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Trends and inequalities in oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding for children under five with diarrhoea in Sierra Leone. 塞拉利昂五岁以下腹泻儿童口服补液疗法和持续喂养的趋势与不平等。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00633-0
Augustus Osborne, Camilla Bangura

Background: Sierra Leone has improved child health outcomes in recent decades. However, diarrhoeal diseases remain a public health concern, particularly among children under five. This study investigates the trends and inequalities in oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding for children under five with diarrhoea in Sierra Leone in 2008, 2013 and 2019.

Methods: The analysis utilised data from the Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey rounds conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019. The software utilised for the calculation of various measures of inequality, including simple difference, ratio, population-attributable risk, and population-attributable fraction, was the World Health Organization Health Equity Assessment Toolkit. An inequality assessment was conducted for six stratifiers: maternal age, maternal economic status, maternal level of education, place of residence, sex of the child, and sub-national region.

Results: Our findings reveal that children under five with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding increased from 56.5% in 2008 to 59.7% in 2019 in Sierra Leone. Children of mothers aged 20-49 had more coverage over time than those with mothers aged 15-19. Children of mothers who are wealthy, more educated, and living in urban areas show a decrease in coverage with time compared to the poor, the lowly educated, and those residing in rural areas. Male children had higher coverage than female children. Regional inequality decreased slightly from 21.5 percentage points in 2008 to 21.2 percentage points in 2019.

Conclusion: The findings revealed a mixed picture of progress in oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding for children under five in Sierra Leone. While national coverage has increased, inequalities persist. Children of older mothers and those from disadvantaged backgrounds have experienced improvements, while children of younger, wealthier, and more educated mothers in urban areas have seen a decline in coverage. The gender and regional inequalities remain. Expanding community-based health programs, providing subsidised or free supplies, and strengthening health systems in underserved areas are key strategies to ensure equitable and effective healthcare for all children in Sierra Leone.

背景:近几十年来,塞拉利昂的儿童健康状况有所改善。然而,腹泻疾病仍然是一个公共卫生问题,尤其是在五岁以下儿童中。本研究调查了 2008 年、2013 年和 2019 年塞拉利昂五岁以下腹泻儿童口服补液疗法和持续喂养的趋势和不平等现象:分析利用了 2008 年、2013 年和 2019 年进行的塞拉利昂人口健康调查的数据。计算各种不平等度量(包括简单差异、比率、人口可归因风险和人口可归因分数)所使用的软件是世界卫生组织健康公平评估工具包。对六个分层因素进行了不平等评估:母亲年龄、母亲经济状况、母亲教育水平、居住地、儿童性别和国家以下地区:我们的研究结果表明,塞拉利昂五岁以下腹泻儿童接受口服补液疗法和持续喂养的比例从2008年的56.5%上升到2019年的59.7%。随着时间的推移,母亲年龄在 20-49 岁之间的儿童的覆盖率高于母亲年龄在 15-19 岁之间的儿童。与贫困、受教育程度低和居住在农村地区的母亲相比,富裕、受教育程度高和居住在城市地区的母亲的子女的覆盖率随时间推移而下降。男性儿童的覆盖率高于女性儿童。地区不平等略有下降,从 2008 年的 21.5 个百分点降至 2019 年的 21.2 个百分点:研究结果显示,塞拉利昂五岁以下儿童口服补液疗法和持续喂养方面的进展喜忧参半。虽然全国覆盖率有所提高,但不平等现象依然存在。年龄较大的母亲和贫困家庭的儿童的情况有所改善,而城市地区年龄较小、家境较富裕、母亲受教育程度较高的儿童的覆盖率则有所下降。性别和地区不平等依然存在。扩大以社区为基础的保健计划、提供补贴或免费用品以及加强服务不足地区的保健系统,是确保塞拉利昂所有儿童获得公平、有效保健的关键战略。
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引用次数: 0
Enhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan-coated niosomes to prevent Toxoplasma gondii strain VEG in pregnant mice: an experimental study. 利用壳聚糖包覆的niosomes加强克林霉素的输送以防止弓形虫株VEG在妊娠小鼠中的感染:一项实验研究。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00636-x
Mitra Sadeghi, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Hossein Asgaryan Omran, Zohre Zare, Shirzad Gholami, Alireza Khalilian, Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi, Fatemeh Hajizadeh, Mostafa Tork, Ahmad Daryani, Sargis A Aghayan

Background: Congenital toxoplasmosis occurs when a pregnant woman becomes infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) for the first time. Treatment typically involves antimicrobial medications, with spiramycin commonly used to prevent transmission. However, spiramycin's effectiveness is limited due to poor placental penetration. Clindamycin, another antibiotic, can cross the placenta but reaches the fetus at only half the maternal concentration. Encapsulating the drug in chitosan-coated niosomes (Cs-Nio) could enhance its effectiveness by targeting specific organs and ensuring sustained release. To address the challenges of using clindamycin, a niosome-coated chitosan system was investigated for treating congenital toxoplasmosis caused by the VEG strain of T. gondii in an animal model.

Methods: Pregnant mice were infected with VEG strain of T. gondii on the 12th day of pregnancy, followed by treatment with various drugs across six groups. The treatments included chitosan-coated niosomes loaded clindamycin (Cs-Nio-Cli) and other controls. Parasitological evaluations (microscopic examination and real-time PCR), along with histopathological and immunological assessments were conducted to assess treatment efficacy. Finally, statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.0 and SPSS 26, comparing test and control groups with T test and Mann-Whitney test. A p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The study found that treatment with Cs-Nio-Cli significantly reduced the number of T. gondii cysts in the brain and eyes (97.59% and 92.68%, respectively) compared to the negative control group. It also mitigated inflammatory changes, prevented cell death, and reduced vascular cuffs in the brain. In addition, Cs-Nio-Cli treatment decreased bleeding, placental thrombosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the placenta while improving eye tissue health by reducing retinal folds and bleeds. Immunologically, nanoclindamycin treatment resulted in lower TNF-α cytokine levels and higher IL-10 levels, indicating an enhanced anti-inflammatory response.

