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Insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from different dengue endemic regions of Panama. 巴拿马不同登革热流行地区的埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊对杀虫剂的抗药性状况和机制。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00637-w
Lorenzo Cáceres Carrera, Luis Piedra, Rolando Torres-Cosme, Anakena M Castillo, Antonio Bruno, José Luis Ramírez, Dan Martínez, María Magdalena Rodríguez, Juan A Bisset

Background: Dengue is a serious public health problem worldwide, including Panama. During the last years, the number of dengue cases has increased. This may be due to the presence of mosquito populations resistant to insecticides. The aim of this study was to characterize the resistance status, its enzymatic mechanisms and Kdr mutations in wild populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

Methods: Standard WHO bioassays were performed using insecticide-treated filter papers to determine resistance in populations Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to pyrethroids insecticides, organophosphates, to the carbamate propoxur and to the organochlorine DDT. Biochemical assays were conducted to detect metabolic resistance mechanisms and real-time PCR was performed to determine the frequencies of the Kdr mutations Val1016IIe and F1534C.

Results: The strains Ae. aegypti El Coco showed confirmed resistance to deltamethrin (78.5% mortality) and lambda-cyhalothrin (81%), Aguadulce to deltamethrin (79.3%), David to deltamethrin (74.8%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (87.5%) and Puerto Armuelles to permethrin (83%). Aedes aegypti El Empalme showed confirmed resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (62.3% mortality), chlorpyrifos-methyl (55.5%) and propoxur (85.3%). All strains of Ae. albopictus showed possible resistance to PYs and five strains to DDT. Only Ae. albopictus Canto del Llano showed confirmed resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (70% mortality) and malathion (62%). Esterase activity was variable across sites with the most frequent expression of α-EST compared to β-EST in Ae. aegypti populations. In Ae. Albopictus, the expressed enzymes were β-EST and MFOs. Through ANOVA, significant differences were established in the levels of enzymatic activity of α- and β-EST, MFOs and GST, with p < 0.001 in the Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The Kdr Val1016IIe mutation was detected in Ae. aegypti Aguadulce, El Coco and David. The odds ratio for the Val1016Ile mutation ranged from 0.8 to 20.8 in resistant mosquitoes, indicating the association between pyrethroid phenotypic resistance and the kdr mutation.

Conclusion: The presence of a varied and generalized resistance, enzymatic mechanisms and the Val1016IIe mutation may be associated with the intensive use and possibly misuse of the different insecticides applied to control Aedes populations. These results highlight the need to develop a program for resistance management. Also, alternative approaches to mosquito control that do not involve insecticides should be explored.

背景:登革热是包括巴拿马在内的全球严重公共卫生问题。在过去几年中,登革热病例的数量有所增加。这可能是由于蚊子种群对杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本研究的目的是描述埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊野生种群的抗药性状况、酶机制和 Kdr 突变:使用经杀虫剂处理的滤纸进行世界卫生组织标准生物测定,以确定埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊种群对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、有机磷类杀虫剂、氨基甲酸酯类丙硫磷和有机氯类滴滴涕的抗药性。通过生化试验检测代谢抗性机制,并通过实时 PCR 检测 Kdr 突变 Val1016IIe 和 F1534C 的频率:结果:埃及伊蚊 El Coco 株系对溴氰菊酯(死亡率 78.5%)和高效氯氟氰菊酯(81%)、Aguadulce 株系对溴氰菊酯(79.3%)、David 株系对溴氰菊酯(74.8%)和高效氯氟氰菊酯(87.5%)、Puerto Armuelles 株系对氯菊酯(83%)均表现出抗性。埃及伊蚊 El Empalme 对甲基吡啶磷(死亡率为 62.3%)、甲基毒死蜱(55.5%)和丙溴磷(85.3%)表现出抗药性。所有白纹伊蚊菌株都对PYs可能产生抗药性,5个菌株对滴滴涕产生抗药性。只有白纹伊蚊 Canto del Llano 对甲基吡啶磷(死亡率为 70%)和马拉硫磷(死亡率为 62%)产生了抗药性。不同地点的酯酶活性各不相同,与埃及姬蚊种群中的β-EST相比,α-EST的表达最为频繁。在白纹伊蚊中,表达的酶是β-EST和MFOs。通过方差分析,α- 和 β-EST、MFOs 和 GST 的酶活性水平存在显著差异,p 为 结论:抗药性、酶机制和 Val1016IIe 突变的多样性和普遍性的存在可能与为控制伊蚊种群而大量使用不同杀虫剂有关,也可能与滥用杀虫剂有关。这些结果凸显了制定抗药性管理计划的必要性。此外,还应探索不使用杀虫剂的其他蚊虫控制方法。
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引用次数: 0
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices in Africa: exploring the effects on public health and sustainable development plans. 非洲的水、环境卫生和个人卫生(WASH)做法:探讨对公共卫生和可持续发展计划的影响。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00614-3
Olalekan John Okesanya, Gilbert Eshun, Bonaventure Michael Ukoaka, Emery Manirambona, Olaleke Noah Olabode, Ridwan Olamilekan Adesola, Inibehe Ime Okon, Safayet Jamil, Amandeep Singh, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno, Habib Mohammad Ali, A B M Alauddin Chowdhury

Background: Suboptimal water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices constitute a serious public health risk, affecting one-third of the world's population. Remarkable progress has been made to improve WASH; however, challenges remain, with rapid population growth adding pressure on WASH systems. This study explores the current state of WASH practices and diseases in Africa, identifies challenges, and proposes public health recommendations for sustainable implementation.

