Pub Date : 1955-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.6500153
V. Belevitch
THE SMALL-signal theory of rectifier modulators is normally developed by assuming that rectifiers switch periodically from their forward to their backward resistance, neglecting the capacitive component of the backward impedance. Such a resistive theory has been quite invaluable to compare the performance of various circuits and especially to study the effect of selective terminations.1 It is well established, however, that capacitive effects are not negligible, and become quite important at high frequencies. For small dissipation, the resistive and capacitive losses clearly add up without interaction, so that it will be sufficient for practical purposes to develop the theory for ideal rectifiers (zero forward and infinite backward impedance) shunted by a parasitic capacitance C. The Cowan modulator of Fig. 1 is then equivalent to a periodic switch shunted by C (Fig. 2). Similarly; a well-known equivalence for lattice networks reduces the ring modulator of Fig. 3, next page (with ideal auto transformers) to an ideal commutator enclosed between two capacitances C (Fig. 4, on the following page). The first step is to develop the theory of the linear variable 4-poles of Figs. 2 and 4 working between purely resistive and frequency independent source and load. The next important case of selective terminations has not yet been attacked.
{"title":"Effect of rectifier capacitances on the conversion loss of ring modulators","authors":"V. Belevitch","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.6500153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.6500153","url":null,"abstract":"THE SMALL-signal theory of rectifier modulators is normally developed by assuming that rectifiers switch periodically from their forward to their backward resistance, neglecting the capacitive component of the backward impedance. Such a resistive theory has been quite invaluable to compare the performance of various circuits and especially to study the effect of selective terminations.1 It is well established, however, that capacitive effects are not negligible, and become quite important at high frequencies. For small dissipation, the resistive and capacitive losses clearly add up without interaction, so that it will be sufficient for practical purposes to develop the theory for ideal rectifiers (zero forward and infinite backward impedance) shunted by a parasitic capacitance C. The Cowan modulator of Fig. 1 is then equivalent to a periodic switch shunted by C (Fig. 2). Similarly; a well-known equivalence for lattice networks reduces the ring modulator of Fig. 3, next page (with ideal auto transformers) to an ideal commutator enclosed between two capacitances C (Fig. 4, on the following page). The first step is to develop the theory of the linear variable 4-poles of Figs. 2 and 4 working between purely resistive and frequency independent source and load. The next important case of selective terminations has not yet been attacked.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"362 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122808726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.6500150
K. Miller
THE INVESTIGATION of general communication systems usually starts by considering a black box, N, with an input u and an output v (see Fig. 1). We express the relation between u and v symbolically by the equation $v = N_u. eqno{hbox{(1)}}$ (1)
{"title":"Properties of impulsive responses and Green's functions","authors":"K. Miller","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.6500150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.6500150","url":null,"abstract":"THE INVESTIGATION of general communication systems usually starts by considering a black box, N, with an input u and an output v (see Fig. 1). We express the relation between u and v symbolically by the equation $v = N_u. eqno{hbox{(1)}}$ (1)","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130844986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.6500160
H. A. Wheeler
Frequency Selectors THE SCIENCE of communications is built on waves, amplifiers, and frequency selectors, the last of these being the subject of this monograph. Half a century ago, the electrical resonator and the wave filter were in their early stages of evolution. As they became more familiar, they merged into a unified philosophy embracing frequency selectors of all kinds, not merely electrical but also mechanical, acoustical, etc. A family of frequency selectors having certain desirable properties is the immediate topic.
{"title":"The potential analog applied to the synthesis of stagger-tuned filters","authors":"H. A. Wheeler","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.6500160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.6500160","url":null,"abstract":"Frequency Selectors THE SCIENCE of communications is built on waves, amplifiers, and frequency selectors, the last of these being the subject of this monograph. Half a century ago, the electrical resonator and the wave filter were in their early stages of evolution. As they became more familiar, they merged into a unified philosophy embracing frequency selectors of all kinds, not merely electrical but also mechanical, acoustical, etc. A family of frequency selectors having certain desirable properties is the immediate topic.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128724287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1955-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1955.6500161
W. Clothier
IN RECENT years resistance-capacitance filters employing the Wein bridge, the parallel-T and other circuits have come into widespread use for the frequency control of oscillators and tuned amplifiers. Normally two or more ganged components are used for this purpose although a single component control has been used in several variants of an oscillator circuit described by Johnson.1–3 In certain applications, such as low frequency tuned amplifiers, two or more stages of filtering are desirable in order to achieve adequate selectivity together with quick response to changes in amplitude. The problem of ganging the many variable components then becomes formidable. For example, in an actual case which led to this investigation, a tuned amplifier was required to cover the range from 20 to 60 cps with two stages of filtering. A resistance-capacitance filter was sought for this purpose in which frequency could be controlled over a continuous range of 3 to 1 using a minimum number of variable components. The results of this investigation are reported in the present paper where several new bridge and ladder networks are described in which the balance frequency is controlled by means of a single variable component.