Conclusions: Although Cs-Nio-Cli demonstrates promise in reducing the transmission of congenital toxoplasmosis and mitigating the effects of congenital toxoplasmosis, additional research is necessary to determine the optimal treatment regimens for the complete eradication of the parasite in the fetus.

背景:先天性弓形虫病是指孕妇首次感染弓形虫(T. gondii)。治疗通常包括抗菌药物,螺旋霉素常用于预防传播。然而,由于螺旋霉素对胎盘的穿透性较差,其疗效有限。另一种抗生素克林霉素可以穿过胎盘,但到达胎儿体内的浓度只有母体浓度的一半。将药物封装在壳聚糖包裹的niosomes(Cs-Nio)中,可以通过靶向特定器官和确保持续释放来提高药物的疗效。为了应对使用克林霉素所面临的挑战,研究人员在动物模型中研究了一种包裹壳聚糖的niosome系统,用于治疗由冈底斯弓形虫VEG株引起的先天性弓形虫病:方法:妊娠小鼠在妊娠第 12 天感染 VEG 株弓形虫,然后分 6 组接受不同药物的治疗。治疗方法包括壳聚糖包裹的含克林霉素的niosomes(Cs-Nio-Cli)和其他对照组。为评估疗效,还进行了寄生虫学评估(显微镜检查和实时 PCR)以及组织病理学和免疫学评估。最后,使用 GraphPad Prism 8.0 和 SPSS 26 进行统计分析,用 T 检验和 Mann-Whitney 检验比较试验组和对照组。P≤0.05为差异有统计学意义:研究发现,与阴性对照组相比,Cs-Nio-Cli能显著减少脑部和眼部淋巴囊肿的数量(分别为97.59%和92.68%)。它还减轻了炎症变化,防止了细胞死亡,并减少了大脑中的血管袖口。此外,Cs-Nio-Cli 治疗减少了出血、胎盘血栓形成和胎盘中的炎症细胞浸润,同时通过减少视网膜皱褶和出血改善了眼组织健康。在免疫学方面,纳米林可霉素治疗可降低 TNF-α 细胞因子水平,提高 IL-10 水平,这表明抗炎反应得到了增强:尽管Cs-Nio-Cli有望减少先天性弓形虫病的传播并减轻先天性弓形虫病的影响,但仍有必要开展更多研究,以确定彻底根除胎儿体内寄生虫的最佳治疗方案。
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引用次数: 0
Exploratory study of antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 using an indirect immunoperoxidase assay in COVID-19 patients and vaccinated volunteers. 使用间接免疫过氧化物酶测定法对 COVID-19 患者和接种过疫苗的志愿者的 SARS-CoV-2 抗体滴度进行探索性研究。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00635-y
Shungo Katoh, Ikkoh Yasuda, Kazuhiro Kitakawa, Sugihiro Hamaguchi, Eiichiro Sando

Background: A number of antibody test kits for detecting prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-immunization status have been commercialized. Indirect immunoperoxidase assay (IIP) is a conventional method to test antibodies. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy and antibody titer profile of the IIP in COVID-19 and pre- and post-vaccination.

Methods: We conducted a hospital-based observational study in Fukushima prefecture, Japan. We enrolled COVID-19 inpatients who tested positive by PCR. We used serum samples collected > 10 years before the pandemic as the negative control. We also included volunteers vaccinated at the hospital. All participants were tested using an IIP with whole-cell antigen of the six SARS-CoV-2 variants isolated in Japan during the epidemic and an IgG ELISA kit. Negative controls and vaccinated volunteers were also tested using a lateral flow assay (LFA) kit. We conducted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate diagnostic accuracy and performed logistic regression analysis to explore factors associated with antibody titer.

Results: We included 146 COVID-19 inpatients, 38 negative controls, and 36 vaccinated volunteers. Most participants had the highest titer for IgG and IgM in the wild type-A antigen among the six variants. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the IgG ELISA kit were 60.3%, 100%, and 68.5%; of the IIP for IgG with the cutoff titer at 1:80, 82.2%, 94.7%, and 84.8%, respectively. The ROC curves of the ELISA and IIP for IgG were almost identical. In the IgG tests of the 36 volunteers, 35 were positive for ELISA and IIP and 34 for LFA after two vaccinations. IgM titers in the IIP were <  = 1:40 in 114 patients and 32 volunteers after two vaccinations; therefore, the IgM titer is unsuitable for diagnosis. In COVID-19 patients, age, days from disease onset, >  = 7 days after the second vaccination, and immunosuppressants for comorbidity were associated with IgG titer of >  = 1:640 in the IIP.

Conclusions: The diagnostic accuracy of the IIP for detecting IgG antibodies in COVID-19 or after two vaccinations is equivalent to that of an ELISA. Further investigations are required to address the association between antibody titers in the IIP and their protective or harmful effects against COVID-19.