Main body: The staggering burden of WASH-related diseases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in Africa, threatens public health, with millions of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to poor WASH practices annually. Notable challenges plaguing WASH practices in the region include poverty, malnutrition, poor data reporting, illiteracy, climate change, and poor healthcare financing. This results in adverse health consequences, including waterborne infections like cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and diarrheal diseases. Additionally, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) such as intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, trachoma, lost productivity, and environmental pollution from soil and underground water contamination have been implicated. Geographical disparities, cultural norms, and inadequate funding further complicate efforts to improve WASH infrastructure and practices. Globally concerted efforts are required to address these issues and permit WASH practices to protect human health by preventing infectious diseases and contributing to economic growth. Strong financial frameworks, skills training, and tools like WASH Fit are recommended for a stronger WASH approach in Africa.

Conclusion: The consequences of poor WASH extend beyond public health, impacting economic growth, gender equality, and environmental sustainability. WaterAid's policy recommendations prioritizing government administration, institutional capacity enhancement, and more financial resources are expedient.

背景:不良的饮水、环卫和讲卫生(WASH)习惯构成了严重的公共健康风险,影响着全球三分之一的人口。在改善讲卫生运动方面已经取得了显著进展;然而,挑战依然存在,人口的快速增长增加了讲卫生运动系统的压力。本研究探讨了非洲讲卫生运动和疾病的现状,明确了面临的挑战,并提出了可持续实施的公共卫生建议:在低收入和中等收入国家(LMICs),尤其是在非洲,与讲卫生运动相关的疾病造成的沉重负担威胁着公众健康,每年有数百万人因讲卫生运动不当而死亡,残疾调整生命年(DALYs)也因此而减少。困扰该地区讲卫生运动的显著挑战包括贫困、营养不良、数据报告不完善、文盲、气候变化和医疗资金匮乏。这导致了不良的健康后果,包括霍乱、伤寒、痢疾和腹泻等水传播疾病。此外,肠道蠕虫、血吸虫病、沙眼等被忽视的热带疾病(NTD)、生产力损失以及土壤和地下水污染造成的环境污染也与此有关。地域差异、文化规范和资金不足使改善讲卫生运动基础设施和实践的工作更加复杂。全球需要齐心协力解决这些问题,让讲卫生运动通过预防传染病和促进经济增长来保护人类健康。为了在非洲采取更有力的讲卫生运动方法,建议采用强有力的财政框架、技能培训和工具(如 WASH Fit):水、环境卫生和个人卫生状况不佳的后果不仅会影响公众健康,还会影响经济增长、性别平等和环境可持续性。水援助组织的政策建议优先考虑政府管理、机构能力提升和更多的财政资源,这些都是权宜之计。
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引用次数: 0
Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in Singapore. 新加坡孕妇巨细胞病毒血清流行率。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00634-z
Pamela Partana, Wei Yee Wan, Xin Yu Venessa Chow, Jerry Kok Yen Chan, Lay Kok Tan, Wei Ching Tan, Piea Peng Lee, Gek Hsiang Lim, Liying Yang

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common congenital infection in pregnancy with potential long-term adverse effects on the fetus. There is limited data on CMV seroprevalence in pregnant women in Singapore, with last reported study dating back over two decades. We look at the latest CMV seroprevalence in antenatal population in Singapore.

Methods: Between January 2021 and August 2021, 385 pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Singapore General Hospital were randomly selected for CMV IgG test to be performed on their blood samples collected during the first trimester of their pregnancies. Positivity for CMV IgG represents past exposure prior to pregnancy.

Results: Overall CMV seroprevalence was 71.7% (276/385) (95% CI 067, 0.76, p value < 0.001). The trend of CMV IgG positivity increased with age, 68.3% (95% CI 0.60, 0.76, p value < 0.001) in those aged 20-29, 72.5% (95% CI 0.66, 0.78, p value < 0.001) in the 30-39 age group, and 79.0% (95% CI 0.67, 0.76, p value 0.012) in women over 40.

Conclusions: There is a declining trend in CMV seroprevalence among pregnant women in Singapore, which indicates that a substantial portion of this population faces the risk of primary maternal CMV infection during pregnancy. Emerging research suggests that prenatal treatment with valacyclovir effectively reduces the likelihood of vertical transmission. Considering this evidence, it is imperative to reevaluate the recommendations for universal maternal CMV screening during pregnancy.

背景:巨细胞病毒(CMV巨细胞病毒(CMV)是孕期最常见的先天性感染,对胎儿有潜在的长期不良影响。有关新加坡孕妇 CMV 血清流行率的数据很有限,上一次报告的研究要追溯到二十多年前。我们研究了新加坡产前人群中最新的 CMV 血清流行率:方法:2021 年 1 月至 2021 年 8 月期间,我们随机抽取了 385 名在新加坡中央医院接受产前检查的孕妇,对她们在怀孕前三个月采集的血液样本进行 CMV IgG 检测。CMV IgG 阳性代表怀孕前曾接触过 CMV:结果:CMV 血清阳性率为 71.7%(276/385)(95% CI 067,0.76,P 值 结论:CMV 血清阳性率呈下降趋势:新加坡孕妇的 CMV 血清阳性率呈下降趋势,这表明该人群中有相当一部分人在怀孕期间面临原发性母体 CMV 感染的风险。新的研究表明,使用伐昔洛韦进行产前治疗可有效降低垂直传播的可能性。考虑到这一证据,当务之急是重新评估关于在孕期普遍进行母体巨细胞病毒筛查的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Trends and inequalities in oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding for children under five with diarrhoea in Sierra Leone. 塞拉利昂五岁以下腹泻儿童口服补液疗法和持续喂养的趋势与不平等。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00633-0
Augustus Osborne, Camilla Bangura

