LATMOS (mountain range), which can be a geopark, is located near Lake Bafa Nature Park on the border of Aydin and Mugla. The region has a deep history dating back to many years and valuable natural, archaeological and geological heritage sites. In this study, the geomorphological structure of the region is examined in general terms, especially research area in terms of geotourism has quite interesting features. The elevations at the end point of the Buyuk Menderes Basin reach up to pretty high for sub-Aegean geological formations and have an geostrategically important position and wide viewing area. In history, these mountains, which were considered sacred especially in the Carian period, have always been in an important position in terms of human culture. The presence of traces of rock settlements dating to the Neolithic period in the mountains is also known today. Scattered rock paintings in the region were the most important findings. However, they have survived to the present day by being damaged. These and similar rock churches and monaster, as well as military castles and walls, leaving many distinctive and interesting cultural traces, these mountainous areas, which are inhabited, are expected to be constantly preserved and renewed. In history, there are also other ruins of the Carian State, which spread to a much larger background in the sub-Aegean. The port city of Herakleia (now Kapikiri village) is located on the shores of Lake Bafa. Massive rock formations that have undergone metamorphic changes in the process are in need of investigation in many aspects of volcanic, magnetic and mineralogical aspects. These rocks also have qualities that can be salty due to their relationship with the sea. In summary, this region is composed of mountain ranges (Latmos Mountains), valleys with different features of archelogical sites and a very special lake that have an important natural park feature. In addition to its interesting natural structure, rock formations and geoheritage areas, it must be protected with the awareness of geotourism. It should not be forgotten that in order to transfer the traces of many different cultural settlements within the rocks to the next generations in a healthy way, the region is obliged to be carefully conserved together with a conservation aimmed development plan.
{"title":"LATMOS GEOPARK (BEŞPARMAK MOUNTAINS) with HERAKLEIA-LATMOS ANTIQUE HARBOUR CITY and BAFA LAKE NATURAL PARK in TURKEY","authors":"A. C. Kocalar","doi":"10.31127/tuje.639314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.639314","url":null,"abstract":"LATMOS (mountain range), which can be a geopark, is located near Lake Bafa Nature Park on the border of Aydin and Mugla. The region has a deep history dating back to many years and valuable natural, archaeological and geological heritage sites. In this study, the geomorphological structure of the region is examined in general terms, especially research area in terms of geotourism has quite interesting features. The elevations at the end point of the Buyuk Menderes Basin reach up to pretty high for sub-Aegean geological formations and have an geostrategically important position and wide viewing area. In history, these mountains, which were considered sacred especially in the Carian period, have always been in an important position in terms of human culture. The presence of traces of rock settlements dating to the Neolithic period in the mountains is also known today. Scattered rock paintings in the region were the most important findings. However, they have survived to the present day by being damaged. These and similar rock churches and monaster, as well as military castles and walls, leaving many distinctive and interesting cultural traces, these mountainous areas, which are inhabited, are expected to be constantly preserved and renewed. In history, there are also other ruins of the Carian State, which spread to a much larger background in the sub-Aegean. The port city of Herakleia (now Kapikiri village) is located on the shores of Lake Bafa. Massive rock formations that have undergone metamorphic changes in the process are in need of investigation in many aspects of volcanic, magnetic and mineralogical aspects. These rocks also have qualities that can be salty due to their relationship with the sea. In summary, this region is composed of mountain ranges (Latmos Mountains), valleys with different features of archelogical sites and a very special lake that have an important natural park feature. In addition to its interesting natural structure, rock formations and geoheritage areas, it must be protected with the awareness of geotourism. It should not be forgotten that in order to transfer the traces of many different cultural settlements within the rocks to the next generations in a healthy way, the region is obliged to be carefully conserved together with a conservation aimmed development plan.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76546166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concrete filled double-skin steel tubular (CFDST) column comprises two inner and outer steel tubes with infill concrete between tubes. CFDST columns are used in many structural systems such as offshore structures and high rise buildings. The aim of this research is to examine the performance of composite frames composed of CFDST columns and steel beam under the influence of lateral loading. The frames were modeled and analyzed utilizing ANSYS finite element (FE) software. The linear and nonlinear behavior of steel and concrete materials and confinement effects of inner and outer steel tubes on the infill concrete were considered in the analysis. Three key parameters were considered in the present study. They are the axial load and slenderness ratios of CFDST column as well as linear stiffness ratio of the beam–column. The effects of these parameters on the behavior of the composite frames were evaluated comparatively. Load-deformation responses were achieved for various cases of the investigation. The verification of the developed FE model was evaluated by considering the analysis results with the experimental data existing in the literature. The findings attained from the FE modeling were in consonance with the experimental results. Besides, it was observed that the above parameters had a substantial influence on the load-displacement relationship and the performance of the studied composite frames.