背景:许多用于检测 SARS-CoV-2 既往感染和免疫后状态的抗体检测试剂盒已经商业化。间接免疫过氧化物酶检测法(IIP)是检测抗体的传统方法。我们评估了 COVID-19 和接种疫苗前后 IIP 的诊断准确性和抗体滴度情况:我们在日本福岛县开展了一项基于医院的观察性研究。我们招募了经 PCR 检测呈阳性的 COVID-19 住院患者。我们使用大流行前 10 年采集的血清样本作为阴性对照。我们还纳入了在医院接种疫苗的志愿者。所有参与者都接受了使用日本在疫情期间分离出的六种 SARS-CoV-2 变体全细胞抗原的 IIP 和 IgG ELISA 试剂盒进行的检测。阴性对照组和接种过疫苗的志愿者也使用侧流试验(LFA)试剂盒进行了检测。我们进行了接收器操作特征(ROC)分析以评估诊断准确性,并进行了逻辑回归分析以探讨与抗体滴度相关的因素:我们纳入了 146 名 COVID-19 住院患者、38 名阴性对照和 36 名接种过疫苗的志愿者。在六种变体中,大多数参与者的野生型-A 抗原 IgG 和 IgM 滴度最高。IgG 酶联免疫吸附试剂盒的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为 60.3%、100% 和 68.5%;以 1:80 为界限滴度的 IgG 免疫吸附试验的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为 82.2%、94.7% 和 84.8%。ELISA 和 IIP 检测 IgG 的 ROC 曲线几乎相同。在对 36 名志愿者进行的 IgG 检测中,有 35 人在接种两次疫苗后,ELISA 和 IIP 检测结果呈阳性,34 人 LFA 检测结果呈阳性。第二次接种后 7 天,IIP 中的 IgM 滴度为 =,因合并症而服用免疫抑制剂与 IIP 中的 IgG 滴度 > = 1:640 相关:结论:IIP检测COVID-19或两次疫苗接种后IgG抗体的诊断准确性与ELISA相当。需要进一步研究 IIP 中的抗体滴度与其对 COVID-19 的保护作用或有害作用之间的关联。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of dengue fever on depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador: a prospective cohort study. 登革热对厄瓜多尔埃斯梅拉达斯省抑郁、焦虑和压力症状的影响:一项前瞻性队列研究。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00625-0
Julio P Salazar Buenaño, Fabián A Zurita Alvarado, Ines Weyand, Tamara Rosero Montezuma, Boris Tapia, Cecilia Solis Olive, Karen Rosero, Pablo Bermudez, Federico Gobbi, Emmanuel Bottieau, Ralph Huits

Background: Physical symptoms of dengue have been documented extensively, but knowledge gaps on dengue-associated mental health hazards remain. We investigated the frequency of psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress) and neurocognitive performance during the first year after a dengue episode.

Methods: Using DASS-21 scores at 3, 6, and 12 months, we assessed depression, anxiety, and stress in anti-dengue IgM-positive adults and matched controls during the 2021 dengue season in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. Patients with DASS-21 scores ≤ 4 were considered normal; those with scores of 5-7, 8-10, and ≥ 11 indicated mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively; cutoff scores for anxiety and stress were ≥ 5 and ≥ 9, respectively. We also assessed 'delayed matching to sample' (DMS) and 'spatial working memory' (SWM) using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.

Results: We enrolled 102 cases and 78 controls. At 3 months, 90 cases and 70 controls were available for follow-up, among these 40/90 (44.4%) cases and 12/70 (17.1%) controls had DASS-21 scores ≥ 5 (RR 2.7, 95% CI [1.5-4.7]). Dengue remained a predictor for depression after adjusting for age, sex, and COVID-19 status. We observed no difference in anxiety between the groups, but stress scores increased at month 3 (RR 1.87, 95% CI [1.01-3.4]). DASS-21 scores normalized during follow-up. DMS and SWM did not differ between groups at 3 and 6 months. At month 12, cases had lower SWM than controls did (p value < 0.001).

Conclusions: Care providers should be aware of dengue-associated mood disorders and facilitate timely referral to mental health services. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to validate our observations regarding the impact of dengue on mental health and neurocognitive status in affected patients.

背景:登革热的躯体症状已被广泛记录,但与登革热相关的心理健康危害方面的知识仍存在空白。我们调查了登革热发作后第一年内精神症状(抑郁、焦虑和压力)的频率和神经认知表现:在厄瓜多尔埃斯梅拉达斯省的 2021 年登革热季节,我们使用 DASS-21(3、6 和 12 个月)评分对抗登革热 IgM 阳性成人和匹配对照组的抑郁、焦虑和压力进行了评估。DASS-21 评分≤ 4 分的患者被视为正常;5-7 分、8-10 分和≥ 11 分的患者分别表示轻度、中度和重度抑郁;焦虑和压力的临界值分别为≥ 5 分和≥ 9 分。我们还使用剑桥神经心理测试自动化电池评估了 "样本延迟匹配"(DMS)和 "空间工作记忆"(SWM):我们共招募了 102 例病例和 78 例对照。3 个月后,有 90 例病例和 70 例对照进行了随访,其中 40/90 例病例(44.4%)和 12/70 例对照(17.1%)的 DASS-21 评分≥5(RR 2.7,95% CI [1.5-4.7])。在对年龄、性别和 COVID-19 状态进行调整后,登革热仍然是抑郁症的预测因素。我们观察到两组患者的焦虑程度没有差异,但压力评分在第 3 个月有所增加(RR 1.87,95% CI [1.01-3.4])。DASS-21 评分在随访期间趋于正常。在 3 个月和 6 个月时,组间的 DMS 和 SWM 没有差异。在第 12 个月,病例的 SWM 值低于对照组(P 值 结论:病例的 SWM 值低于对照组:医疗服务提供者应了解与登革热相关的情绪障碍,并促进及时转诊至心理健康服务机构。今后有必要开展纵向研究,以验证我们关于登革热对患者精神健康和神经认知状态影响的观察结果。
{"title":"Impact of dengue fever on depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Julio P Salazar Buenaño, Fabián A Zurita Alvarado, Ines Weyand, Tamara Rosero Montezuma, Boris Tapia, Cecilia Solis Olive, Karen Rosero, Pablo Bermudez, Federico Gobbi, Emmanuel Bottieau, Ralph Huits","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00625-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00625-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Physical symptoms of dengue have been documented extensively, but knowledge gaps on dengue-associated mental health hazards remain. We investigated the frequency of psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress) and neurocognitive performance during the first year after a dengue episode.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using DASS-21 scores at 3, 6, and 12 months, we assessed depression, anxiety, and stress in anti-dengue IgM-positive adults and matched controls during the 2021 dengue season in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. Patients with DASS-21 scores ≤ 4 were considered normal; those with scores of 5-7, 8-10, and ≥ 11 indicated mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively; cutoff scores for anxiety and stress were ≥ 5 and ≥ 9, respectively. We also assessed 'delayed matching to sample' (DMS) and 'spatial working memory' (SWM) using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 102 cases and 78 controls. At 3 months, 90 cases and 70 controls were available for follow-up, among these 40/90 (44.4%) cases and 12/70 (17.1%) controls had DASS-21 scores ≥ 5 (RR 2.7, 95% CI [1.5-4.7]). Dengue remained a predictor for depression after adjusting for age, sex, and COVID-19 status. We observed no difference in anxiety between the groups, but stress scores increased at month 3 (RR 1.87, 95% CI [1.01-3.4]). DASS-21 scores normalized during follow-up. DMS and SWM did not differ between groups at 3 and 6 months. At month 12, cases had lower SWM than controls did (p value < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Care providers should be aware of dengue-associated mood disorders and facilitate timely referral to mental health services. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to validate our observations regarding the impact of dengue on mental health and neurocognitive status in affected patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"63"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11428912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Molecular genotyping reveals multiple carbapenemase genes and unique blaOXA-51-like (oxaAb) alleles among clinically isolated Acinetobacter baumannii from a Philippine tertiary hospital. 分子基因分型发现菲律宾一家三级医院临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌中存在多种碳青霉烯酶基因和独特的 blaOXA-51-like (oxaAb) 等位基因。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00629-w
Mark B Carascal, Raul V Destura, Windell L Rivera

