Silica aerogel is a class of nanoporous material with extremely high porosity (85–99.9 %) and specific surface area (500–1200 m2/g), as in cause very low density, low thermal conductivity. But silica aerogel have some disadvantages. One of this disadvantages is high cost. In this study, to solve this problem has been used low cost precursor which is rice husk ash. Also, we try to improve porosity. To improve the porosity we used expanded perlite (EP). To produced EP is heated the perlite to 760–1100 °C, at which point its native water is converted to vapor and the material is caused to expand to 4–20 times its original volume, then the high-porosity and lightweight aggregates are formed. In this study silica aerogels have been reinforced with EP to product new type composite material which is used as building insulation material. The prepared EP-silica aerogel composite was characterized using SEM and BET measurements.
{"title":"PRODUCTION OF NEW TYPE INSULATION MATERIAL: EXPANDED PERLITE-SILICA AEROGEL COMPOSITE","authors":"Ö. Güler, Öyküm Başgöz, Cagdas Yavuz","doi":"10.31127/tuje.674035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.674035","url":null,"abstract":"Silica aerogel is a class of nanoporous material with extremely high porosity (85–99.9 %) and specific surface area (500–1200 m2/g), as in cause very low density, low thermal conductivity. But silica aerogel have some disadvantages. One of this disadvantages is high cost. In this study, to solve this problem has been used low cost precursor which is rice husk ash. Also, we try to improve porosity. To improve the porosity we used expanded perlite (EP). To produced EP is heated the perlite to 760–1100 °C, at which point its native water is converted to vapor and the material is caused to expand to 4–20 times its original volume, then the high-porosity and lightweight aggregates are formed. In this study silica aerogels have been reinforced with EP to product new type composite material which is used as building insulation material. The prepared EP-silica aerogel composite was characterized using SEM and BET measurements.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75924507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mehmet Çi̇çek, Mustafa Gençtürk, S. Balci, K. Sabanci
{"title":"The Modelling, Simulation, and Implementation of Wireless Power Transfer for an Electric Vehicle Charging Station","authors":"Mehmet Çi̇çek, Mustafa Gençtürk, S. Balci, K. Sabanci","doi":"10.31127/tuje.930933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.930933","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74421875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mst. Mahbuba Khatun, D. Chakraborty, Ifterkharul Alam
In this research, the temporal trends of vegetation from 2000 to 2019 as well as meteorological variables contribution to vegetation change were investigated using the GLAM NDVI, rainfall and temperature data. The MAKESENS revealed that the vegetation growth rate was slow, particularly on a yearly time scale. On the other hand, the rainfall and temperature had a major impact on vegetation growth on a monthly-time scale with a time lag. The lagged effect of rainfall and temperature on vegetation was shown to be a promotion (based on cross-correlation analysis). There was high value of r (0.804) between vegetation and rainfall for a certain lag period, which was significant ( P ≤ 0.05) as per the cross-correlation. Rainfall had a 4-month lag effect on vegetation development, while temperature had a 5 ( r = 0.74), − 2 ( r = 0.84), − 3 ( r = 0.68) month lag effect on vegetation growth. This study's findings revealed changes in vegetation and highlighted the importance of rainfall and temperature in regulating vegetation dynamics. Finally, this study recommended that the effect of more climatic variables on vegetation should be investigated in the context of human activities to better conserve the environment.
