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Toxoplasma gondii molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis in hemodialysis patients from Khuzestan, Southwest Iran. 伊朗西南部胡齐斯坦省血液透析患者的弓形虫分子检测和系统发育分析。
IF 4.5 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00585-5
Saba Yarahmadi, Jasem Saki, Reza Arjmand, Heshmatolah Shahbazian

Background: The diagnosis and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection can make a significant influence to the prevention of the dangerous consequences of toxoplasmosis, particularly in immunocompromised people.

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to assess the frequency and genotyping of T. gondii in blood samples of patients with hemodialysis.

Materials and methods: In the current investigation, a total of 379 blood samples were taken from subjects with hemodialysis who were referred to teaching hospital of Ahvaz in the southwest of Iran. The samples were evaluated using the Nested PCR by targeting the B1 gene, and then, sequencing and phylogenetic tree were constructed.

Results: T. gondii DNA was found in 112 (29.55%) of the blood samples by Nested PCR. Amplicons from T. gondii revealed high identity with GenBank sequences. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences were closely related to Type I of T. gondii.

Conclusion: Because of the high incidence of toxoplasmosis with type I prevalent in hemodialysis patients, we recommend a systematic screening for toxoplasmosis to carry out for monitoring the possible dissemination of toxoplasmosis during hemodialysis.

背景:弓形虫(T. gondii)感染的诊断和基因特征描述可对预防弓形虫病的危险后果产生重大影响,尤其是在免疫力低下的人群中:本次调查的目的是评估血液透析患者血液样本中冈地弓形虫的频率和基因分型:在本次调查中,共采集了 379 份血液样本,这些样本来自伊朗西南部阿瓦士教学医院的血液透析患者。样本采用针对 B1 基因的巢式 PCR 方法进行评估,然后进行测序并构建系统发生树:结果:通过 Nested PCR,在 112 份(29.55%)血液样本中发现了淋球菌 DNA。淋病双球菌的扩增子与 GenBank 序列具有很高的一致性。系统进化分析表明,所有序列都与淋病双球菌的 I 型密切相关:由于血液透析患者中I型弓形虫的发病率较高,我们建议对弓形虫进行系统筛查,以监测血液透析期间弓形虫可能的传播。
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引用次数: 0
Malaria transmission potential of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in indoor residual spraying areas with clothianidin 50 WG in northern Benin. 贝宁北部使用 50 WG 噻菌胺的室内滞留喷洒区冈比亚按蚊的疟疾传播潜力。
IF 4.5 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00582-8
Esdras Mahoutin Odjo, Mathilde Tognidro, Renaud Govoetchan, Antoine Abel Missihoun, Gil Germain Padonou, Juvenal Minassou Ahouandjinou, Bruno Akinro, Zinsou Come Koukpo, Filémon T Tokponnon, Armel Djenontin, Clement Agbangla, Martin C Akogbeto

The study objective was to assess the frequency of the kdr-L995F and ace-1 G280S genetic mutations in Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes and examine their ability to transmit Plasmodium falciparum in areas where indoor residual spraying (IRS) was implemented with Clothianidin 50 WG. The study was conducted in six communes in the Alibori and Donga departments of which four were IRS-treated and two were untreated and served as control. Post-IRS monthly samples of adult mosquitoes were collected in study communes using human landing catches (HLC). An. gambiae s.l. specimens were processed to detect kdr-L995F and ace-1 G280S mutations via PCR as well as Plasmodium falciparum infectivity through CSP ELISA. Our data revealed a high and similar allelic frequency for the kdr-L995F mutation in both treated and control communes (79% vs. 77%, p = 0.14) whilst allelic frequency of the ace-1 G280S mutation was lower across the study area (2-3%, p = 0.58). The sporozoite rate was 2.6% and 2.4% respectively in treated and untreated communes (p = 0.751). No association was found between Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles gambiae s.l. vectors and carriage of kdr-L995F and ace-1 G280S mutations regardless of genotypes. The study findings underline the need for an integrated approach to malaria control, combining different control methods to effectively target transmission. Regular monitoring of insecticide resistance and genetic mutations is essential to guide control strategies.

这项研究的目的是评估冈比亚按蚊中 kdr-L995F 和 ace-1 G280S 基因突变的频率,并检查它们在使用 50 WG 氯噻酮进行室内滞留喷洒(IRS)的地区传播恶性疟原虫的能力。研究在阿里博里省和东加省的六个乡镇进行,其中四个乡镇进行了 IRS 处理,两个乡镇未进行处理,作为对照。在 IRS 后,每月在研究乡镇利用人体着陆捕获器(HLC)收集成蚊样本。对样本进行处理,通过 PCR 检测 kdr-L995F 和 ace-1 G280S 突变,并通过 CSP ELISA 检测恶性疟原虫感染性。我们的数据显示,治疗区和对照区的 kdr-L995F 突变等位基因频率较高且相似(79% vs. 77%,p = 0.14),而整个研究区的 ace-1 G280S 突变等位基因频率较低(2-3%,p = 0.58)。在接受治疗和未接受治疗的社区,孢子虫感染率分别为 2.6% 和 2.4%(p = 0.751)。无论基因型如何,均未发现冈比亚按蚊病媒感染恶性疟原虫与携带 kdr-L995F 和 ace-1 G280S 突变之间存在关联。研究结果突出表明,有必要采取综合方法来控制疟疾,将不同的控制方法结合起来,以有效地控制传播。定期监测杀虫剂抗药性和基因突变对指导控制策略至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
First malaria in pregnancy followed in Philippine real-world setting: proof-of-concept of probabilistic record linkage between disease surveillance and hospital administrative data. 在菲律宾真实世界环境中跟踪首例妊娠期疟疾:疾病监测与医院行政数据之间概率记录关联的概念验证。
IF 4.5 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00583-7
Takuya Kinoshita, Fe Espino, Raymart Bunagan, Dodge Lim, Chona Daga, Sabrina Parungao, Aileen Balderian, Katherine Micu, Rutchel Laborera, Ramon Basilio, Marianette Inobaya, Mario Baquilod, Melecio Dy, Hitoshi Chiba, Takehiro Matsumoto, Takeo Nakayama, Kiyoshi Kita, Kenji Hirayama