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii continued to be an important Gram-negative pathogen of concern in the clinical context. The resistance of this pathogen to carbapenems due to the production of carbapenemases is considered a global threat. Despite the efforts to track carbapenemase synthesis among A. baumannii in the Philippines, local data on its molecular features are very scarce. This study aims to characterize A. baumannii clinical isolates from a Philippine tertiary hospital through genotyping of the pathogen's carbapenemase genes.

Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility profiling, phenotypic testing of carbapenemase production, and polymerase chain reaction assays to detect the different classes of carbapenemase genes (class A blaKPC, class B blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, and class D blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24/40-like, blaOXA-48-like, blaOXA-51-like, ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-58-like) were performed in all collected A. baumannii, both carbapenem resistant and susceptible (n = 52).

Results: Results showed that the majority of the carbapenem-resistant strains phenotypically produced carbapenemases (up to 84% in carbapenem inactivation methods) and possessed the ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like gene complex (80%). Meanwhile, both carbapenem-resistant and carbapenem-susceptible isolates possessed multi-class carbapenemase genes including blaNDM (1.9%), blaVIM (3.9%), blaOXA-24/40-like (5.8%), blaOXA-58-like (5.8%), blaKPC (11.5%), and blaOXA-23-like (94.2%), which coexist with each other in some strains (17.3%). In terms of the intrinsic blaOXA-51-like (oxaAb) genes, 23 unique alleles were reported (blaOXA-1058 to blaOXA-1080), the majority of which are closely related to blaOXA-66. Isolates possessing these alleles showed varying carbapenem resistance profiles.

Conclusions: In summary, this study highlighted the importance of molecular genotyping in the characterization of A. baumannii by revealing the carbapenemase profiles of the pathogen (which may not be captured accurately in phenotypic tests), in identifying potent carriers of transferrable carbapenemase genes (which may not be expressed straightforwardly in antimicrobial susceptibility testing), and in monitoring unique pathogen epidemiology in the local clinical setting.

背景:鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)仍然是临床上令人担忧的重要革兰氏阴性病原体。这种病原体因产生碳青霉烯酶而对碳青霉烯类产生耐药性,被认为是一种全球性威胁。尽管菲律宾在努力追踪鲍曼不动杆菌中碳青霉烯酶的合成情况,但有关其分子特征的本地数据却非常稀少。本研究旨在通过对病原体的碳青霉烯酶基因进行基因分型,分析菲律宾一家三甲医院的鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株的特征:方法:对收集到的所有鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株进行抗生素敏感性分析、碳青霉烯酶生产表型检测和聚合酶链反应检测,以检测不同类别的碳青霉烯酶基因(A 类 blaKPC、B 类 blaNDM、blaIMP、blaVIM 和 D 类 blaOXA-23-like、blaOXA-24/40-like、blaOXA-48-like、blaOXA-51-like、ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like、blaOXA-58-like)。结果:结果表明,大多数耐碳青霉烯菌株表型上产生碳青霉烯酶(在碳青霉烯灭活方法中高达 84%),并拥有 ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like 基因复合物(80%)。同时,耐碳青霉烯类和对碳青霉烯类敏感的分离株都具有多类碳青霉烯酶基因,包括 blaNDM(1.9%)、blaVIM(3.9%)、blaOXA-24/40-like(5.8%)、blaOXA-58-like(5.8%)、blaKPC(11.5%)和 blaOXA-23-like(94.2%),这些基因在一些菌株(17.3%)中相互共存。就内在 blaOXA-51-like(oxaAb)基因而言,报告了 23 个独特的等位基因(blaOXA-1058 至 blaOXA-1080),其中大多数与 blaOXA-66 关系密切。具有这些等位基因的分离株显示出不同的碳青霉烯耐药性特征:总之,本研究通过揭示病原体的碳青霉烯酶谱(表型检测可能无法准确捕捉)、识别可转移碳青霉烯酶基因的强力携带者(抗菌药敏感性检测可能无法直接表达)以及监测当地临床环境中独特的病原体流行病学,强调了分子基因分型在鲍曼尼菌特征描述中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Freshwater snail-borne parasitic diseases in Africa. 非洲淡水蜗牛寄生虫病。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00632-1
Papa Mouhamadou Gaye, Souleymane Doucouré, Doudou Sow, Cheikh Sokhna, Stéphane Ranque