{"title":"LATERAL RESPONSE OF DOUBLE SKIN TUBULAR COLUMN TO STEEL BEAM COMPOSITE FRAMES","authors":"A. Ahmed, E. Güneyisi","doi":"10.31127/TUJE.749730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/TUJE.749730","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete filled double-skin steel tubular (CFDST) column comprises two inner and outer steel tubes with infill concrete between tubes. CFDST columns are used in many structural systems such as offshore structures and high rise buildings. The aim of this research is to examine the performance of composite frames composed of CFDST columns and steel beam under the influence of lateral loading. The frames were modeled and analyzed utilizing ANSYS finite element (FE) software. The linear and nonlinear behavior of steel and concrete materials and confinement effects of inner and outer steel tubes on the infill concrete were considered in the analysis. Three key parameters were considered in the present study. They are the axial load and slenderness ratios of CFDST column as well as linear stiffness ratio of the beam–column. The effects of these parameters on the behavior of the composite frames were evaluated comparatively. Load-deformation responses were achieved for various cases of the investigation. The verification of the developed FE model was evaluated by considering the analysis results with the experimental data existing in the literature. The findings attained from the FE modeling were in consonance with the experimental results. Besides, it was observed that the above parameters had a substantial influence on the load-displacement relationship and the performance of the studied composite frames.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76992316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The photovoltaic (PV) systems provide a low power conversion efficiency. PV systems benefit from maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control methods to maximize available power from PV panels and efficiency. The present study proposes an improved hybrid intelligent controller design for the MPPT of stand-alone PV system. The hybrid intelligent control structure is integrated into Angle of Incremental Conductance (AIC) method and Interval Type-2 Takagi Sugeno Kang Fuzzy Logic Controller (IT2-TSKFLC). The proposed hybrid intelligent controller offers a superior performance in terms of dealing with uncertainties of sudden changes under different environment conditions. A simulation model is created in Matlab/Simulink using daily data from a real solar PV plant to evaluate the performance of the proposed hybrid intelligent controller. The simulation findings demonstrated that the proposed hybrid intelligent controller displays a highly stable and robust performance in terms of tracking maximum power point compared to a conventional AIC MPPT method against various uncertainties stemming from disturbance inputs such as solar irradiance and panel temperature variations.
{"title":"IMPROVED HYBRID INTELLIGENT CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR MPPT OF STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEM","authors":"Ö. F. Keçecioglu, A. Gani, M. Sekkeli","doi":"10.31127/tuje.652229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.652229","url":null,"abstract":"The photovoltaic (PV) systems provide a low power conversion efficiency. PV systems benefit from maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control methods to maximize available power from PV panels and efficiency. The present study proposes an improved hybrid intelligent controller design for the MPPT of stand-alone PV system. The hybrid intelligent control structure is integrated into Angle of Incremental Conductance (AIC) method and Interval Type-2 Takagi Sugeno Kang Fuzzy Logic Controller (IT2-TSKFLC). The proposed hybrid intelligent controller offers a superior performance in terms of dealing with uncertainties of sudden changes under different environment conditions. A simulation model is created in Matlab/Simulink using daily data from a real solar PV plant to evaluate the performance of the proposed hybrid intelligent controller. The simulation findings demonstrated that the proposed hybrid intelligent controller displays a highly stable and robust performance in terms of tracking maximum power point compared to a conventional AIC MPPT method against various uncertainties stemming from disturbance inputs such as solar irradiance and panel temperature variations.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89709445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Akay, Orkan Özcan, F. B. Sanli, B. Bayram, T. Gorum
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which can carry a variety of payloads, and be operated automatically or manually with ground control stations. Nowadays, UAVs can make photogrammetric flight plans and obtain photogrammetric data with existing sensor systems. Automatic data acquisition processes provide lower cost, and high spatial and temporal resolution images in a short period of time compared to other measurement methods. As a result, orthomosaics, dense point clouds and digital surface models (DSMs) are produced and these UAV-derived data are used in various disciplines such as constructions, geomatics, earth sciences, etc. In this study, the same flight plans were realized with an UAV at different altitudes and all aerial images were obtained with the same integrated digital camera. As a result of the processing of images acquired from different altitudes, orthomosaics, DSMs and point cloud were produced. In this study, it is aimed to compare the length, areal and volumetric differences of a small geostationary object. Ground control points (GCPs), which were collected by RTK-GPS (Real-Time Kinematic) in conjunction with the flight integrated into data production process in order to highly accurate product. Ultimately, cross-correlation has been done with the produced data and the terrestrial measurement. Results show that the dimension of the object depend on the flight altitude as expected, however the volumetric changes vary due to the uncertainties in the raw point cloud data.