Background: Although the Philippines targets malaria elimination by 2030, it remains to be a disease that causes considerable morbidity in provinces that report malaria. Pregnant women residing in endemic areas are a vulnerable population, because in addition to the risk of developing severe malaria, their pregnancy is not followed through, and the outcome of their pregnancy is unknown. This study determined the utility of real-world data integrated with disease surveillance data set as real-world evidence of pregnancy and delivery outcomes in areas endemic for malaria in the Philippines.

Methods: For the period of 2015 to 2019, electronic data sets of malaria surveillance data and Ospital ng Palawan hospital admission log of pregnant women residing in the four selected barangays of Rizal, Palawan were merged using probabilistic linkage. The source data for record linkage were first and last names, birth date, and address as the mutual variable. The data used for characteristics of the pregnant women from the hospital data set were admission date, discharge date, admitting and final diagnosis and body weight on admission. From the malaria surveillance data these were date of consultation, and malaria parasite species. The Levenshtein distance formula was used for a fuzzy string-matching algorithm. Chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the means of the two data sets.

Results: The prevalence of pregnant women admitted to the tertiary referral hospital, Ospital ng Palawan, was estimated to be 8.34/100 overall, and 11.64/100 from the four study barangays; that of malaria during pregnancy patients was 3.45/100 and 2.64/100, respectively. There was only one true-positive matched case from 238 women from the hospital and 54 women from the surveillance data sets. The overall Levenshstein score was 97.7; for non-matched cases, the mean overall score was 36.6 (35.6-37.7). The matched case was a minor who was hospitalized for severe malaria. The outcome of her pregnancy was detected from neither data set but from village-based records.

Conclusions: This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that probabilistic record linkage could match real-world data in the Philippines with further validation required. The study underscored the need for more integrated and comprehensive database to monitor disease intervention impact on pregnancy and its outcome in the Philippines.

背景:尽管菲律宾的目标是到 2030 年消灭疟疾,但在报告有疟疾的省份,疟疾仍然是一种会导致相当高发病率的疾病。居住在疟疾流行地区的孕妇是易感人群,因为她们除了有罹患重症疟疾的风险外,其怀孕过程也没有得到跟踪,怀孕结果也不得而知。本研究确定了与疾病监测数据集相结合的真实世界数据作为菲律宾疟疾流行地区怀孕和分娩结果的真实世界证据的效用:在 2015 年至 2019 年期间,使用概率链接法合并了疟疾监测数据电子数据集和 Ospital ng Palawan 医院对居住在巴拉望省里扎尔市四个选定镇的孕妇的入院记录。记录链接的源数据是姓名、出生日期和地址作为互变量。医院数据集中的孕妇特征数据包括入院日期、出院日期、入院诊断和最终诊断以及入院时的体重。疟疾监测数据包括就诊日期和疟疾寄生虫种类。莱文斯坦距离公式用于模糊字符串匹配算法。采用卡方检验(Chi-square test)和曼-惠特尼U检验(Mann-Whitney U test)比较两组数据的平均值:据估计,在三级转诊医院巴拉望医院(Ospital ng Palawan)住院的孕妇发病率为 8.34/100,在四个研究区的发病率为 11.64/100;孕期疟疾患者的发病率分别为 3.45/100 和 2.64/100。在 238 名来自医院的妇女和 54 名来自监测数据集的妇女中,只有一个匹配的真阳性病例。总的莱文施坦因评分为 97.7;非匹配病例的平均总评分为 36.6(35.6-37.7)。配对病例是一名因严重疟疾住院的未成年人。她的妊娠结果既不是从数据集中检测到的,也不是从村里的记录中检测到的:这项概念验证研究表明,概率记录关联可以匹配菲律宾的实际数据,但还需要进一步验证。该研究强调,有必要建立更综合、更全面的数据库,以监测疾病干预对菲律宾妊娠及其结果的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Anti-Leishmania major activity of Calotropis procera extract by increasing ROS production and upregulating TNF-α, IFN-γ and iNOS mRNA expression under in vitro conditions. 在体外条件下,通过增加 ROS 的产生和上调 TNF-α、IFN-γ 和 iNOS mRNA 的表达,提高草蒌提取物的抗利什曼原虫活性。
IF 4.5 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00578-4
Shahla Amani, Soheila Alinejad, Negar Asadi, Elham Yousefi, Shahram Khademvatan, Gordon Stanley Howarth

Background: Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a neglected tropical disease with 700,000 to 1,000,000 global new cases annually. Adverse effects associated with expense, long-term treatment and drug resistance have made conventional therapies unfavorable, encouraging the search for alternative drugs based on plant products. In this study, the effect of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) extract against viability of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major was evaluated in vitro.