Background: Sierra Leone has improved child health outcomes in recent decades. However, diarrhoeal diseases remain a public health concern, particularly among children under five. This study investigates the trends and inequalities in oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding for children under five with diarrhoea in Sierra Leone in 2008, 2013 and 2019.

Methods: The analysis utilised data from the Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey rounds conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019. The software utilised for the calculation of various measures of inequality, including simple difference, ratio, population-attributable risk, and population-attributable fraction, was the World Health Organization Health Equity Assessment Toolkit. An inequality assessment was conducted for six stratifiers: maternal age, maternal economic status, maternal level of education, place of residence, sex of the child, and sub-national region.

Results: Our findings reveal that children under five with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding increased from 56.5% in 2008 to 59.7% in 2019 in Sierra Leone. Children of mothers aged 20-49 had more coverage over time than those with mothers aged 15-19. Children of mothers who are wealthy, more educated, and living in urban areas show a decrease in coverage with time compared to the poor, the lowly educated, and those residing in rural areas. Male children had higher coverage than female children. Regional inequality decreased slightly from 21.5 percentage points in 2008 to 21.2 percentage points in 2019.

Conclusion: The findings revealed a mixed picture of progress in oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding for children under five in Sierra Leone. While national coverage has increased, inequalities persist. Children of older mothers and those from disadvantaged backgrounds have experienced improvements, while children of younger, wealthier, and more educated mothers in urban areas have seen a decline in coverage. The gender and regional inequalities remain. Expanding community-based health programs, providing subsidised or free supplies, and strengthening health systems in underserved areas are key strategies to ensure equitable and effective healthcare for all children in Sierra Leone.

背景:近几十年来,塞拉利昂的儿童健康状况有所改善。然而,腹泻疾病仍然是一个公共卫生问题,尤其是在五岁以下儿童中。本研究调查了 2008 年、2013 年和 2019 年塞拉利昂五岁以下腹泻儿童口服补液疗法和持续喂养的趋势和不平等现象:分析利用了 2008 年、2013 年和 2019 年进行的塞拉利昂人口健康调查的数据。计算各种不平等度量(包括简单差异、比率、人口可归因风险和人口可归因分数)所使用的软件是世界卫生组织健康公平评估工具包。对六个分层因素进行了不平等评估:母亲年龄、母亲经济状况、母亲教育水平、居住地、儿童性别和国家以下地区:我们的研究结果表明,塞拉利昂五岁以下腹泻儿童接受口服补液疗法和持续喂养的比例从2008年的56.5%上升到2019年的59.7%。随着时间的推移,母亲年龄在 20-49 岁之间的儿童的覆盖率高于母亲年龄在 15-19 岁之间的儿童。与贫困、受教育程度低和居住在农村地区的母亲相比,富裕、受教育程度高和居住在城市地区的母亲的子女的覆盖率随时间推移而下降。男性儿童的覆盖率高于女性儿童。地区不平等略有下降,从 2008 年的 21.5 个百分点降至 2019 年的 21.2 个百分点:研究结果显示,塞拉利昂五岁以下儿童口服补液疗法和持续喂养方面的进展喜忧参半。虽然全国覆盖率有所提高,但不平等现象依然存在。年龄较大的母亲和贫困家庭的儿童的情况有所改善,而城市地区年龄较小、家境较富裕、母亲受教育程度较高的儿童的覆盖率则有所下降。性别和地区不平等依然存在。扩大以社区为基础的保健计划、提供补贴或免费用品以及加强服务不足地区的保健系统,是确保塞拉利昂所有儿童获得公平、有效保健的关键战略。
{"title":"Trends and inequalities in oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding for children under five with diarrhoea in Sierra Leone.","authors":"Augustus Osborne, Camilla Bangura","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00633-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00633-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sierra Leone has improved child health outcomes in recent decades. However, diarrhoeal diseases remain a public health concern, particularly among children under five. This study investigates the trends and inequalities in oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding for children under five with diarrhoea in Sierra Leone in 2008, 2013 and 2019.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The analysis utilised data from the Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey rounds conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019. The software utilised for the calculation of various measures of inequality, including simple difference, ratio, population-attributable risk, and population-attributable fraction, was the World Health Organization Health Equity Assessment Toolkit. An inequality assessment was conducted for six stratifiers: maternal age, maternal economic status, maternal level of education, place of residence, sex of the child, and sub-national region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings reveal that children under five with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding increased from 56.5% in 2008 to 59.7% in 2019 in Sierra Leone. Children of mothers aged 20-49 had more coverage over time than those with mothers aged 15-19. Children of mothers who are wealthy, more educated, and living in urban areas show a decrease in coverage with time compared to the poor, the lowly educated, and those residing in rural areas. Male children had higher coverage than female children. Regional inequality decreased slightly from 21.5 percentage points in 2008 to 21.2 percentage points in 2019.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings revealed a mixed picture of progress in oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding for children under five in Sierra Leone. While national coverage has increased, inequalities persist. Children of older mothers and those from disadvantaged backgrounds have experienced improvements, while children of younger, wealthier, and more educated mothers in urban areas have seen a decline in coverage. The gender and regional inequalities remain. Expanding community-based health programs, providing subsidised or free supplies, and strengthening health systems in underserved areas are key strategies to ensure equitable and effective healthcare for all children in Sierra Leone.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11445861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploratory study of antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 using an indirect immunoperoxidase assay in COVID-19 patients and vaccinated volunteers. 使用间接免疫过氧化物酶测定法对 COVID-19 患者和接种过疫苗的志愿者的 SARS-CoV-2 抗体滴度进行探索性研究。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00635-y
Shungo Katoh, Ikkoh Yasuda, Kazuhiro Kitakawa, Sugihiro Hamaguchi, Eiichiro Sando