{"title":"ASSESSING THE SPATIAL ACCURACY OF UAV-DERIVED PRODUCTS BASED ON VARIATION OF FLIGHT ALTITUDES","authors":"S. Akay, Orkan Özcan, F. B. Sanli, B. Bayram, T. Gorum","doi":"10.31127/tuje.653631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.653631","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which can carry a variety of payloads, and be operated automatically or manually with ground control stations. Nowadays, UAVs can make photogrammetric flight plans and obtain photogrammetric data with existing sensor systems. Automatic data acquisition processes provide lower cost, and high spatial and temporal resolution images in a short period of time compared to other measurement methods. As a result, orthomosaics, dense point clouds and digital surface models (DSMs) are produced and these UAV-derived data are used in various disciplines such as constructions, geomatics, earth sciences, etc. In this study, the same flight plans were realized with an UAV at different altitudes and all aerial images were obtained with the same integrated digital camera. As a result of the processing of images acquired from different altitudes, orthomosaics, DSMs and point cloud were produced. In this study, it is aimed to compare the length, areal and volumetric differences of a small geostationary object. Ground control points (GCPs), which were collected by RTK-GPS (Real-Time Kinematic) in conjunction with the flight integrated into data production process in order to highly accurate product. Ultimately, cross-correlation has been done with the produced data and the terrestrial measurement. Results show that the dimension of the object depend on the flight altitude as expected, however the volumetric changes vary due to the uncertainties in the raw point cloud data.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85027349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the use of natural and synthetic fibers in soil improvement has become widespread in soil mechanics applications. Easy to use and low cost fibers have been the subject of many geotechnical researches in recent years. In this study, results of previous mechanical experiments performed on fiber-cohesive soil mixtures were reviewed in a systematical approach. Based on the data derived from the experimental studies available in the literature, it has been observed that various soil properties including soil strength have improved with increasing density of the fibers up to a certain level. The percentage of added fiber has a significant effect on improving soil properties. Based on statistical analysis, simple correlation relationships were suggested based on the investigated test database.
{"title":"AN INVESTIGATION ON THE GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBER REINFORCED COHESIVE SOILS","authors":"Ö. Ertuğrul, Fatma Dülger Canoğullari","doi":"10.31127/tuje.651222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.651222","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the use of natural and synthetic fibers in soil improvement has become widespread in soil mechanics applications. Easy to use and low cost fibers have been the subject of many geotechnical researches in recent years. In this study, results of previous mechanical experiments performed on fiber-cohesive soil mixtures were reviewed in a systematical approach. Based on the data derived from the experimental studies available in the literature, it has been observed that various soil properties including soil strength have improved with increasing density of the fibers up to a certain level. The percentage of added fiber has a significant effect on improving soil properties. Based on statistical analysis, simple correlation relationships were suggested based on the investigated test database.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89839309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Galois field, has an important position in cryptology. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) also used in polynomial operations. In this paper, we consider the polynomial operations on the Galois fields, the Fibonacci polynomial sequences. Using a certain irreducible polynomial, we redefine the elements of Fibonacci polynomial sequences to use in our cryptology algorithm. So, we find the classical AES-like cryptology via the Fibonacci polynomial matrix. Successful results were achieved with the method used.