Methods: The extract from the leaves of C. procera seedlings was prepared using a methanol maceration method. The colorimetric cell viability 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the growth-inhibitory effect of the extract on promastigotes. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in promastigote cultures was determined after treatment with the extract using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) method and compared with untreated cultures (control). After exposure to the extract the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes were determined and compared to control in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with L. major.

Results: Based on the MTT assay, the C. procera extract significantly reduced the proliferation of L. major promastigotes with IC50 values of 377.28 and 222.44 μg/mL for 24 and 72 h, respectively (p < 0.01). After treatment with 222.44 and 377.28 μg/mL of C. procera extract, ROS production in L. major promastigote cultures increased 1.2- to 1.65-fold and 2- to 4-fold compared to the control, respectively (p < 0.05). C. procera extract induced significant increases in gene expression of TNF-α (2.76-14.83 fold), IFN-γ (25.63-threefold) and iNOS (16.32-3.97 fold) in infected PBMCs compared to control (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: On the basis of its anti-leishmanial activity, C. procera can be considered as a promising new plant source for the potential treatment of leishmaniasis.

背景:利什曼病是由利什曼属原生动物寄生虫引起的,是一种被忽视的热带疾病,全球每年新增病例 70 万至 100 万。与费用、长期治疗和耐药性相关的不良反应使传统疗法难以奏效,因此人们开始寻找基于植物产品的替代药物。在这项研究中,我们在体外评估了草木犀(Asclepiadaceae)提取物对大利什曼原虫和非原虫活力的影响:方法:采用甲醇浸泡法从 C. procera 幼苗的叶片中提取提取物。采用比色细胞活力 3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基溴化四氮唑(MTT)测定法确定萃取物对原原体的生长抑制作用。用 2',7'-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(DCFH-DA)法测定原生动物培养物中活性氧(ROS)的水平,并与未处理的培养物(对照组)进行比较。接触提取物后,测定了感染大肠杆菌的外周血单核细胞(PBMC)中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)基因的表达水平,并与对照组进行了比较:结果:根据 MTT 试验,C.procera 提取物能显著减少大鼠原虫的增殖,24 小时和 72 小时的 IC50 值分别为 377.28 和 222.44 μg/mL(p 结论:C.procera 提取物能显著减少大鼠原虫的增殖,24 小时和 72 小时的 IC50 值分别为 377.28 和 222.44 μg/mL:基于其抗利什曼病活性,C. procera 可被视为一种有潜力治疗利什曼病的新植物来源。
{"title":"Anti-Leishmania major activity of Calotropis procera extract by increasing ROS production and upregulating TNF-α, IFN-γ and iNOS mRNA expression under in vitro conditions.","authors":"Shahla Amani, Soheila Alinejad, Negar Asadi, Elham Yousefi, Shahram Khademvatan, Gordon Stanley Howarth","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00578-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00578-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a neglected tropical disease with 700,000 to 1,000,000 global new cases annually. Adverse effects associated with expense, long-term treatment and drug resistance have made conventional therapies unfavorable, encouraging the search for alternative drugs based on plant products. In this study, the effect of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) extract against viability of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major was evaluated in vitro.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The extract from the leaves of C. procera seedlings was prepared using a methanol maceration method. The colorimetric cell viability 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the growth-inhibitory effect of the extract on promastigotes. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in promastigote cultures was determined after treatment with the extract using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) method and compared with untreated cultures (control). After exposure to the extract the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes were determined and compared to control in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with L. major.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the MTT assay, the C. procera extract significantly reduced the proliferation of L. major promastigotes with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 377.28 and 222.44 μg/mL for 24 and 72 h, respectively (p < 0.01). After treatment with 222.44 and 377.28 μg/mL of C. procera extract, ROS production in L. major promastigote cultures increased 1.2- to 1.65-fold and 2- to 4-fold compared to the control, respectively (p < 0.05). C. procera extract induced significant increases in gene expression of TNF-α (2.76-14.83 fold), IFN-γ (25.63-threefold) and iNOS (16.32-3.97 fold) in infected PBMCs compared to control (p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>On the basis of its anti-leishmanial activity, C. procera can be considered as a promising new plant source for the potential treatment of leishmaniasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10832188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139672783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Toxicological analyses of the venoms of Nigerian vipers Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans. 尼日利亚毒蛇 Echis ocellatus 和 Bitis arietans 毒液的毒理学分析。
IF 4.5 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00581-9
Emeka John Dingwoke, Fatima Adis Adamude, Aliyu Salihu, Mujitaba Suleiman Abubakar, Abdullahi Balarabe Sallau

Background: Among the medically important snakes in Nigeria, Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans have the most lethal venom. These venoms were classified according to the presence of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2s), and snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs). Toxicological analyzes were performed to understand the significance of different protein families in venoms.