Background: Freshwater snails are the first obligatory intermediate hosts in the trematode life cycle. Several parasitic diseases transmitted by these snails are endemic in Africa, and their distribution closely follows that of the intermediate hosts. These diseases represent a major public health problem and cause significant socio-economic losses in Africa, particularly schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. In this review, we will describe the main roles of freshwater snails in the life cycle of trematode parasites, and the geographical distribution of these diseases in Africa. We will also discuss the different techniques for detecting parasitic infections in snails, as well as the various methods of controlling snails and the larval stages of parasites.

Methods: We carried out a literature search for articles dealing with parasitic diseases transmitted by freshwater snail hosts in Africa. The search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using various search terms combined by Boolean operators. Our search was limited to peer-reviewed articles less than 10 years old. Articles published to date in the fields of control of parasitic diseases transmitted by freshwater snails were included. Results were presented in narrative and in table format.

Results: The results of the database search identified 1007 records. We included 84 studies in this review. These studies generally focused on freshwater snails and the diseases they transmit. We described the geographical distribution of 43 freshwater species belonging to nine snail families, as well as the parasites that infect them. Several methods for diagnosing parasites in their snail hosts have been described, including microscopic and molecular methods, as well as antibody and protein barcode-based techniques. Molluscicides have been described as the main strategy for snail control.

Conclusion: This study highlights several elements of knowledge about diseases transmitted by freshwater snails and their distribution. A good understanding of snail infection detection techniques and existing control methods is an essential component in adapting control strategies for these diseases.

背景:淡水蜗牛是吸虫生命周期中的第一个强制性中间宿主。由这些蜗牛传播的几种寄生虫病是非洲的地方病,其分布与中间宿主的分布密切相关。这些疾病是一个重大的公共卫生问题,在非洲造成了重大的社会经济损失,尤其是血吸虫病和筋膜炎。在本综述中,我们将介绍淡水蜗牛在吸虫生命周期中的主要作用,以及这些疾病在非洲的地理分布。我们还将讨论检测蜗牛寄生虫感染的不同技术,以及控制蜗牛和寄生虫幼虫阶段的各种方法:我们对有关非洲淡水蜗牛宿主传播寄生虫病的文章进行了文献检索。我们在 PubMed、Web of Science 和 Google Scholar 等数据库中进行了搜索,使用了由布尔运算符组合而成的各种搜索条件。我们的搜索仅限于10年以内的同行评审文章。其中包括迄今为止发表的有关淡水蜗牛传播寄生虫病控制领域的文章。搜索结果以叙述和表格形式呈现:数据库搜索结果共发现 1007 条记录。我们在本综述中纳入了 84 项研究。这些研究通常侧重于淡水蜗牛及其传播的疾病。我们描述了属于九个蜗牛科的 43 种淡水蜗牛的地理分布以及感染它们的寄生虫。我们介绍了几种诊断蜗牛宿主体内寄生虫的方法,包括显微镜和分子方法,以及基于抗体和蛋白质条形码的技术。杀软体动物剂是控制蜗牛的主要策略:本研究强调了有关淡水蜗牛传播疾病及其分布的若干知识要素。充分了解蜗牛感染检测技术和现有的控制方法是调整这些疾病控制策略的重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Do they really boil their drinking water? a descriptive study in a rural district of the Lao people's democratic republic. 在老挝人民民主共和国一个农村地区进行的描述性研究。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00626-z
Sae Kawamoto, Daisuke Nonaka, Nouhak Inthavong

Background: For safe drinking water, household water treatments (HWT) is important to reduce the risk of diarrhea in low-and-middle countries including Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). However, the measurement of HWT relies chiefly on self-report in most nationwide surveys. Thus, the validity of self-reported measurement is of concern. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of households with the presence of boiled water among households that report boiling practices in a rural area of the Lao PDR.

Methods: This study was conducted with randomly selected 108 households in the four villages in the catchment area of the two health centers, in Xepon district of the Savannakhet province, between September and October 2023. The inclusion criterion of the households was the households that report boiling as HWT. Surveyors conducted interviews with an adult household member and observations on boiled water through household visits, using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were conducted to summarize the collected information using the frequency with proportion for categorical variables and the median with interquartile range for continuous variables. Bivariate analyses were conducted to assess an association between each of the factors and the presence of boiled water, using Fisher's exact test.

Results: Among the 108 households that reported boiling practice, 91 households were able to show the surveyor self-reported boiled water. Thus, the proportion of households with the presence of boiled water was 90.1% (95% confidence interval: 82.5-95.1%). Households with a fixed schedule of boiling were significantly more likely to present boiled water, compared to households without (94.5% vs. 50.0%). Not all household members do not necessarily drink boiled water: approximately a quarter (25.7%) of the participants reported that some household members drink unboiled water.

Conclusions: This study showed that among households that reported boiling drinking water, 90.1% were able to present a container with self-reported boiled water. It suggests that the self-reported measure of boiling practices can be valid in the study villages.