{"title":"THE CLASSICAL AES-LIKE CRYPTOLOGY VIA THE FIBONACCI POLYNOMİAL MATRİX","authors":"E. Avaroglu, Orhan Dişkaya, H. Menken","doi":"10.31127/tuje.646926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.646926","url":null,"abstract":"Galois field, has an important position in cryptology. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) also used in polynomial operations. In this paper, we consider the polynomial operations on the Galois fields, the Fibonacci polynomial sequences. Using a certain irreducible polynomial, we redefine the elements of Fibonacci polynomial sequences to use in our cryptology algorithm. So, we find the classical AES-like cryptology via the Fibonacci polynomial matrix. Successful results were achieved with the method used.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78073524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following RASAT, Gokturk-2, placed into its orbit as Turkey’s second domestic production of earth observation, has three times higher spatial resolution (2.5 m) than RASAT and has much more advanced stereo vision capability. However, like all-optical imaging satellites, Gokturk-2 has problems in data quality due to reasons such as sensor geometry, contrast, dense forest cover in the field of view and topographic slope. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the horizontal and vertical geolocation accuracy performance of three-dimensional Digital Surface Models (DSM) derived from Gokturk-2 stereo images in comparison with a reference DSM obtained by traditional photogrammetry method in Derik district of Mardin province with high slope and variable topographic conditions. The results demonstrated that the three dimensional topographic representation capability of Gokturk-2 is quite successful despite offering a medium spatial resolution. The Gokturk-2 DSM has an absolute horizontal geolocation accuracy of ≤0.1 pixels (25 cm) both for X and Y directions. On the height, it provides accuracy as standard deviation of 7.3 m and normalized median absolute deviation of about 5.7 m.
{"title":"THREE-DIMENSIONAL EARTH MODELLING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GÖKTÜRK-2 SATELLITE","authors":"A. Marangoz, U. Sefercik, Damla Yüce","doi":"10.31127/tuje.650989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.650989","url":null,"abstract":"Following RASAT, Gokturk-2, placed into its orbit as Turkey’s second domestic production of earth observation, has three times higher spatial resolution (2.5 m) than RASAT and has much more advanced stereo vision capability. However, like all-optical imaging satellites, Gokturk-2 has problems in data quality due to reasons such as sensor geometry, contrast, dense forest cover in the field of view and topographic slope. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the horizontal and vertical geolocation accuracy performance of three-dimensional Digital Surface Models (DSM) derived from Gokturk-2 stereo images in comparison with a reference DSM obtained by traditional photogrammetry method in Derik district of Mardin province with high slope and variable topographic conditions. The results demonstrated that the three dimensional topographic representation capability of Gokturk-2 is quite successful despite offering a medium spatial resolution. The Gokturk-2 DSM has an absolute horizontal geolocation accuracy of ≤0.1 pixels (25 cm) both for X and Y directions. On the height, it provides accuracy as standard deviation of 7.3 m and normalized median absolute deviation of about 5.7 m.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80946609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terrain models play a key role in many applications, such as hydrological modeling, volume calculation, wire and pipeline route planning as well as many engineering applications. While terrain models can be generated from traditional data sources, an advanced and recently popular geospatial technology, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data, is also a source for generating high-density terrain models in the last decades. The main advantage of LiDAR technology over traditional data sources is that it generates 3D point clouds directly so that the representation of the surfaces is obtained fast. On the other hand, before terrain modeling, ground points need to be extracted by point labeling in the 3D point cloud. In this study, a new algorithm is proposed for automatic ground point extraction from airborne LiDAR data for urban areas. The proposed algorithm is mainly based on height information of the points in the dataset and labels ground points comparing height differences in local windows. The algorithm does not require any user input threshold and a neighborhood definition. The proposed ground extraction algorithm was tested with three different urban area LiDAR data. The quality control basically performed qualitatively by visual inspection and quantitatively by calculation of overall accuracy, which is conduct by comparing the proposed algorithm results with data provider’s ground classification and Cloth Simulation Filtering (CSF) algorithm’s results. The overall accuracy of the proposed algorithm is found between 95%-98%. The experimental results showed that the algorithm promises reliable results to extract ground points from airborne LiDAR data for urban areas.