Background: A number of antibody test kits for detecting prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-immunization status have been commercialized. Indirect immunoperoxidase assay (IIP) is a conventional method to test antibodies. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy and antibody titer profile of the IIP in COVID-19 and pre- and post-vaccination.

Methods: We conducted a hospital-based observational study in Fukushima prefecture, Japan. We enrolled COVID-19 inpatients who tested positive by PCR. We used serum samples collected > 10 years before the pandemic as the negative control. We also included volunteers vaccinated at the hospital. All participants were tested using an IIP with whole-cell antigen of the six SARS-CoV-2 variants isolated in Japan during the epidemic and an IgG ELISA kit. Negative controls and vaccinated volunteers were also tested using a lateral flow assay (LFA) kit. We conducted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate diagnostic accuracy and performed logistic regression analysis to explore factors associated with antibody titer.

Results: We included 146 COVID-19 inpatients, 38 negative controls, and 36 vaccinated volunteers. Most participants had the highest titer for IgG and IgM in the wild type-A antigen among the six variants. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the IgG ELISA kit were 60.3%, 100%, and 68.5%; of the IIP for IgG with the cutoff titer at 1:80, 82.2%, 94.7%, and 84.8%, respectively. The ROC curves of the ELISA and IIP for IgG were almost identical. In the IgG tests of the 36 volunteers, 35 were positive for ELISA and IIP and 34 for LFA after two vaccinations. IgM titers in the IIP were <  = 1:40 in 114 patients and 32 volunteers after two vaccinations; therefore, the IgM titer is unsuitable for diagnosis. In COVID-19 patients, age, days from disease onset, >  = 7 days after the second vaccination, and immunosuppressants for comorbidity were associated with IgG titer of >  = 1:640 in the IIP.

Conclusions: The diagnostic accuracy of the IIP for detecting IgG antibodies in COVID-19 or after two vaccinations is equivalent to that of an ELISA. Further investigations are required to address the association between antibody titers in the IIP and their protective or harmful effects against COVID-19.

背景:许多用于检测 SARS-CoV-2 既往感染和免疫后状态的抗体检测试剂盒已经商业化。间接免疫过氧化物酶检测法(IIP)是检测抗体的传统方法。我们评估了 COVID-19 和接种疫苗前后 IIP 的诊断准确性和抗体滴度情况:我们在日本福岛县开展了一项基于医院的观察性研究。我们招募了经 PCR 检测呈阳性的 COVID-19 住院患者。我们使用大流行前 10 年采集的血清样本作为阴性对照。我们还纳入了在医院接种疫苗的志愿者。所有参与者都接受了使用日本在疫情期间分离出的六种 SARS-CoV-2 变体全细胞抗原的 IIP 和 IgG ELISA 试剂盒进行的检测。阴性对照组和接种过疫苗的志愿者也使用侧流试验(LFA)试剂盒进行了检测。我们进行了接收器操作特征(ROC)分析以评估诊断准确性,并进行了逻辑回归分析以探讨与抗体滴度相关的因素:我们纳入了 146 名 COVID-19 住院患者、38 名阴性对照和 36 名接种过疫苗的志愿者。在六种变体中,大多数参与者的野生型-A 抗原 IgG 和 IgM 滴度最高。IgG 酶联免疫吸附试剂盒的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为 60.3%、100% 和 68.5%;以 1:80 为界限滴度的 IgG 免疫吸附试验的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为 82.2%、94.7% 和 84.8%。ELISA 和 IIP 检测 IgG 的 ROC 曲线几乎相同。在对 36 名志愿者进行的 IgG 检测中,有 35 人在接种两次疫苗后,ELISA 和 IIP 检测结果呈阳性,34 人 LFA 检测结果呈阳性。第二次接种后 7 天,IIP 中的 IgM 滴度为 =,因合并症而服用免疫抑制剂与 IIP 中的 IgG 滴度 > = 1:640 相关:结论:IIP检测COVID-19或两次疫苗接种后IgG抗体的诊断准确性与ELISA相当。需要进一步研究 IIP 中的抗体滴度与其对 COVID-19 的保护作用或有害作用之间的关联。
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引用次数: 0
Enhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan-coated niosomes to prevent Toxoplasma gondii strain VEG in pregnant mice: an experimental study. 利用壳聚糖包覆的niosomes加强克林霉素的输送以防止弓形虫株VEG在妊娠小鼠中的感染:一项实验研究。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00636-x
Mitra Sadeghi, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Hossein Asgaryan Omran, Zohre Zare, Shirzad Gholami, Alireza Khalilian, Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi, Fatemeh Hajizadeh, Mostafa Tork, Ahmad Daryani, Sargis A Aghayan