背景:在包括老挝人民民主共和国(Lao PDR)在内的中低端国家,为了获得安全的饮用水,家庭水处理(HWT)对于降低腹泻风险非常重要。然而,在大多数全国性调查中,家庭水处理的测量主要依赖于自我报告。因此,自我报告测量的有效性令人担忧。本研究旨在确定老挝农村地区报告有烧开水习俗的家庭中存在烧开水习俗的家庭比例:本研究于2023年9月至10月期间在沙湾拿吉省Xepon县两个保健中心集水区的四个村庄中随机抽取了108户家庭。家庭的纳入标准是报告煮沸为 HWT 的家庭。调查人员使用问卷对一名成年家庭成员进行了访谈,并通过家访对开水进行了观察。对收集到的信息进行了描述性统计,对分类变量使用频率和比例,对连续变量使用中位数和四分位距。采用费雪精确检验法进行二元分析,以评估各因素与是否使用开水之间的关联:结果:在 108 个报告有烧开水习惯的家庭中,有 91 个家庭能够向调查员展示自我报告的烧开水情况。因此,有开水的家庭比例为 90.1%(95% 置信区间:82.5-95.1%)。与没有固定烧水时间的家庭相比,有固定烧水时间的家庭更有可能提供开水(94.5% 对 50.0%)。并非所有家庭成员都一定饮用煮沸的水:约四分之一(25.7%)的参与者表示,有些家庭成员饮用未煮沸的水:这项研究表明,在报告烧开饮用水的家庭中,90.1% 的家庭能够提供装有自我报告的开水的容器。这表明,自我报告的烧水方法在研究村庄中是有效的。
{"title":"Do they really boil their drinking water? a descriptive study in a rural district of the Lao people's democratic republic.","authors":"Sae Kawamoto, Daisuke Nonaka, Nouhak Inthavong","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00626-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00626-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>For safe drinking water, household water treatments (HWT) is important to reduce the risk of diarrhea in low-and-middle countries including Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). However, the measurement of HWT relies chiefly on self-report in most nationwide surveys. Thus, the validity of self-reported measurement is of concern. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of households with the presence of boiled water among households that report boiling practices in a rural area of the Lao PDR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted with randomly selected 108 households in the four villages in the catchment area of the two health centers, in Xepon district of the Savannakhet province, between September and October 2023. The inclusion criterion of the households was the households that report boiling as HWT. Surveyors conducted interviews with an adult household member and observations on boiled water through household visits, using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were conducted to summarize the collected information using the frequency with proportion for categorical variables and the median with interquartile range for continuous variables. Bivariate analyses were conducted to assess an association between each of the factors and the presence of boiled water, using Fisher's exact test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 108 households that reported boiling practice, 91 households were able to show the surveyor self-reported boiled water. Thus, the proportion of households with the presence of boiled water was 90.1% (95% confidence interval: 82.5-95.1%). Households with a fixed schedule of boiling were significantly more likely to present boiled water, compared to households without (94.5% vs. 50.0%). Not all household members do not necessarily drink boiled water: approximately a quarter (25.7%) of the participants reported that some household members drink unboiled water.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study showed that among households that reported boiling drinking water, 90.1% were able to present a container with self-reported boiled water. It suggests that the self-reported measure of boiling practices can be valid in the study villages.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"60"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11409578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142296408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and ritual plants utilized by the indigenous communities of Benguet province, Philippines. 菲律宾本格特省土著社区使用的药用植物和祭祀植物的人种植物学调查。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00624-1
Janna R Andalan, Alissa Jane S Mondejar, Nanette Hope N Sumaya, Jaime Q Guihawan, Ma Reina Suzette B Madamba, Carlito Baltazar Tabelin, David Guilingen, Florifern C Paglinawan, Kryzzyl M Maulas, Isidro Arquisal, Arnel B Beltran, Aileen H Orbecido, Michael Angelo Promentilla, Dennis Alonzo, Pamela Flynn Pisda, Alleah Ananayo, Marlon Suelto, Irish Mae Dalona, Vannie Joy Resabal, Robin Armstrong, Anne D Jungblut, Ana Santos, Pablo Brito-Parada, Yves Plancherel, Richard Herrington, Mylah Villacorte-Tabelin

Background: The Sto. Niño site in Benguet province, Philippines was once a mining area that has now been transformed into an agricultural land. In this area, there has been significant integration of the three indigenous people (IPs) Ibaloi, Kankanaeys and Kalanguyas with the Ilocano community. These IPs safeguard biodiversity and traditional knowledge, including medicinal plant use. However, the documentation of these plant species and their medicinal applications has not been systematic, with the resultant loss of knowledge across generations. This study aims to document the medicinal and ritual plants used by the indigenous communities at the site, in order to preserve and disseminate traditional medicinal knowledge that would otherwise be lost.

Methods: Ethnobotanical data were collected in Sto. Niño, Brgy. Ambassador, Municipality of Tublay, Benguet, Philippines, and collected through semi-structured interviews, together with focus group discussions (FGD). A total of 100 residents (39 male and 61 female) were interviewed. Among them, 12 were key interviewees, including community elders and farmers, while the rest were selected through the convenience and snowball technique. Demographic information collected from the interviewees included age, gender, and occupation. Ethnobotanical information collected focused on medicinal plants, including the specific parts of plants used, methods of preparation, modes of treatment, and the types of ailments treated. Ethnobotanical quantitative indices of the relative frequency of citations (RFC) and informant consensus factor (ICF) were calculated to evaluate the plant species that were utilized by the community.

Results: A total of 28 medicinal plants from 20 different families and 6 ritual plants from 5 different families were documented. Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Lamiaceae (10.71%) family are the most mentioned medicinal plant species, followed by Myrtaceae and Euphorbiaceae (7.14%). The most widely used growth form were herbs (46.4%), while leaves (61.5%) were the most utilized plant part, and the preparation of a decoction (62.2%) was the most preferred method of processing and application. The medicinal plants were most commonly utilized for wound-healing, cough and colds, stomachache and kidney trouble, whereas ritual plants were largely used for healing, protection, and funeral ceremonies.