Methods: Proteins were separated from venom using column chromatography. The skin and footpad of mice were used to determine hemorrhagic and edematogenic activities. Caprine blood plasma was used to test fibrinolytic activity in vitro.

Results: The results showed that, compared to the crude venom, the SVMP fraction induced hemorrhagic effects with a diameter of 26.00 ± 1.00 mm in E. ocellatus and 21.33 ± 1.52 mm in B. arietans. Both SVSP and SVMP had anticoagulant effects; however, the SVSP fraction had a stronger effect, with a longer anticoagulation time of 30.00 ± 3.00 min in E. ocellatus and 26.00 ± 2.00 min in B. arietans. These main venom toxins, SVMPs, SVSPs, and PLA2, were found to have edema-forming effects that were optimal at 2 h after envenomation. PLA2s had the highest edema-inducing activity, with onset 30 min after envenomation.

Conclusions: Given the importance of SVMPs in altering the integrity of the membrane structure and impairing the blood coagulation system, an antivenom that can specifically neutralize its activity could inhibit the hemorrhage effects of the venoms.

背景:在尼日利亚具有重要医疗价值的蛇类中,Echis ocellatus 和 Bitis arietans 的毒液最具致命性。根据蛇毒金属蛋白酶(SVMPs)、蛇毒磷脂酶 A2(PLA2s)和蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶(SVSPs)的存在情况对这些毒液进行了分类。进行毒理学分析以了解毒液中不同蛋白家族的重要性:方法:使用柱色谱法从毒液中分离蛋白质。用小鼠的皮肤和脚垫测定出血和水肿活性。用山羊血浆测试体外纤溶活性:结果表明,与粗制毒液相比,SVMP 部分在 E. ocellatus 和 B. arietans 中引起的出血效应直径分别为 26.00 ± 1.00 毫米和 21.33 ± 1.52 毫米。SVSP和SVMP都有抗凝血作用;但SVSP部分的作用更强,对E. ocellatus和B. arietans的抗凝时间分别为30.00 ± 3.00分钟和26.00 ± 2.00分钟。研究发现,这些主要毒液毒素、SVMPs、SVSPs 和 PLA2 都具有水肿作用,在毒液中毒后 2 小时达到最佳效果。PLA2s 的水肿诱导活性最高,在被毒液侵袭 30 分钟后开始起效:结论:鉴于SVMPs在改变膜结构完整性和损害血液凝固系统方面的重要性,一种能够特异性中和其活性的抗蛇毒血清可以抑制蛇毒的出血效应。
{"title":"Toxicological analyses of the venoms of Nigerian vipers Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans.","authors":"Emeka John Dingwoke, Fatima Adis Adamude, Aliyu Salihu, Mujitaba Suleiman Abubakar, Abdullahi Balarabe Sallau","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00581-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00581-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Among the medically important snakes in Nigeria, Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans have the most lethal venom. These venoms were classified according to the presence of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), snake venom phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> (PLA<sub>2</sub>s), and snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs). Toxicological analyzes were performed to understand the significance of different protein families in venoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Proteins were separated from venom using column chromatography. The skin and footpad of mice were used to determine hemorrhagic and edematogenic activities. Caprine blood plasma was used to test fibrinolytic activity in vitro.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that, compared to the crude venom, the SVMP fraction induced hemorrhagic effects with a diameter of 26.00 ± 1.00 mm in E. ocellatus and 21.33 ± 1.52 mm in B. arietans. Both SVSP and SVMP had anticoagulant effects; however, the SVSP fraction had a stronger effect, with a longer anticoagulation time of 30.00 ± 3.00 min in E. ocellatus and 26.00 ± 2.00 min in B. arietans. These main venom toxins, SVMPs, SVSPs, and PLA<sub>2</sub>, were found to have edema-forming effects that were optimal at 2 h after envenomation. PLA<sub>2</sub>s had the highest edema-inducing activity, with onset 30 min after envenomation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Given the importance of SVMPs in altering the integrity of the membrane structure and impairing the blood coagulation system, an antivenom that can specifically neutralize its activity could inhibit the hemorrhage effects of the venoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139570116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A description of a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal and vaccine effectiveness evaluation. 关于 2015 年尼泊尔地震后伤寒 Vi 囊多糖疫苗预防接种活动的描述和疫苗效果评估。
IF 4.5 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00580-w
Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel, Ikumi Sawada, Dhruba Shrestha, Yoshifumi Fukuya, Ganendra Bhakta Raya, Eric Ipyn Nébié, Yumiko Hayashi, Rasila Pasakhala, Motoi Suzuki, Konosuke Morimoto, Christopher M Parry, Koya Ariyoshi

Background: A 7.8 R scale earthquake hit Nepal in April 2015 and caused about 9000 deaths along with damage to infrastructure, including the water and sewage system. Bhaktapur was one of the highly affected districts. A typhoid vaccination campaign (pre-emptive) was carried out among children who were living in the temporary shelters in this district. The assessment of vaccine effectiveness after a pre-emptive typhoid vaccine campaign following an earthquake has previously not been attempted in Nepal.