{"title":"AUTOMATIC GROUND EXTRACTION FOR URBAN AREAS FROM AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA","authors":"Sibel Canaz Sevgen, F. Karsli","doi":"10.31127/tuje.641501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.641501","url":null,"abstract":"Terrain models play a key role in many applications, such as hydrological modeling, volume calculation, wire and pipeline route planning as well as many engineering applications. While terrain models can be generated from traditional data sources, an advanced and recently popular geospatial technology, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data, is also a source for generating high-density terrain models in the last decades. The main advantage of LiDAR technology over traditional data sources is that it generates 3D point clouds directly so that the representation of the surfaces is obtained fast. On the other hand, before terrain modeling, ground points need to be extracted by point labeling in the 3D point cloud. In this study, a new algorithm is proposed for automatic ground point extraction from airborne LiDAR data for urban areas. The proposed algorithm is mainly based on height information of the points in the dataset and labels ground points comparing height differences in local windows. The algorithm does not require any user input threshold and a neighborhood definition. The proposed ground extraction algorithm was tested with three different urban area LiDAR data. The quality control basically performed qualitatively by visual inspection and quantitatively by calculation of overall accuracy, which is conduct by comparing the proposed algorithm results with data provider’s ground classification and Cloth Simulation Filtering (CSF) algorithm’s results. The overall accuracy of the proposed algorithm is found between 95%-98%. The experimental results showed that the algorithm promises reliable results to extract ground points from airborne LiDAR data for urban areas.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86745703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thickness measurement is very critical especially in fabrication of micro and nano devices to determine the thickness of the layers. Stylus measurement is the easiest and most common technique that is being employed among the other thickness measurement methods. Micro-nano fabrication processes requires the usage of both rigid and soft materials. While thickness of a rigid material can be easily detected, thickness measurement of the soft materials presents some difficulties for standard stylus thickness measurement devices. Since the soft materials are deformed by the stylus due to the applied pressure, correct thickness measurement cannot be realized. Here, PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) is used as soft material for thickness measurement. By taking the replica of the soft material with liquid plastic which becomes rigid after curing, the depth can be measured easily via conventional stylus thickness measurement devices.
{"title":"A NEW METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF SOFT MATERIAL THICKNESS","authors":"M. T. Guler, I. Bilican","doi":"10.31127/tuje.636350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.636350","url":null,"abstract":"Thickness measurement is very critical especially in fabrication of micro and nano devices to determine the thickness of the layers. Stylus measurement is the easiest and most common technique that is being employed among the other thickness measurement methods. Micro-nano fabrication processes requires the usage of both rigid and soft materials. While thickness of a rigid material can be easily detected, thickness measurement of the soft materials presents some difficulties for standard stylus thickness measurement devices. Since the soft materials are deformed by the stylus due to the applied pressure, correct thickness measurement cannot be realized. Here, PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) is used as soft material for thickness measurement. By taking the replica of the soft material with liquid plastic which becomes rigid after curing, the depth can be measured easily via conventional stylus thickness measurement devices.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87836342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, low-power dynamic comparator is presented with auto-zeroing for successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converter (ADC). The comparator designed with DTMOS technique operates in sub-threshold region. The designed circuit consumes low power with high gain. The dynamic range of the comparator is increased with a new biasing technique for DTMOS transistors. The core design consumes 6.01µW power and overall design consumes 17.06µW. The design is realized with two supply ranging from 600mV (core design) to 1.8V (biasing circuit). The comparator has been simulated with 0.18µm TSMC process in Cadence environment.
{"title":"LOW-POWER DYNAMIC COMPARATOR WITH HIGH PRECISION FOR SAR ADC","authors":"Ersin Alaybeyoğlu","doi":"10.31127/tuje.625475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.625475","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, low-power dynamic comparator is presented with auto-zeroing for successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converter (ADC). The comparator designed with DTMOS technique operates in sub-threshold region. The designed circuit consumes low power with high gain. The dynamic range of the comparator is increased with a new biasing technique for DTMOS transistors. The core design consumes 6.01µW power and overall design consumes 17.06µW. The design is realized with two supply ranging from 600mV (core design) to 1.8V (biasing circuit). The comparator has been simulated with 0.18µm TSMC process in Cadence environment.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87567197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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