{"title":"Clarifying the impact of climatic parameters on vegetation in Moulvibazar district","authors":"Mst. Mahbuba Khatun, D. Chakraborty, Ifterkharul Alam","doi":"10.31127/tuje.930293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.930293","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, the temporal trends of vegetation from 2000 to 2019 as well as meteorological variables contribution to vegetation change were investigated using the GLAM NDVI, rainfall and temperature data. The MAKESENS revealed that the vegetation growth rate was slow, particularly on a yearly time scale. On the other hand, the rainfall and temperature had a major impact on vegetation growth on a monthly-time scale with a time lag. The lagged effect of rainfall and temperature on vegetation was shown to be a promotion (based on cross-correlation analysis). There was high value of r (0.804) between vegetation and rainfall for a certain lag period, which was significant ( P ≤ 0.05) as per the cross-correlation. Rainfall had a 4-month lag effect on vegetation development, while temperature had a 5 ( r = 0.74), − 2 ( r = 0.84), − 3 ( r = 0.68) month lag effect on vegetation growth. This study's findings revealed changes in vegetation and highlighted the importance of rainfall and temperature in regulating vegetation dynamics. Finally, this study recommended that the effect of more climatic variables on vegetation should be investigated in the context of human activities to better conserve the environment.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"208 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80510440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Amin, Shorup Tamal, A. Bari, Milan Mazumder, Md. Ariful Hasan
{"title":"Strengthening of Fire Damaged Reinforced Beams by using Ferrocement","authors":"A. Amin, Shorup Tamal, A. Bari, Milan Mazumder, Md. Ariful Hasan","doi":"10.31127/tuje.925199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.925199","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78489325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Uniaxial Stress Strain Applied to α-Fe Nanowire","authors":"S. Kazanç, C. Aksu Canbay","doi":"10.31127/tuje.888891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.888891","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88814179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A paper-based membraneless direct hydrogen peroxide fuel cell was developed and tested under different potassium hydroxide concentrations (1 to 7 mol lt -1 , stepping by 2), different hydrogen peroxide concentrations (1, 2, 3 mol lt -1 ) and different temperatures (20, 30, 40 o C). Moreover, the developed fuel cell was studied for stability under stopped and continuous flow conditions. From the experiments, it was found that the maximum power density of 6.79 mW cm -2 and the maximum open circuit voltage of 0.87 V at 40 o C were obtained when the anode solution consisted 2 mol lt -1 H 2 O 2 and 5 mol lt -1 potassium hydroxide and cathode solution consisted 2 mol lt -1 sulfuric acid and 2 mol lt -1 hydrogen peroxide. It was found that if the reactants were supplied constantly into the fuel cell, a current density of 3.12 mA cm -2 was obtained. The developed fuel cell produced energy for 91 minutes when the reactant flow was stopped.
研制了一种纸基无膜直接过氧化氢燃料电池，并在不同氢氧化钾浓度(1 ~ 7 mol lt -1，步进2)、不同过氧化氢浓度(1、2、3 mol lt -1)和不同温度(20、30、40℃)下进行了测试，并对该燃料电池在停流和连续流条件下的稳定性进行了研究。实验结果表明，当阳极溶液由2 mol l -1 h2o和5 mol l -1氢氧化钾组成，阴极溶液由2 mol l -1硫酸和2 mol l -1过氧化氢组成时，在40℃时获得的最大功率密度为6.79 mW cm -2，最大开路电压为0.87 V。研究发现，如果不断向燃料电池中提供反应物，则可获得3.12 mA cm -2的电流密度。在停止反应物流动的情况下，所开发的燃料电池可以产生91分钟的能量。
{"title":"An Experimental Study of the Performance of a Low-Cost Paper-Based Membraneless Direct Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cell","authors":"Muhammet Çelik","doi":"10.31127/TUJE.891626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/TUJE.891626","url":null,"abstract":"A paper-based membraneless direct hydrogen peroxide fuel cell was developed and tested under different potassium hydroxide concentrations (1 to 7 mol lt -1 , stepping by 2), different hydrogen peroxide concentrations (1, 2, 3 mol lt -1 ) and different temperatures (20, 30, 40 o C). Moreover, the developed fuel cell was studied for stability under stopped and continuous flow conditions. From the experiments, it was found that the maximum power density of 6.79 mW cm -2 and the maximum open circuit voltage of 0.87 V at 40 o C were obtained when the anode solution consisted 2 mol lt -1 H 2 O 2 and 5 mol lt -1 potassium hydroxide and cathode solution consisted 2 mol lt -1 sulfuric acid and 2 mol lt -1 hydrogen peroxide. It was found that if the reactants were supplied constantly into the fuel cell, a current density of 3.12 mA cm -2 was obtained. The developed fuel cell produced energy for 91 minutes when the reactant flow was stopped.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"2015 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87069791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grey water is a kind of domestic wastewater including shower, bath, lavatory and laundry waters. Grey waters without faecal waste can be considered as alternative water sources in the place where water resources are limited. In the present study, the removals of COD, anionic and non-ionic surfactants from grey water via conventional (CFP) and modified (MFP) Fenton oxidation processes was experienced. It was determined that pH adjustment to acidic values is not required in CFP. The optimum operating conditions were determined as [Fe2+] = 50 mg/L, [H2O2] = 50 mg/L at pH 7.6 (original pH) in CFP and [ZVI] = 50 mg/L, [H2O2] = 50 mg/L at pH 3 in MFP, respectively. As a result, the CFP has been found to be a more efficient alternative treatment method for the treatment of grey water, compared to MFP.
