 5G is expected to increase power density levels drastically, given the limitations of mmWave communications that impose a notably higher number of base stations to cover a given area of interest. In this paper, we propose a gradual deployment strategy of a 5G network for a small area in downtown Austin, Texas, using the already existing 4G LTE sites of the area. The radiated power density of the proposed 5G network is then analyzed according to several electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure limits and compared to the radiation levels of the same area where only the LTE network is present. Simulation results for the selected area demonstrate the significant increase in radiation levels resulting from the addition of 5G cell towers.
{"title":"Radiation Analysis in a Gradual 5G Network Deployment Strategy","authors":"Ahmad M. El-Hajj, Tarek Naous","doi":"10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221314","url":null,"abstract":"In a world where many overlapping 2G, 3G, and 4G electromagnetic radiation sources already exist, concerns regarding the potential increase in these radiation levels following the roll-out of 5G networks are growing. The deployment of 5G is expected to increase power density levels drastically, given the limitations of mmWave communications that impose a notably higher number of base stations to cover a given area of interest. In this paper, we propose a gradual deployment strategy of a 5G network for a small area in downtown Austin, Texas, using the already existing 4G LTE sites of the area. The radiated power density of the proposed 5G network is then analyzed according to several electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure limits and compared to the radiation levels of the same area where only the LTE network is present. Simulation results for the selected area demonstrate the significant increase in radiation levels resulting from the addition of 5G cell towers.","PeriodicalId":232687,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129384982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221075
Raaj Anand Mishra, A. Kalla, Kaustubh Shukla, A. Nag, Madhusanka Liyanage
The roll-out of 5G technology will nurture the realization of broadband, ultra-reliable, and zero latency services. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) are among the key enablers for 5G. The synergy between NFV and MEC allows migration of Virtual Network Functions (VNF) from cloud to the edge of the network thereby adding agility to the softwarized 5G networks. The overall orchestration of VNF includes, but is not limited to, processing VNF requests, selecting appropriate VNF, migrating VNF from cloud to MEC, instantiating migrated VNF at MEC, settling payment according to a VNF’s usage, maintaining VNF’s reputation, etc. The orchestration is not foolproof and raises doubts about its trustworthiness. To address all the existing issues in a unified manner, we leverage Blockchain technology as yet another enabling technology for MEC-enabled 5G. Thus, we propose a Blockchain-enhanced architecture for secure VNF orchestration such that issues like authenticity, integrity, confidentiality, reputation, payment transfer, and many more are resolved. To furnish a Proof-of-Concept (PoC), we develop a prototypical DApp (Decentralized Application) using Ethereum Blockchain and Suricata as an exemplar VNF. Further, we discuss the strong resiliency of the proposed architecture against numerous well-known attacks.
{"title":"B-VNF: Blockchain-enhanced Architecture for VNF Orchestration in MEC-5G Networks","authors":"Raaj Anand Mishra, A. Kalla, Kaustubh Shukla, A. Nag, Madhusanka Liyanage","doi":"10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221075","url":null,"abstract":"The roll-out of 5G technology will nurture the realization of broadband, ultra-reliable, and zero latency services. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) are among the key enablers for 5G. The synergy between NFV and MEC allows migration of Virtual Network Functions (VNF) from cloud to the edge of the network thereby adding agility to the softwarized 5G networks. The overall orchestration of VNF includes, but is not limited to, processing VNF requests, selecting appropriate VNF, migrating VNF from cloud to MEC, instantiating migrated VNF at MEC, settling payment according to a VNF’s usage, maintaining VNF’s reputation, etc. The orchestration is not foolproof and raises doubts about its trustworthiness. To address all the existing issues in a unified manner, we leverage Blockchain technology as yet another enabling technology for MEC-enabled 5G. Thus, we propose a Blockchain-enhanced architecture for secure VNF orchestration such that issues like authenticity, integrity, confidentiality, reputation, payment transfer, and many more are resolved. To furnish a Proof-of-Concept (PoC), we develop a prototypical DApp (Decentralized Application) using Ethereum Blockchain and Suricata as an exemplar VNF. Further, we discuss the strong resiliency of the proposed architecture against numerous well-known attacks.","PeriodicalId":232687,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133955500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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