Objective: To describe the pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign and an evaluation of the vaccine effectiveness.

Methods: We conducted a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign among children between 2 and 15 years of age dwelling in 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur district after the earthquake. Surveillance of clinical typhoid was carried out from 2014 to 2017 in Siddhi Memorial Hospital, the only hospital for children in the district. We calculated vaccine effectiveness using a case-control study design (clinical typhoid as cases and chest x-ray confirmed pneumonia as controls).

Results: Three thousand nine hundred sixteen children of age 2-15 years residing in the 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur received the typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine between July and December 2015. 2193 children of age 2-15 years were admitted to the hospital during the study period and 260 (11.9%) were diagnosed with clinical typhoid. The numbers of children admitted with clinical typhoid decreased over the study period (105 in 2014 and 47 in 2017; P = 0.001). Overall vaccine effectiveness was calculated at 52% (95% CI -46 to 85%), and it was 87% (95% CI -25 to 99) among children less than 5 years of age.

Conclusions: We successfully conducted a pre-emptive vaccination campaign against typhoid after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. The pre-emptive vaccination campaign appeared to be more effective among children less than 5 years of age. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of pre-emptive use of typhoid vaccines in the emergency situations. We highlight the challenges of calculating vaccine effectiveness of a typhoid vaccine in an emergency setting.

背景:2015 年 4 月,尼泊尔发生 7.8 级地震,造成约 9000 人死亡,包括供水和污水处理系统在内的基础设施遭到破坏。巴克塔普尔是受灾严重的地区之一。在该县临时避难所居住的儿童中开展了伤寒疫苗接种活动(预防性)。此前,尼泊尔从未尝试过在地震后开展预防性伤寒疫苗接种活动后对疫苗效果进行评估:描述预防性伤寒 Vi 型荚膜多糖疫苗接种活动和疫苗效果评估:地震后,我们对居住在巴克塔普尔县 23 个临时避难所中的 2 至 15 岁儿童开展了伤寒 Vi 胶囊多糖疫苗预防接种活动。西迪纪念医院是该地区唯一一家儿童医院,从2014年至2017年对临床伤寒进行了监测。我们采用病例对照研究设计(临床伤寒为病例,胸部X光确诊肺炎为对照)计算疫苗的有效性:2015年7月至12月期间,居住在巴克塔普尔23个临时庇护所的3916名2-15岁儿童接种了伤寒Vi荚膜多糖疫苗。在研究期间,共有 2193 名 2-15 岁儿童入院治疗,其中 260 人(11.9%)被诊断为临床伤寒。在研究期间,临床伤寒入院儿童人数有所减少(2014 年为 105 人,2017 年为 47 人;P = 0.001)。总体疫苗接种效果为52%(95% CI -46至85%),5岁以下儿童的接种效果为87%(95% CI -25至99):我们在 2015 年尼泊尔地震后成功开展了伤寒疫苗预防接种活动。预防接种活动在 5 岁以下儿童中似乎更有效。我们需要开展进一步研究,以评估在紧急情况下预先接种伤寒疫苗的效果。我们强调了在紧急情况下计算伤寒疫苗有效性所面临的挑战。
{"title":"A description of a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal and vaccine effectiveness evaluation.","authors":"Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel, Ikumi Sawada, Dhruba Shrestha, Yoshifumi Fukuya, Ganendra Bhakta Raya, Eric Ipyn Nébié, Yumiko Hayashi, Rasila Pasakhala, Motoi Suzuki, Konosuke Morimoto, Christopher M Parry, Koya Ariyoshi","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00580-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00580-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A 7.8 R scale earthquake hit Nepal in April 2015 and caused about 9000 deaths along with damage to infrastructure, including the water and sewage system. Bhaktapur was one of the highly affected districts. A typhoid vaccination campaign (pre-emptive) was carried out among children who were living in the temporary shelters in this district. The assessment of vaccine effectiveness after a pre-emptive typhoid vaccine campaign following an earthquake has previously not been attempted in Nepal.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign and an evaluation of the vaccine effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign among children between 2 and 15 years of age dwelling in 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur district after the earthquake. Surveillance of clinical typhoid was carried out from 2014 to 2017 in Siddhi Memorial Hospital, the only hospital for children in the district. We calculated vaccine effectiveness using a case-control study design (clinical typhoid as cases and chest x-ray confirmed pneumonia as controls).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three thousand nine hundred sixteen children of age 2-15 years residing in the 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur received the typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine between July and December 2015. 2193 children of age 2-15 years were admitted to the hospital during the study period and 260 (11.9%) were diagnosed with clinical typhoid. The numbers of children admitted with clinical typhoid decreased over the study period (105 in 2014 and 47 in 2017; P = 0.001). Overall vaccine effectiveness was calculated at 52% (95% CI -46 to 85%), and it was 87% (95% CI -25 to 99) among children less than 5 years of age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We successfully conducted a pre-emptive vaccination campaign against typhoid after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. The pre-emptive vaccination campaign appeared to be more effective among children less than 5 years of age. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of pre-emptive use of typhoid vaccines in the emergency situations. We highlight the challenges of calculating vaccine effectiveness of a typhoid vaccine in an emergency setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139570158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Community-based intervention for managing hypertension and diabetes in rural Bangladesh. 以社区为基础的孟加拉国农村高血压和糖尿病管理干预措施。
IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00574-0
Yurie Kobashi, Syed Emdadul Haque, Kayako Sakisaka, Isamu Amir, Megumi Kaneko, Mahmuda Mutahara, Sanzida Mubassara, Abul Kashem, Masaharu Tsubokura

Background: Approximately 80% of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have been reported in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, studies on the usefulness of educational interventions run by non-healthcare workers in combating NCDs in resource-limited areas in rural parts of LMICs are limited. This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of a community-based simple educational program run by non-healthcare trained staff for several outcomes associated with NCDs in a resource-limited area.