Conclusion: This study marks the first report on the medicinal and ritual plants used by a group of indigenous communities in Sto. Niño, Brgy. Ambassador, Tublay, Benguet Province. The data collected show that plant species belonging to the Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Lamiaceae family were the most mentioned and should be further evaluated by pharmacological analysis to assess their wider use for medicinal treatment.

背景介绍菲律宾本格特省的圣尼诺(Sto. Niño)地区曾经是一个采矿区,现在已经变成了一片农田。在这一地区,伊巴洛伊人(Ibaloi)、坎卡纳伊人(Kankanaeys)和卡兰吉亚斯人(Kalanguyas)这三个土著人与伊洛卡诺人(Ilocano)社区进行了大量融合。这些土著人保护生物多样性和传统知识,包括药用植物的使用。然而,对这些植物物种及其药用用途的记录并不系统,导致知识世代相传。本研究旨在记录原住民社区在该地点使用的药用植物和祭祀植物,以保护和传播传统医药知识,否则这些知识就会失传:在菲律宾本格特省 Tublay 市大使区 Sto.共采访了 100 名居民(39 名男性和 61 名女性)。其中 12 人为关键受访者,包括社区长老和农民,其余受访者则是通过便利和滚雪球技术选出的。从受访者那里收集到的人口信息包括年龄、性别和职业。收集到的人种植物学信息主要集中在药用植物方面,包括植物的具体使用部位、制备方法、治疗方式和治疗疾病的类型。通过计算引用相对频率(RFC)和信息提供者共识因子(ICF)等民族植物学定量指数来评估社区使用的植物物种:结果:共记录了 20 个科 28 种药用植物和 5 个科 6 种祭祀植物。提及最多的药用植物种类是菊科(Asteraceae)、蒲葵科(Poaceae)和苎麻科(Lamiaceae)(10.71%),其次是桃金娘科(Myrtaceae)和大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)(7.14%)。最广泛使用的生长形式是草本植物(46.4%),而叶子(61.5%)是最常用的植物部分,煎煮(62.2%)是最常用的加工和应用方法。药用植物最常用于治疗伤口、咳嗽和感冒、胃痛和肾病,而祭祀植物则主要用于治疗、保护和葬礼仪式:这项研究首次报告了本格特省 Tublay 大使区 Sto.收集到的数据显示,菊科、罂粟科和苎麻科植物是被提及最多的植物物种,应通过药理分析对其进行进一步评估,以确定其在药用治疗方面的广泛用途。
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引用次数: 0
Mental health problems in Somalia after decades of humanitarian crises: a qualitative exploration of perceptions and experiences. 几十年人道主义危机后索马里的心理健康问题:对看法和经历的定性探索。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00618-z
Md Manirul Islam, Abdiwali Ahmed Siyad, Sk Md Mamunur Rahman Malik

Background: Humanitarian crises increase the risk of mental health problems. Somalia has been affected by conflict, insecurity, and economic turmoil for over three decades, as well as climatic shocks. However, 80-90% of Somalis who have mental health problems do not have access to good-quality, and affordable mental health care. To develop an evidence-based, effective, equitable, and humane programme for mental health, we need to have a holistic understanding of mental health problems and care in relation to people's perceptions, experiences, and behaviour related to mental health.

Methods: We undertook a qualitative study to explore Somalis' perceptions and experiences of mental health problems. We conducted three key informant interviews, two in-depth interviews, nine focus group discussions, 12 observations in private and public health facilities and more than 12 informal discussions. We used case vignettes translated into Somali during our discussion. We also studied three cases with experience of mental health problems to understand care-seeking behaviour and the experiences with services available.

Results: Somalia has been moving from a traditional pastoral nomadic lifestyle to a settled one. A strong informal support system exists in the community within clans or family relations. Armed conflict often among clans, natural disasters, and khat use are the three main factors affecting mental health. The prevalence of mental problems is likely greater than is evident. It is perceived that about 95% of people suffering from mental illness remain outside of appropriate care. Few people seek care for mental health problems because they are not aware of it and because it is highly stigmatized and neglected. Those who do seek care usually go to traditional healers because of culture and cost. Resources for mental health care are grossly inadequate with a limited and often poorly trained workforce. At least two levels of barrier to mental health care exist, at the individual/family level (e.g. poor awareness of mental health and stigma) and service provider level (e.g. lack of staff and limited ability to diagnose, treat, or refer persons with mental health problems and stigma). No tool or evidence-based programme is available to address these barriers.

Conclusion: A qualitative data-driven mental health programme that addresses all these issues is needed with more trained mental health professionals. Given the stigma about mental health problems, there is also a need for a tool to raise awareness about mental health and the importance of mental health care among both the public and health workers.