Background: Congenital toxoplasmosis occurs when a pregnant woman becomes infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) for the first time. Treatment typically involves antimicrobial medications, with spiramycin commonly used to prevent transmission. However, spiramycin's effectiveness is limited due to poor placental penetration. Clindamycin, another antibiotic, can cross the placenta but reaches the fetus at only half the maternal concentration. Encapsulating the drug in chitosan-coated niosomes (Cs-Nio) could enhance its effectiveness by targeting specific organs and ensuring sustained release. To address the challenges of using clindamycin, a niosome-coated chitosan system was investigated for treating congenital toxoplasmosis caused by the VEG strain of T. gondii in an animal model.

Methods: Pregnant mice were infected with VEG strain of T. gondii on the 12th day of pregnancy, followed by treatment with various drugs across six groups. The treatments included chitosan-coated niosomes loaded clindamycin (Cs-Nio-Cli) and other controls. Parasitological evaluations (microscopic examination and real-time PCR), along with histopathological and immunological assessments were conducted to assess treatment efficacy. Finally, statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.0 and SPSS 26, comparing test and control groups with T test and Mann-Whitney test. A p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The study found that treatment with Cs-Nio-Cli significantly reduced the number of T. gondii cysts in the brain and eyes (97.59% and 92.68%, respectively) compared to the negative control group. It also mitigated inflammatory changes, prevented cell death, and reduced vascular cuffs in the brain. In addition, Cs-Nio-Cli treatment decreased bleeding, placental thrombosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the placenta while improving eye tissue health by reducing retinal folds and bleeds. Immunologically, nanoclindamycin treatment resulted in lower TNF-α cytokine levels and higher IL-10 levels, indicating an enhanced anti-inflammatory response.

Conclusions: Although Cs-Nio-Cli demonstrates promise in reducing the transmission of congenital toxoplasmosis and mitigating the effects of congenital toxoplasmosis, additional research is necessary to determine the optimal treatment regimens for the complete eradication of the parasite in the fetus.

背景:先天性弓形虫病是指孕妇首次感染弓形虫(T. gondii)。治疗通常包括抗菌药物,螺旋霉素常用于预防传播。然而,由于螺旋霉素对胎盘的穿透性较差,其疗效有限。另一种抗生素克林霉素可以穿过胎盘,但到达胎儿体内的浓度只有母体浓度的一半。将药物封装在壳聚糖包裹的niosomes(Cs-Nio)中,可以通过靶向特定器官和确保持续释放来提高药物的疗效。为了应对使用克林霉素所面临的挑战,研究人员在动物模型中研究了一种包裹壳聚糖的niosome系统,用于治疗由冈底斯弓形虫VEG株引起的先天性弓形虫病:方法:妊娠小鼠在妊娠第 12 天感染 VEG 株弓形虫,然后分 6 组接受不同药物的治疗。治疗方法包括壳聚糖包裹的含克林霉素的niosomes(Cs-Nio-Cli)和其他对照组。为评估疗效,还进行了寄生虫学评估(显微镜检查和实时 PCR)以及组织病理学和免疫学评估。最后,使用 GraphPad Prism 8.0 和 SPSS 26 进行统计分析,用 T 检验和 Mann-Whitney 检验比较试验组和对照组。P≤0.05为差异有统计学意义:研究发现,与阴性对照组相比,Cs-Nio-Cli能显著减少脑部和眼部淋巴囊肿的数量(分别为97.59%和92.68%)。它还减轻了炎症变化,防止了细胞死亡,并减少了大脑中的血管袖口。此外,Cs-Nio-Cli 治疗减少了出血、胎盘血栓形成和胎盘中的炎症细胞浸润,同时通过减少视网膜皱褶和出血改善了眼组织健康。在免疫学方面,纳米林可霉素治疗可降低 TNF-α 细胞因子水平,提高 IL-10 水平,这表明抗炎反应得到了增强:尽管Cs-Nio-Cli有望减少先天性弓形虫病的传播并减轻先天性弓形虫病的影响,但仍有必要开展更多研究,以确定彻底根除胎儿体内寄生虫的最佳治疗方案。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of dengue fever on depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador: a prospective cohort study. 登革热对厄瓜多尔埃斯梅拉达斯省抑郁、焦虑和压力症状的影响:一项前瞻性队列研究。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00625-0
Julio P Salazar Buenaño, Fabián A Zurita Alvarado, Ines Weyand, Tamara Rosero Montezuma, Boris Tapia, Cecilia Solis Olive, Karen Rosero, Pablo Bermudez, Federico Gobbi, Emmanuel Bottieau, Ralph Huits

Background: Physical symptoms of dengue have been documented extensively, but knowledge gaps on dengue-associated mental health hazards remain. We investigated the frequency of psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress) and neurocognitive performance during the first year after a dengue episode.

Methods: Using DASS-21 scores at 3, 6, and 12 months, we assessed depression, anxiety, and stress in anti-dengue IgM-positive adults and matched controls during the 2021 dengue season in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. Patients with DASS-21 scores ≤ 4 were considered normal; those with scores of 5-7, 8-10, and ≥ 11 indicated mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively; cutoff scores for anxiety and stress were ≥ 5 and ≥ 9, respectively. We also assessed 'delayed matching to sample' (DMS) and 'spatial working memory' (SWM) using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.