{"title":"REMOVAL OF COD AND SURFACTANTS FROM GREY WATER BY FEN-TON TYPE PROCESSES","authors":"S. Şahinkaya, Gamze Özgüroğlu","doi":"10.31127/tuje.674021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.674021","url":null,"abstract":"Grey water is a kind of domestic wastewater including shower, bath, lavatory and laundry waters. Grey waters without faecal waste can be considered as alternative water sources in the place where water resources are limited. In the present study, the removals of COD, anionic and non-ionic surfactants from grey water via conventional (CFP) and modified (MFP) Fenton oxidation processes was experienced. It was determined that pH adjustment to acidic values is not required in CFP. The optimum operating conditions were determined as [Fe2+] = 50 mg/L, [H2O2] = 50 mg/L at pH 7.6 (original pH) in CFP and [ZVI] = 50 mg/L, [H2O2] = 50 mg/L at pH 3 in MFP, respectively. As a result, the CFP has been found to be a more efficient alternative treatment method for the treatment of grey water, compared to MFP.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75907902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of wind energy has rapidly increased in recent years. In parallel with this rapid increase, Wind Power Plant (WPP) installation has become an important research topic. The selection of wind turbine location in WPP installation effects turbine output power. If the appropriate turbine position is not selected, the total generation of WPP is decreased. The purpose of this study was to determine the locations that wind turbines can achieve the highest energy generation. In this study, an optimization model was proposed to achieve the best WPP layout. In the first stage, field data and Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) software were used to obtain wind speed distributions in the region where the WPP will be installed. . These distributions were used in the developed optimization model in MATLAB. The actual power curve of a wind turbine was used in the model to calculate energy generation. In the second stage, the locations of the wind turbine were determined by particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. In the final stage, the results of developed MATLAB model were compared with WASP to check accuracy. The difference between MATLAB model and WAsP software was found as 0.04%. This result showed that this model performed a calculation with acceptable accuracy. In addition, it was seen that wind turbines were located to the high wind velocity regions with the solution of the developed optimization model.
近年来，风能的使用迅速增加。与此同时，风力发电厂(WPP)的安装也成为一个重要的研究课题。WPP安装中风力机位置的选择影响着风力机的输出功率。如果不选择合适的涡轮机位置，则WPP的总发电量会减少。这项研究的目的是确定风力涡轮机可以达到最高发电量的位置。在本研究中，提出了一个优化模型，以实现最佳的WPP布局。在第一阶段，利用现场数据和Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP)软件获得WPP将要安装区域的风速分布。这些分布在MATLAB中用于开发的优化模型。模型采用风力机的实际功率曲线计算发电量。第二阶段，采用粒子群优化方法确定风力机的位置。在最后阶段，将开发的MATLAB模型的结果与WASP进行比较，以检查准确性。MATLAB模型与WAsP软件的差异为0.04%。结果表明，该模型的计算精度可以接受。此外，通过所建立的优化模型的解可以看出，风力机位于高风速区域。
{"title":"WIND POWER PLANT LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION","authors":"I. Çelik, C. Yıldız, M. Sekkeli","doi":"10.31127/tuje.698856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.698856","url":null,"abstract":"The use of wind energy has rapidly increased in recent years. In parallel with this rapid increase, Wind Power Plant (WPP) installation has become an important research topic. The selection of wind turbine location in WPP installation effects turbine output power. If the appropriate turbine position is not selected, the total generation of WPP is decreased. The purpose of this study was to determine the locations that wind turbines can achieve the highest energy generation. In this study, an optimization model was proposed to achieve the best WPP layout. In the first stage, field data and Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) software were used to obtain wind speed distributions in the region where the WPP will be installed. . These distributions were used in the developed optimization model in MATLAB. The actual power curve of a wind turbine was used in the model to calculate energy generation. In the second stage, the locations of the wind turbine were determined by particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. In the final stage, the results of developed MATLAB model were compared with WASP to check accuracy. The difference between MATLAB model and WAsP software was found as 0.04%. This result showed that this model performed a calculation with acceptable accuracy. In addition, it was seen that wind turbines were located to the high wind velocity regions with the solution of the developed optimization model.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90527856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based images have become an important data sources for researchers who deals with mapping from various disciplines on photogrammetry and remote sensing. Reconstruction of an area with three-dimensional (3D) point clouds from UAV-based images are an essential process to be used for traditional 2D cadastral maps or to produce a topographic maps. Point clouds should be classified since they subjected to various analyses for extraction for further information from direct point cloud data. Due to the high density of point clouds, data processing and gathering information makes the classification of point clouds a challenging task and may take a long time. Therefore, the classification processing allows an optimal solution to acquire valuable information. In this study, random forest machine learning algorithm for classification processing is applied with radiometric features (Red band, Green band and Blue band) and geometric characteristics derived from covariance feature (curvature, omnivariance, flatness, linearity, surface variance, anisotropy and normalized terrain surface) of points. In addition, the case study is presented in order to test applicability of the proposed methodology to acquire an accuracy and performance of random forest method on the UAV based point cloud. After the classification processing, a class assigned each point from the model was compared with the reference data class. Lastly, the overall accuracy of the classification was achieved as 96% and the Kappa index was reached to 91% on data set.