{"title":"Resistance-capacitance filter networks with single-component frequency-control","authors":"W. Clothier","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1955.6500161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1955.6500161","url":null,"abstract":"IN RECENT years resistance-capacitance filters employing the Wein bridge, the parallel-T and other circuits have come into widespread use for the frequency control of oscillators and tuned amplifiers. Normally two or more ganged components are used for this purpose although a single component control has been used in several variants of an oscillator circuit described by Johnson.1–3 In certain applications, such as low frequency tuned amplifiers, two or more stages of filtering are desirable in order to achieve adequate selectivity together with quick response to changes in amplitude. The problem of ganging the many variable components then becomes formidable. For example, in an actual case which led to this investigation, a tuned amplifier was required to cover the range from 20 to 60 cps with two stages of filtering. A resistance-capacitance filter was sought for this purpose in which frequency could be controlled over a continuous range of 3 to 1 using a minimum number of variable components. The results of this investigation are reported in the present paper where several new bridge and ladder networks are described in which the balance frequency is controlled by means of a single variable component.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1955-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128595550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1954-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1954.6373356
Paul H. Jones
This paper introduces a procedure for determing the stability of a feedback system using a dual Nyquist diagram. Such a diagram results when the characteristic equation of the system is interpreted to be the sum of two frequency-dependent functions F1(p) + F2(p) instead of the normal expression 1 + G(p)H(p). This diagram then consists of two polar plots; one plot represents the locus of one of the functions which is contained in the characteristic equation, and the other plot is the negative locus of the other function contained in the characteristic equation. Each of these curves may, if desired, be considered as an individual Nyquist diagram.
{"title":"Stability of feedback systems using dual Nyquist diagram","authors":"Paul H. Jones","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1954.6373356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1954.6373356","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a procedure for determing the stability of a feedback system using a dual Nyquist diagram. Such a diagram results when the characteristic equation of the system is interpreted to be the sum of two frequency-dependent functions F1(p) + F2(p) instead of the normal expression 1 + G(p)H(p). This diagram then consists of two polar plots; one plot represents the locus of one of the functions which is contained in the characteristic equation, and the other plot is the negative locus of the other function contained in the characteristic equation. Each of these curves may, if desired, be considered as an individual Nyquist diagram.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116975133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1954-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1954.6373361
E. Guillemin
It is well known that the Fourier series is not the only trigonometric polynomial that may be used to represent a periodic function. It is a polynomial with the property that the mean square error between a partial sum and the given function is a minimum; that is to say, it approximates the given function so as to make the mean square error a minimum. This error criterion is only one of many that could be stipulated as fixing the manner in which the polynomial approximates the given function, and from a practical standpoint it isn't even a good one for many applications because it suffers from the Gibbs phenomenon. A Tschebyscheff-like approximation or the one inherent in the Cesaro sum which converges uniformly even at points of discontinuity may be preferable in many cases.
{"title":"What is nature's error criterion?","authors":"E. Guillemin","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1954.6373361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1954.6373361","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that the Fourier series is not the only trigonometric polynomial that may be used to represent a periodic function. It is a polynomial with the property that the mean square error between a partial sum and the given function is a minimum; that is to say, it approximates the given function so as to make the mean square error a minimum. This error criterion is only one of many that could be stipulated as fixing the manner in which the polynomial approximates the given function, and from a practical standpoint it isn't even a good one for many applications because it suffers from the Gibbs phenomenon. A Tschebyscheff-like approximation or the one inherent in the Cesaro sum which converges uniformly even at points of discontinuity may be preferable in many cases.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124493855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1954-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1954.6373357
L. G. Walters
The phase lead network, shown in figure 1, had demonstrated its ability to improve the relative stability of linear feedback amplifiers long before it was adopted as one of the principal stabilizing networks by those interested in the newer field of servomechanisms. Its wide acceptance was based upon its simple form when dealing with d.c. signals and its ability to produce rate-type signal components without mechanical devices. When used as a synthesis tool in connection with the Nyquist plot (1)* of the loop-transfer characteristics, it allows considerable freedom in shaping the contour to conform to generally acceptable standards of performance to the limited extent with which they can be interpreted on this Nyquist plot. The major drawback of the phase-lead network is its attenuation of the signal components, an attenuation which may be readily appreciated if this network is viewed as a resistance voltage divider under static (d.c.) conditions. This sacrifice is all the more objectionable in applications where higher-frequency noise components are present and the need to maintain the signal-to-noise ratio has virtually eliminated this useful tool from systems whose inputs contain large noise components. A system controlled by a radar signal provides just such a situation.