背景:人道主义危机会增加出现心理健康问题的风险。三十多年来,索马里一直受到冲突、不安全和经济动荡以及气候冲击的影响。然而,80%-90% 有心理健康问题的索马里人都无法获得优质且负担得起的心理保健服务。为了制定一个以证据为基础的、有效的、公平的和人性化的心理健康计划,我们需要全面了解心理健康问题,以及与人们对心理健康的看法、经历和行为相关的护理:我们开展了一项定性研究,探讨索马里人对心理健康问题的看法和经历。我们进行了 3 次关键信息提供者访谈、2 次深入访谈、9 次焦点小组讨论、12 次在私营和公共医疗机构的观察以及超过 12 次非正式讨论。在讨论过程中,我们使用了翻译成索马里语的案例小故事。我们还研究了三个有心理健康问题经历的案例,以了解寻求护理的行为和获得服务的经历:索马里正在从传统的游牧生活方式向定居生活方式转变。社区中的氏族或家庭关系中存在着强大的非正式支持系统。经常发生在部族之间的武装冲突、自然灾害和阿拉伯茶的使用是影响心理健康的三个主要因素。精神问题的发生率可能比实际情况要高。据估计,约 95% 的精神疾病患者得不到适当的治疗。很少有人寻求精神健康方面的治疗,因为他们没有意识到这一点,也因为精神疾病被严重鄙视和忽视。由于文化和费用的原因,那些寻求治疗的人通常会去找传统的治疗师。用于心理健康护理的资源严重不足,劳动力有限,而且往往训练有素。心理健康护理至少存在两个层面的障碍,即个人/家庭层面(如对心理健康认识不足和成见)和服务提供者层面(如缺乏工作人员,诊断、治疗或转介有心理健康问题的人的能力有限和成见)。没有任何工具或循证方案可以解决这些障碍:结论:需要有更多训练有素的心理健康专业人员来实施一项以定性数据为导向的心理健康计划,以解决所有这些问题。鉴于人们对心理健康问题的成见,还需要一种工具来提高公众和卫生工作者对心理健康和心理保健重要性的认识。
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引用次数: 0
A serological survey of COVID-19 among predominantly aboriginal residents of a tourist island in southern Thailand. 对泰国南部一个旅游岛屿上以土著居民为主的人群进行 COVID-19 血清学调查。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00617-0
Supakorn Sripaew, Kameelah Yasharad, Dzerlina S Rahari, Weiyan Feng, Zhenzhu Qian, Huynh Ngoc Thanh, Pei Li, Agus Fitriangga, Satiti Palupi Purwanto, Aye Nyein Phyu, Fangming Xianyu, Sombat Phadungvitvatthana, Wit Wichaidit, Ponlagrit Kumwichar, Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong

Background: The current survey describes the seroprevalence, history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and vaccination status among predominantly aboriginal residents on a tourist island in southern Thailand. This information can be translated into COVID-19 vaccination and control plans for this population.

Methods: We implemented questionnaire interviews and collected blood samples from 249 residents of Lipe Island, Satun Province, in January 2022. We measured the anti-nucleocapsid protein and anti-spike (anti-S) receptor-binding protein levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG. The differences in antibody levels among participants with different histories of vaccination and infection were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with multiple comparisons.

Results: During the 2-year pandemic period, no island residents with COVID-19 required hospitalization despite the high prevalence of hypertension (33.3%) and diabetes mellitus (21.7%). Approximately 18.8% of the participants reported a history of COVID-19 diagnosis. In total, 95.1% of the participants had a history of complete vaccination, of which 93.5% were seropositive. The anti-S IgG geometric means (geometric standard deviation) were 3945.8 (2.0), 829.8 (9.7) AU/mL, 789.9 (5.3) AU/mL, and 22.7 (7.1) AU/mL, respectively, in participants with a history of both COVID-19 diagnosis and complete vaccination (group 1), incomplete vaccination and subsequent COVID-19 diagnosis (group 2), complete vaccination but no previous infection (group 3), or neither previous COVID-19 and complete vaccination (group 4). Significant pairwise differences in anti-S IgG levels were found between certain groups (1 vs 3, 1 vs 4, 2 vs 4, and 3 vs 4).

Conclusions: The high coverage of vaccination, high levels of population antibody titers, variable antibody levels among completely vaccinated non-infected residents, and high prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) suggested that the local health systems could control the pandemic. However, continuing surveillance, booster vaccinations, and NCD prevention programs were still required.

背景:本次调查描述了泰国南部一个旅游岛屿上以原住民为主的居民的血清流行率、冠状病毒病 2019(COVID-19)病史和疫苗接种情况。这些信息可转化为针对该人群的 COVID-19 疫苗接种和控制计划:我们于 2022 年 1 月对沙吞府利佩岛的 249 名居民进行了问卷调查并采集了血样。我们测量了免疫球蛋白 (Ig) M 和 IgG 中抗核壳蛋白和抗尖峰受体结合蛋白的水平。我们采用单因素方差分析和多重比较的方法分析了不同疫苗接种史和感染史的参与者之间抗体水平的差异:结果:在为期两年的大流行期间,尽管高血压(33.3%)和糖尿病(21.7%)的发病率很高,但岛上居民中没有人因感染 COVID-19 而需要住院治疗。约 18.8% 的参与者报告了 COVID-19 诊断史。95.1%的参与者有完整的疫苗接种史,其中93.5%血清呈阳性。抗 S IgG 的几何平均数(几何标准偏差)分别为 3945.8 (2.0)、829.8 (9.7) AU/mL、789.9 (5.3) AU/mL 和 22.7 (7. 1) AU/mL。在既有 COVID-19 诊断史又完全接种过疫苗(第 1 组)、未完全接种疫苗且随后诊断出 COVID-19 (第 2 组)、完全接种疫苗但既往未感染过(第 3 组)或既往未感染过 COVID-19 也未完全接种过疫苗(第 4 组)的参与者中,抗-S 免疫球蛋白含量分别为 829.8 (9.7) AU/mL、789.9 (5.3) AU/mL 和 22.7 (7.1) AU/mL。某些组别(1 vs 3、1 vs 4、2 vs 4 和 3 vs 4)之间的抗 S IgG 水平存在明显的配对差异:疫苗接种的高覆盖率、高水平的人群抗体滴度、完全接种疫苗的非感染居民的抗体水平参差不齐以及非传染性疾病 (NCD) 的高发病率表明,当地卫生系统能够控制大流行。但是,仍然需要继续监测、加强接种疫苗和非传染性疾病预防计划。
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Tropical Medicine and Health
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