Results: We enrolled 102 cases and 78 controls. At 3 months, 90 cases and 70 controls were available for follow-up, among these 40/90 (44.4%) cases and 12/70 (17.1%) controls had DASS-21 scores ≥ 5 (RR 2.7, 95% CI [1.5-4.7]). Dengue remained a predictor for depression after adjusting for age, sex, and COVID-19 status. We observed no difference in anxiety between the groups, but stress scores increased at month 3 (RR 1.87, 95% CI [1.01-3.4]). DASS-21 scores normalized during follow-up. DMS and SWM did not differ between groups at 3 and 6 months. At month 12, cases had lower SWM than controls did (p value < 0.001).

Conclusions: Care providers should be aware of dengue-associated mood disorders and facilitate timely referral to mental health services. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to validate our observations regarding the impact of dengue on mental health and neurocognitive status in affected patients.

背景:登革热的躯体症状已被广泛记录,但与登革热相关的心理健康危害方面的知识仍存在空白。我们调查了登革热发作后第一年内精神症状(抑郁、焦虑和压力)的频率和神经认知表现:在厄瓜多尔埃斯梅拉达斯省的 2021 年登革热季节,我们使用 DASS-21(3、6 和 12 个月)评分对抗登革热 IgM 阳性成人和匹配对照组的抑郁、焦虑和压力进行了评估。DASS-21 评分≤ 4 分的患者被视为正常;5-7 分、8-10 分和≥ 11 分的患者分别表示轻度、中度和重度抑郁;焦虑和压力的临界值分别为≥ 5 分和≥ 9 分。我们还使用剑桥神经心理测试自动化电池评估了 "样本延迟匹配"(DMS)和 "空间工作记忆"(SWM):我们共招募了 102 例病例和 78 例对照。3 个月后,有 90 例病例和 70 例对照进行了随访,其中 40/90 例病例(44.4%)和 12/70 例对照(17.1%)的 DASS-21 评分≥5(RR 2.7,95% CI [1.5-4.7])。在对年龄、性别和 COVID-19 状态进行调整后,登革热仍然是抑郁症的预测因素。我们观察到两组患者的焦虑程度没有差异,但压力评分在第 3 个月有所增加(RR 1.87,95% CI [1.01-3.4])。DASS-21 评分在随访期间趋于正常。在 3 个月和 6 个月时,组间的 DMS 和 SWM 没有差异。在第 12 个月,病例的 SWM 值低于对照组(P 值 结论:病例的 SWM 值低于对照组:医疗服务提供者应了解与登革热相关的情绪障碍,并促进及时转诊至心理健康服务机构。今后有必要开展纵向研究,以验证我们关于登革热对患者精神健康和神经认知状态影响的观察结果。
{"title":"Impact of dengue fever on depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Julio P Salazar Buenaño, Fabián A Zurita Alvarado, Ines Weyand, Tamara Rosero Montezuma, Boris Tapia, Cecilia Solis Olive, Karen Rosero, Pablo Bermudez, Federico Gobbi, Emmanuel Bottieau, Ralph Huits","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00625-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00625-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Physical symptoms of dengue have been documented extensively, but knowledge gaps on dengue-associated mental health hazards remain. We investigated the frequency of psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress) and neurocognitive performance during the first year after a dengue episode.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using DASS-21 scores at 3, 6, and 12 months, we assessed depression, anxiety, and stress in anti-dengue IgM-positive adults and matched controls during the 2021 dengue season in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. Patients with DASS-21 scores ≤ 4 were considered normal; those with scores of 5-7, 8-10, and ≥ 11 indicated mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively; cutoff scores for anxiety and stress were ≥ 5 and ≥ 9, respectively. We also assessed 'delayed matching to sample' (DMS) and 'spatial working memory' (SWM) using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 102 cases and 78 controls. At 3 months, 90 cases and 70 controls were available for follow-up, among these 40/90 (44.4%) cases and 12/70 (17.1%) controls had DASS-21 scores ≥ 5 (RR 2.7, 95% CI [1.5-4.7]). Dengue remained a predictor for depression after adjusting for age, sex, and COVID-19 status. We observed no difference in anxiety between the groups, but stress scores increased at month 3 (RR 1.87, 95% CI [1.01-3.4]). DASS-21 scores normalized during follow-up. DMS and SWM did not differ between groups at 3 and 6 months. At month 12, cases had lower SWM than controls did (p value < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Care providers should be aware of dengue-associated mood disorders and facilitate timely referral to mental health services. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to validate our observations regarding the impact of dengue on mental health and neurocognitive status in affected patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11428912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Molecular genotyping reveals multiple carbapenemase genes and unique blaOXA-51-like (oxaAb) alleles among clinically isolated Acinetobacter baumannii from a Philippine tertiary hospital. 分子基因分型发现菲律宾一家三级医院临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌中存在多种碳青霉烯酶基因和独特的 blaOXA-51-like (oxaAb) 等位基因。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00629-w
Mark B Carascal, Raul V Destura, Windell L Rivera

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii continued to be an important Gram-negative pathogen of concern in the clinical context. The resistance of this pathogen to carbapenems due to the production of carbapenemases is considered a global threat. Despite the efforts to track carbapenemase synthesis among A. baumannii in the Philippines, local data on its molecular features are very scarce. This study aims to characterize A. baumannii clinical isolates from a Philippine tertiary hospital through genotyping of the pathogen's carbapenemase genes.

Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility profiling, phenotypic testing of carbapenemase production, and polymerase chain reaction assays to detect the different classes of carbapenemase genes (class A blaKPC, class B blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, and class D blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24/40-like, blaOXA-48-like, blaOXA-51-like, ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-58-like) were performed in all collected A. baumannii, both carbapenem resistant and susceptible (n = 52).

Results: Results showed that the majority of the carbapenem-resistant strains phenotypically produced carbapenemases (up to 84% in carbapenem inactivation methods) and possessed the ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like gene complex (80%). Meanwhile, both carbapenem-resistant and carbapenem-susceptible isolates possessed multi-class carbapenemase genes including blaNDM (1.9%), blaVIM (3.9%), blaOXA-24/40-like (5.8%), blaOXA-58-like (5.8%), blaKPC (11.5%), and blaOXA-23-like (94.2%), which coexist with each other in some strains (17.3%). In terms of the intrinsic blaOXA-51-like (oxaAb) genes, 23 unique alleles were reported (blaOXA-1058 to blaOXA-1080), the majority of which are closely related to blaOXA-66. Isolates possessing these alleles showed varying carbapenem resistance profiles.

Conclusions: In summary, this study highlighted the importance of molecular genotyping in the characterization of A. baumannii by revealing the carbapenemase profiles of the pathogen (which may not be captured accurately in phenotypic tests), in identifying potent carriers of transferrable carbapenemase genes (which may not be expressed straightforwardly in antimicrobial susceptibility testing), and in monitoring unique pathogen epidemiology in the local clinical setting.

背景:鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)仍然是临床上令人担忧的重要革兰氏阴性病原体。这种病原体因产生碳青霉烯酶而对碳青霉烯类产生耐药性,被认为是一种全球性威胁。尽管菲律宾在努力追踪鲍曼不动杆菌中碳青霉烯酶的合成情况,但有关其分子特征的本地数据却非常稀少。本研究旨在通过对病原体的碳青霉烯酶基因进行基因分型,分析菲律宾一家三甲医院的鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株的特征:方法:对收集到的所有鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株进行抗生素敏感性分析、碳青霉烯酶生产表型检测和聚合酶链反应检测,以检测不同类别的碳青霉烯酶基因(A 类 blaKPC、B 类 blaNDM、blaIMP、blaVIM 和 D 类 blaOXA-23-like、blaOXA-24/40-like、blaOXA-48-like、blaOXA-51-like、ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like、blaOXA-58-like)。结果:结果表明,大多数耐碳青霉烯菌株表型上产生碳青霉烯酶(在碳青霉烯灭活方法中高达 84%),并拥有 ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like 基因复合物(80%)。同时,耐碳青霉烯类和对碳青霉烯类敏感的分离株都具有多类碳青霉烯酶基因,包括 blaNDM(1.9%)、blaVIM(3.9%)、blaOXA-24/40-like(5.8%)、blaOXA-58-like(5.8%)、blaKPC(11.5%)和 blaOXA-23-like(94.2%),这些基因在一些菌株(17.3%)中相互共存。就内在 blaOXA-51-like(oxaAb)基因而言,报告了 23 个独特的等位基因(blaOXA-1058 至 blaOXA-1080),其中大多数与 blaOXA-66 关系密切。具有这些等位基因的分离株显示出不同的碳青霉烯耐药性特征:总之,本研究通过揭示病原体的碳青霉烯酶谱(表型检测可能无法准确捕捉)、识别可转移碳青霉烯酶基因的强力携带者(抗菌药敏感性检测可能无法直接表达)以及监测当地临床环境中独特的病原体流行病学,强调了分子基因分型在鲍曼尼菌特征描述中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Freshwater snail-borne parasitic diseases in Africa. 非洲淡水蜗牛寄生虫病。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00632-1
Papa Mouhamadou Gaye, Souleymane Doucouré, Doudou Sow, Cheikh Sokhna, Stéphane Ranque

Background: Freshwater snails are the first obligatory intermediate hosts in the trematode life cycle. Several parasitic diseases transmitted by these snails are endemic in Africa, and their distribution closely follows that of the intermediate hosts. These diseases represent a major public health problem and cause significant socio-economic losses in Africa, particularly schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. In this review, we will describe the main roles of freshwater snails in the life cycle of trematode parasites, and the geographical distribution of these diseases in Africa. We will also discuss the different techniques for detecting parasitic infections in snails, as well as the various methods of controlling snails and the larval stages of parasites.

Methods: We carried out a literature search for articles dealing with parasitic diseases transmitted by freshwater snail hosts in Africa. The search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using various search terms combined by Boolean operators. Our search was limited to peer-reviewed articles less than 10 years old. Articles published to date in the fields of control of parasitic diseases transmitted by freshwater snails were included. Results were presented in narrative and in table format.

Results: The results of the database search identified 1007 records. We included 84 studies in this review. These studies generally focused on freshwater snails and the diseases they transmit. We described the geographical distribution of 43 freshwater species belonging to nine snail families, as well as the parasites that infect them. Several methods for diagnosing parasites in their snail hosts have been described, including microscopic and molecular methods, as well as antibody and protein barcode-based techniques. Molluscicides have been described as the main strategy for snail control.