{"title":"Optimum lead-controller synthesis in feedback-control systems","authors":"L. G. Walters","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1954.6373357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1954.6373357","url":null,"abstract":"The phase lead network, shown in figure 1, had demonstrated its ability to improve the relative stability of linear feedback amplifiers long before it was adopted as one of the principal stabilizing networks by those interested in the newer field of servomechanisms. Its wide acceptance was based upon its simple form when dealing with d.c. signals and its ability to produce rate-type signal components without mechanical devices. When used as a synthesis tool in connection with the Nyquist plot (1)* of the loop-transfer characteristics, it allows considerable freedom in shaping the contour to conform to generally acceptable standards of performance to the limited extent with which they can be interpreted on this Nyquist plot. The major drawback of the phase-lead network is its attenuation of the signal components, an attenuation which may be readily appreciated if this network is viewed as a resistance voltage divider under static (d.c.) conditions. This sacrifice is all the more objectionable in applications where higher-frequency noise components are present and the need to maintain the signal-to-noise ratio has virtually eliminated this useful tool from systems whose inputs contain large noise components. A system controlled by a radar signal provides just such a situation.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131781334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1954-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1954.6373355
D. McRuer, R. G. Halliday
A method is presented for molding non-linear elements of a system into equivalent linear elements so that existing linear methods of analysis and synthesis may be applied. The method can be applied in a Large number of practical cases, particularly in the more complex systems. It is based upon a Fourier expansion of the output waveform of a sinusoidally excited discontinuous element. Several cases of practical importance are considered, and charts are presented which may be used in analysis or design.
{"title":"A method of analysis and synthesis of closed loop servo systems containing small discontinuous non-linearities","authors":"D. McRuer, R. G. Halliday","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1954.6373355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1954.6373355","url":null,"abstract":"A method is presented for molding non-linear elements of a system into equivalent linear elements so that existing linear methods of analysis and synthesis may be applied. The method can be applied in a Large number of practical cases, particularly in the more complex systems. It is based upon a Fourier expansion of the output waveform of a sinusoidally excited discontinuous element. Several cases of practical importance are considered, and charts are presented which may be used in analysis or design.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122948067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1954-03-01DOI: 10.1109/tct.1954.6373359
Lawrence M. Silva
This paper is concerned with the problem of optimizing the transient behavior of a servomechanism. In this instance the term optimum is used in the sense of a transient response in minimum time as compared with the familiar minimum RMS error criteria for an optimum system. The use of the term "predictor" arises from the fact that the system. utilizes the information contained in the Input and its derivatives in order to reduce the error to zero in an optimum manner.
{"title":"Predictor servomechanisms","authors":"Lawrence M. Silva","doi":"10.1109/tct.1954.6373359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tct.1954.6373359","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is concerned with the problem of optimizing the transient behavior of a servomechanism. In this instance the term optimum is used in the sense of a transient response in minimum time as compared with the familiar minimum RMS error criteria for an optimum system. The use of the term \"predictor\" arises from the fact that the system. utilizes the information contained in the Input and its derivatives in order to reduce the error to zero in an optimum manner.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122930729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1954-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1954.6373360
P. M. Reza
O. Brune1 has proved that any rational "positive real" function possesses a one terminal-pair network configuration containing a finite number of linear passive elements. Brune suggested the ladder synthesis for positive real functions. In general his synthesis procedure contains mutual couplings which are not desirable from a practical standpoint. Thus, there has always been a great desire to eliminate ideal transformers from the picture. As steps towards this goal, H. W. Bode2 suggests resistance padding, and E. A. Guillemin3 often uses some practical methods for eliminating the ideal transformer in special cases. The existence proof, along with a synthesis procedure without an ideal transformer, was first given by R. Bott and R. J. Duffin4.
O. Brune1证明了任何有理“正实”函数都具有一个包含有限个线性无源元的单端对网络构型。Brune提出了正实函数的阶梯综合。总的来说，他的合成过程包含相互耦合，这从实用的角度来看是不可取的。因此，人们一直有一种强烈的愿望，希望从画面中消除理想的变形金刚。为了实现这一目标，H. W. Bode2建议电阻填充，E. A. Guillemin3经常使用一些实用的方法在特殊情况下消除理想的变压器。这个存在性证明，连同一个不需要理想变压器的合成过程，首先是由伯特和达芬提出的。
{"title":"Conversion of a beline cycle with an ideal transformer into a cycle without an ideal transformer","authors":"P. M. Reza","doi":"10.1109/TCT.1954.6373360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCT.1954.6373360","url":null,"abstract":"O. Brune1 has proved that any rational \"positive real\" function possesses a one terminal-pair network configuration containing a finite number of linear passive elements. Brune suggested the ladder synthesis for positive real functions. In general his synthesis procedure contains mutual couplings which are not desirable from a practical standpoint. Thus, there has always been a great desire to eliminate ideal transformers from the picture. As steps towards this goal, H. W. Bode2 suggests resistance padding, and E. A. Guillemin3 often uses some practical methods for eliminating the ideal transformer in special cases. The existence proof, along with a synthesis procedure without an ideal transformer, was first given by R. Bott and R. J. Duffin4.","PeriodicalId":232856,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122571789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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