{"title":"CLASSIFICATION OF UAV POINT CLOUDS BY RANDOM FOREST MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM","authors":"M. Zeybek","doi":"10.31127/tuje.669566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.669566","url":null,"abstract":"Today, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based images have become an important data sources for researchers who deals with mapping from various disciplines on photogrammetry and remote sensing. Reconstruction of an area with three-dimensional (3D) point clouds from UAV-based images are an essential process to be used for traditional 2D cadastral maps or to produce a topographic maps. Point clouds should be classified since they subjected to various analyses for extraction for further information from direct point cloud data. Due to the high density of point clouds, data processing and gathering information makes the classification of point clouds a challenging task and may take a long time. Therefore, the classification processing allows an optimal solution to acquire valuable information. In this study, random forest machine learning algorithm for classification processing is applied with radiometric features (Red band, Green band and Blue band) and geometric characteristics derived from covariance feature (curvature, omnivariance, flatness, linearity, surface variance, anisotropy and normalized terrain surface) of points. In addition, the case study is presented in order to test applicability of the proposed methodology to acquire an accuracy and performance of random forest method on the UAV based point cloud. After the classification processing, a class assigned each point from the model was compared with the reference data class. Lastly, the overall accuracy of the classification was achieved as 96% and the Kappa index was reached to 91% on data set.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82773791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multipath, which is a major source of error for precise positioning, is the effect that occurs when Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals reach the receiver by reflecting from one or more surfaces. Reflected signals affect the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data provided by the receiver, indicating the signal strength. The structure of the antenna of the receiver and the direction in which it is oriented also change the strength of the received signal. In this study, the effect of antenna orientation and polarization on SNR data was demonstrated by using the method called GNSS-Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR), in terms of reflector height estimates. A geodetic GNSS receiver (CHC i50) and two different smartphones (Xiaomi Mi8 and Xiaomi Mi8 Lite) were used in the four-day experiments. The geodetic receiver was established as zenith-looking (ZL) in the first two days and as horizon-looking (HL) in the last two days. Smartphones were placed on the same mast with the HL receiver in the last two days. It was seen that it is more appropriate to use a 0°-60° satellite elevation angle range in the common use of all receivers’ data. In the 30°-60° range where the ZL installation receives the multipath signals weakly, it has been found that the HL receiver and smartphones have reflector height estimation accuracies with values ranging from 1.9 cm to 2.5 cm. In short, for different elevation angle ranges, accuracies below 2 cm could be obtained with each receiver. Thus, different antenna configurations may be used in GNSS-IR studies, depending on the characteristics of the study area and the surface feature to be determined.
{"title":"Retrieving the SNR metrics with different antenna configurations for GNSS-IR","authors":"Cem Altuntas, N. Tunalioglu","doi":"10.31127/TUJE.870620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31127/TUJE.870620","url":null,"abstract":"Multipath, which is a major source of error for precise positioning, is the effect that occurs when Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals reach the receiver by reflecting from one or more surfaces. Reflected signals affect the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data provided by the receiver, indicating the signal strength. The structure of the antenna of the receiver and the direction in which it is oriented also change the strength of the received signal. In this study, the effect of antenna orientation and polarization on SNR data was demonstrated by using the method called GNSS-Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR), in terms of reflector height estimates. A geodetic GNSS receiver (CHC i50) and two different smartphones (Xiaomi Mi8 and Xiaomi Mi8 Lite) were used in the four-day experiments. The geodetic receiver was established as zenith-looking (ZL) in the first two days and as horizon-looking (HL) in the last two days. Smartphones were placed on the same mast with the HL receiver in the last two days. It was seen that it is more appropriate to use a 0°-60° satellite elevation angle range in the common use of all receivers’ data. In the 30°-60° range where the ZL installation receives the multipath signals weakly, it has been found that the HL receiver and smartphones have reflector height estimation accuracies with values ranging from 1.9 cm to 2.5 cm. In short, for different elevation angle ranges, accuracies below 2 cm could be obtained with each receiver. Thus, different antenna configurations may be used in GNSS-IR studies, depending on the characteristics of the study area and the surface feature to be determined.","PeriodicalId":23377,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76633451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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