Conclusion: This study highlights several elements of knowledge about diseases transmitted by freshwater snails and their distribution. A good understanding of snail infection detection techniques and existing control methods is an essential component in adapting control strategies for these diseases.

背景:淡水蜗牛是吸虫生命周期中的第一个强制性中间宿主。由这些蜗牛传播的几种寄生虫病是非洲的地方病,其分布与中间宿主的分布密切相关。这些疾病是一个重大的公共卫生问题,在非洲造成了重大的社会经济损失,尤其是血吸虫病和筋膜炎。在本综述中,我们将介绍淡水蜗牛在吸虫生命周期中的主要作用,以及这些疾病在非洲的地理分布。我们还将讨论检测蜗牛寄生虫感染的不同技术,以及控制蜗牛和寄生虫幼虫阶段的各种方法:我们对有关非洲淡水蜗牛宿主传播寄生虫病的文章进行了文献检索。我们在 PubMed、Web of Science 和 Google Scholar 等数据库中进行了搜索,使用了由布尔运算符组合而成的各种搜索条件。我们的搜索仅限于10年以内的同行评审文章。其中包括迄今为止发表的有关淡水蜗牛传播寄生虫病控制领域的文章。搜索结果以叙述和表格形式呈现:数据库搜索结果共发现 1007 条记录。我们在本综述中纳入了 84 项研究。这些研究通常侧重于淡水蜗牛及其传播的疾病。我们描述了属于九个蜗牛科的 43 种淡水蜗牛的地理分布以及感染它们的寄生虫。我们介绍了几种诊断蜗牛宿主体内寄生虫的方法,包括显微镜和分子方法,以及基于抗体和蛋白质条形码的技术。杀软体动物剂是控制蜗牛的主要策略:本研究强调了有关淡水蜗牛传播疾病及其分布的若干知识要素。充分了解蜗牛感染检测技术和现有的控制方法是调整这些疾病控制策略的重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Do they really boil their drinking water? a descriptive study in a rural district of the Lao people's democratic republic. 在老挝人民民主共和国一个农村地区进行的描述性研究。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00626-z
Sae Kawamoto, Daisuke Nonaka, Nouhak Inthavong

Background: For safe drinking water, household water treatments (HWT) is important to reduce the risk of diarrhea in low-and-middle countries including Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). However, the measurement of HWT relies chiefly on self-report in most nationwide surveys. Thus, the validity of self-reported measurement is of concern. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of households with the presence of boiled water among households that report boiling practices in a rural area of the Lao PDR.

Methods: This study was conducted with randomly selected 108 households in the four villages in the catchment area of the two health centers, in Xepon district of the Savannakhet province, between September and October 2023. The inclusion criterion of the households was the households that report boiling as HWT. Surveyors conducted interviews with an adult household member and observations on boiled water through household visits, using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were conducted to summarize the collected information using the frequency with proportion for categorical variables and the median with interquartile range for continuous variables. Bivariate analyses were conducted to assess an association between each of the factors and the presence of boiled water, using Fisher's exact test.

Results: Among the 108 households that reported boiling practice, 91 households were able to show the surveyor self-reported boiled water. Thus, the proportion of households with the presence of boiled water was 90.1% (95% confidence interval: 82.5-95.1%). Households with a fixed schedule of boiling were significantly more likely to present boiled water, compared to households without (94.5% vs. 50.0%). Not all household members do not necessarily drink boiled water: approximately a quarter (25.7%) of the participants reported that some household members drink unboiled water.

Conclusions: This study showed that among households that reported boiling drinking water, 90.1% were able to present a container with self-reported boiled water. It suggests that the self-reported measure of boiling practices can be valid in the study villages.

背景:在包括老挝人民民主共和国(Lao PDR)在内的中低端国家,为了获得安全的饮用水,家庭水处理(HWT)对于降低腹泻风险非常重要。然而,在大多数全国性调查中,家庭水处理的测量主要依赖于自我报告。因此,自我报告测量的有效性令人担忧。本研究旨在确定老挝农村地区报告有烧开水习俗的家庭中存在烧开水习俗的家庭比例:本研究于2023年9月至10月期间在沙湾拿吉省Xepon县两个保健中心集水区的四个村庄中随机抽取了108户家庭。家庭的纳入标准是报告煮沸为 HWT 的家庭。调查人员使用问卷对一名成年家庭成员进行了访谈,并通过家访对开水进行了观察。对收集到的信息进行了描述性统计,对分类变量使用频率和比例,对连续变量使用中位数和四分位距。采用费雪精确检验法进行二元分析,以评估各因素与是否使用开水之间的关联:结果:在 108 个报告有烧开水习惯的家庭中,有 91 个家庭能够向调查员展示自我报告的烧开水情况。因此,有开水的家庭比例为 90.1%(95% 置信区间:82.5-95.1%)。与没有固定烧水时间的家庭相比,有固定烧水时间的家庭更有可能提供开水(94.5% 对 50.0%)。并非所有家庭成员都一定饮用煮沸的水:约四分之一(25.7%)的参与者表示,有些家庭成员饮用未煮沸的水:这项研究表明,在报告烧开饮用水的家庭中,90.1% 的家庭能够提供装有自我报告的开水的容器。这表明,自我报告的烧水方法在研究村庄中是有效的。
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Tropical Medicine and Health
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