Methods: Six villages in the Narail district in Bangladesh were selected, two each in the first and second intervention and the control groups, in the Narail district in Bangladesh were selected. Pre- and post-intervention survey data were collected. The first intervention group received the "strong" educational intervention that included a checklist poster on the wall, phone call messages, personalized advice papers, seminar videos, and face-to-face seminars. The second intervention group received a "weak" intervention that included only a checklist poster on the wall in their house. The outcome was the proportion of NCDs and changes in systolic blood pressure and blood sugar level. Confidential fixed-effects logistic regression and multiple linear regression were performed to identify the effectiveness of the intervention.

Results: Overall, 600 participants completed the baseline survey and the follow-up survey. The mean systolic blood pressure reduced by 7.3 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6-9.9) in the first intervention group, 1.9 mm Hg (95% CI - 0.5-4.2) in the second intervention group, and 4.7 mm Hg (95% CI 2.4-7.0) in the control group. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the between-group differences in the decline in systolic blood pressure were significant for the first intervention versus control (p = 0.001), but not for the second intervention versus control (p = 0.21). The between-group differences in the reduction in blood glucose after the intervention, were not significant on multiple linear regression analysis.

Conclusions: Community-based educational interventions for NCDs provided by non-healthcare staff improved the outcomes of hypertension and risk behaviors. Well-designed community-based educational interventions should be frequently implemented to reduce NCDs in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR; UMIN000050171) retrospectively registered on January 29, 2023.

背景:据报道,大约 80% 的非传染性疾病(NCDs)发生在中低收入国家(LMICs)。然而,由非医护人员在资源有限的中低收入国家农村地区开展的教育干预对防治非传染性疾病的作用的研究十分有限。本研究旨在确定在资源有限的地区,由非医疗保健培训人员实施的社区简单教育计划对与非传染性疾病相关的几种结果的有效性:方法:在孟加拉国 Narail 地区选择了六个村庄,第一、第二干预组和对照组各两个。收集了干预前和干预后的调查数据。第一干预组接受 "强 "教育干预,包括墙上的检查表海报、电话信息、个性化建议文件、研讨会视频和面对面研讨会。第二干预组接受的是 "弱 "干预,只在家中墙上张贴核对表海报。结果是非传染性疾病的比例以及收缩压和血糖水平的变化。为了确定干预措施的有效性,我们进行了保密固定效应逻辑回归和多元线性回归:共有 600 名参与者完成了基线调查和后续调查。第一干预组的平均收缩压降低了 7.3 毫米汞柱(95% 置信区间 [CI] 4.6-9.9),第二干预组降低了 1.9 毫米汞柱(95% 置信区间 - 0.5-4.2),对照组降低了 4.7 毫米汞柱(95% 置信区间 2.4-7.0)。多元线性回归分析表明,第一次干预与对照组相比,收缩压下降的组间差异显著(P = 0.001),但第二次干预与对照组相比,收缩压下降的组间差异不显著(P = 0.21)。干预后血糖下降的组间差异在多元线性回归分析中不显著:结论:由非医护人员提供的非传染性疾病社区教育干预改善了高血压和危险行为的结果。在中低收入国家的农村地区,应经常实施精心设计的社区教育干预措施,以减少非传染性疾病的发生。试验注册 UMIN临床试验注册中心(UMIN-CTR;UMIN000050171)于2023年1月29日进行了回顾性注册。
{"title":"Community-based intervention for managing hypertension and diabetes in rural Bangladesh.","authors":"Yurie Kobashi, Syed Emdadul Haque, Kayako Sakisaka, Isamu Amir, Megumi Kaneko, Mahmuda Mutahara, Sanzida Mubassara, Abul Kashem, Masaharu Tsubokura","doi":"10.1186/s41182-023-00574-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-023-00574-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Approximately 80% of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have been reported in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, studies on the usefulness of educational interventions run by non-healthcare workers in combating NCDs in resource-limited areas in rural parts of LMICs are limited. This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of a community-based simple educational program run by non-healthcare trained staff for several outcomes associated with NCDs in a resource-limited area.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six villages in the Narail district in Bangladesh were selected, two each in the first and second intervention and the control groups, in the Narail district in Bangladesh were selected. Pre- and post-intervention survey data were collected. The first intervention group received the \"strong\" educational intervention that included a checklist poster on the wall, phone call messages, personalized advice papers, seminar videos, and face-to-face seminars. The second intervention group received a \"weak\" intervention that included only a checklist poster on the wall in their house. The outcome was the proportion of NCDs and changes in systolic blood pressure and blood sugar level. Confidential fixed-effects logistic regression and multiple linear regression were performed to identify the effectiveness of the intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 600 participants completed the baseline survey and the follow-up survey. The mean systolic blood pressure reduced by 7.3 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6-9.9) in the first intervention group, 1.9 mm Hg (95% CI - 0.5-4.2) in the second intervention group, and 4.7 mm Hg (95% CI 2.4-7.0) in the control group. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the between-group differences in the decline in systolic blood pressure were significant for the first intervention versus control (p = 0.001), but not for the second intervention versus control (p = 0.21). The between-group differences in the reduction in blood glucose after the intervention, were not significant on multiple linear regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Community-based educational interventions for NCDs provided by non-healthcare staff improved the outcomes of hypertension and risk behaviors. Well-designed community-based educational interventions should be frequently implemented to reduce NCDs in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR; UMIN000050171) retrospectively registered on January 29, 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10807096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139545847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Association between diet quality and risk of stunting among school-aged children in Schistosoma mansoni endemic area of western Kenya: a cross-sectional study. 肯尼亚西部曼氏血吸虫流行地区学龄儿童的饮食质量与发育迟缓风险之间的关系:一项横断面研究。
IF 4.5 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00566-0
Madoka Kishino, Azumi Hida, Evans A Chadeka, Manabu Inoue, Mayuko Osada-Oka, Sohkichi Matsumoto, Sammy M Njenga, Shinjiro Hamano, Sachiyo Nagi

Background: Healthy eating habits are essential for improving nutritional status and strengthening immunity against infectious diseases. This study examined the relationship between diet quality and stunting in school-aged children in an infectious disease-endemic area of western Kenya.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 260 school-aged children (age 9-17 years) enrolled in primary schools in Mbita Sub-county, western Kenya. The nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements. Dietary intake was measured using food frequency questionnaires and evaluated using the Food Pyramid (FP) score, which indicates adherence to the Kenyan food-based dietary guideline. Information on the children's age, sex, maternal education, and household wealth index was collected using a household-based questionnaire. Infections with the predominant parasites, such as Schistosoma (S.) mansoni, were detected via microscopy. The trend associations of the FP score with food group intake were examined to characterize the dietary intake of this population. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between stunting and FP score tertiles, adjusted for sociodemographic and economic indicators and parasitic infection status.

Results: Among the studied schoolchildren, 15.0% exhibited stunting, while 76.2% were infected with S. mansoni. The mean FP score was 25.6 out of 50 points. A higher FP score was characterized by a high intake of roots and tubers, dairy products, pulses, and fruits and a low intake of cereals and animal-source foods. The analysis revealed a trend: a lower risk of stunting was evident in groups with elevated FP scores (p for trend = 0.065). However, these trend associations were observable among subjects with either negative or light S. mansoni infection (p for trend = 0.016).

Conclusions: A higher quality diet, as evaluated by FP scores, was associated with a low risk of stunting among school-aged children. Notably, this association seemed to weaken in the presence of a high burden of S. mansoni infection. It highlights the importance of enhancing dietary quality through the promotion of diverse nutrient-dense foods alongside effective S. mansoni infection control for improved growth. This study contributes fundamental knowledge for understanding the diet-malnutrition relationship in areas endemic for S. mansoni infection.

背景:健康的饮食习惯对于改善营养状况和增强抵抗传染病的能力至关重要。本研究探讨了肯尼亚西部传染病流行地区学龄儿童的饮食质量与发育迟缓之间的关系:这项横断面研究包括肯尼亚西部 Mbita 县小学的 260 名学龄儿童(9-17 岁)。营养状况通过人体测量进行评估。膳食摄入量通过食物频率问卷进行测量,并使用食物金字塔(FP)评分进行评估,该评分表明儿童是否遵守肯尼亚基于食物的膳食指南。通过家庭问卷调查收集了儿童的年龄、性别、母亲教育程度和家庭财富指数等信息。通过显微镜检测主要寄生虫的感染情况,如曼氏血吸虫(S. mansoni)。研究了FP评分与食物组摄入量的趋势关联,以了解该人群的膳食摄入特点。在对社会人口学和经济指标以及寄生虫感染状况进行调整后,进行了逻辑回归分析,以研究发育迟缓与FP分级之间的关系:在所研究的学童中,15.0%表现出发育迟缓,76.2%感染了曼森氏杆菌。FP 平均分为 25.6 分(满分 50 分)。FP得分越高,说明根茎类、奶制品、豆类和水果的摄入量越高,而谷物和动物源性食物的摄入量越低。分析显示了一种趋势:FP 分数较高的群体发育迟缓的风险较低(趋势 p = 0.065)。然而,在曼氏沙门氏菌阴性或轻度感染的受试者中也能观察到这些趋势关联(趋势 p = 0.016):结论:根据 FP 评分评估的优质饮食与学龄儿童发育迟缓的低风险相关。值得注意的是,在曼氏沙门氏菌感染率较高的情况下,这种关联似乎会减弱。该研究强调了在有效控制曼氏沙门氏菌感染的同时,通过推广营养丰富的多样化食物来提高膳食质量以改善生长状况的重要性。这项研究为了解曼氏沙门氏菌感染流行地区的膳食与营养不良之间的关系提供了基础知识。
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引用次数: 0
Administration of ivermectin to cattle induced mortality, reduced fecundity and survivorship of Anopheles arabiensis in Ethiopia: an implication for expansion of vector control toolbox. 在埃塞俄比亚,对牛施用伊维菌素会导致阿拉伯按蚊死亡、繁殖力下降和存活率降低:对扩大病媒控制工具箱的影响。
IF 4.5 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00575-z
Ephrem Damene, Fekadu Massebo

Background: Although many countries have shown interest in eliminating malaria, approaches that complement existing vector control interventions are needed because existing methods have been scaled up but malaria still persists. Therefore, the effect of ivermectin administration to cattle was evaluated for its effect on mortality, survivorship and mortality of laboratory reared Anopheles arabiensis.

Methods: Three calves were randomly selected and injected with ivermectin at a therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg/kg, while the other two calves received no treatment and served as controls. Five tents were constructed for the trial. Calves were housed in tents (one per tent) and then 30 starved female An. arabiensis were introduced into each tent. Only fully engorged females were collected from each tent and placed in different mosquito cages to monitor their mortality, survival and fecundity. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16.

Results: During the follow-up period (until day 21), ivermectin induced significantly higher mortality when compared to controls. It resulted in an average 24-h mortality rate of 81.6% against An. arabiensis on the first day following treatment. 100% An. arabiensis that fed on ivermectin-treated calves on the first day after treatment died within four days. Egg production rate of An. arabiensis that fed on ivermectin-treated calves was significantly lower compared to controls (F = 768.7, P < 0.001).

Conclusion: In conclusion, ivermectin induced mortality, reduced fecundity and survivorship of laboratory maintained An. arabiensis. Further study is recommended using a wild mosquito population. Moreover, mass ivermectin administration to domestic animals could be recommended to supplement the existing indoor based interventions.

背景:尽管许多国家都对消除疟疾表现出兴趣,但由于现有方法已得到推广,但疟疾仍持续存在,因此需要采取补充现有病媒控制干预措施的方法。因此,本研究评估了给牛注射伊维菌素对死亡率、存活率和实验室饲养的阿拉伯按蚊死亡率的影响:方法:随机选取三头牛犊,按 0.2 毫克/千克的治疗剂量注射伊维菌素,另外两头牛犊不接受治疗,作为对照组。试验共搭建了五个帐篷。犊牛被安置在帐篷中(每个帐篷一只),然后每个帐篷引入 30 只饥饿的雌性阿拉伯疟原虫。从每个帐篷中只收集完全充血的雌蚊,并将其放入不同的蚊笼中,以监测其死亡率、存活率和繁殖力。数据分析采用 SPSS 16.0 版:在随访期间(直到第 21 天),伊维菌素导致的死亡率明显高于对照组。治疗后第一天,伊维菌素对阿拉伯蚁的 24 小时平均死亡率为 81.6%。经伊维菌素处理的犊牛在处理后的第一天就100%死亡。与对照组相比,取食伊维菌素处理过的犊牛的阿拉伯蚁产卵率明显降低(F = 768.7,P 结论:伊维菌素处理过的犊牛的产卵率明显低于对照组(F = 768.7,P):总之,伊维菌素会导致实验室饲养的阿拉伯疟蚊死亡,降低繁殖力和存活率。建议使用野生蚊子种群进行进一步研究。此外,建议对家养动物大规模施用伊维菌素,以补充现有的室内干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
Stumbling blocks on the path to measles-free Nepal: impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 尼泊尔无麻疹之路的绊脚石:COVID-19 大流行的影响。
IF 4.5 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-15 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00576-6
Chandan Kumar Thakur, Nitin Gupta, Nayanum Pokhrel, Samita Adhikari, Meghnath Dhimal, Pradip Gyanwali

Measles poses a significant global health threat, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the efficacy of two vaccine doses, under-5 mortality rates persist, with over 61 million delayed measles vaccinations worldwide. Nepal, striving to eliminate measles by 2023, faces a resurgence, attributing 1013 cases to inadequate vaccination and healthcare accessibility issues. Compounded by disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic, the outbreak highlights the urgent need for vaccination promotion, improved healthcare access, and misinformation mitigation. This situation underscores the critical role of global collaboration and healthcare infrastructure investment to safeguard children's lives in Nepal and similar vulnerable regions.

麻疹对全球健康构成重大威胁,COVID-19 的流行更加剧了这一威胁。尽管两剂疫苗的效果显著,但 5 岁以下儿童的死亡率仍然居高不下,全球有超过 6100 万例麻疹疫苗接种延迟。尼泊尔正在努力争取在 2023 年前消灭麻疹,但却面临着麻疹复发的问题,1013 例病例的发生归因于疫苗接种不足和医疗服务的可及性问题。由于 COVID-19 大流行的干扰,疫情更加严重,这凸显了推广疫苗接种、改善医疗保健服务和减少错误信息的迫切需要。这种情况凸显了全球合作和医疗保健基础设施投资在保障尼泊尔和类似脆弱地区儿童生命安全方面的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Tropical Medicine and Health
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