Ultrastructural Pathology最新文献

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that carry biomolecular cargos such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. These molecules play crucial roles in cell-to-cell communication and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Due to their potential as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, research has increasingly focused on developing more efficient methods for their isolation and characterization. In this study, blood samples were collected from 30 participants, and serum was subsequently isolated. Serum-derived exosomes (SDEs) were extracted using ultracentrifugation (UC) as well as the Total Exosome Isolation Reagent. Modifications to the UC method were implemented to improve yield and purity, and a detailed description of the method is also provided. The exosomes were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Western Blotting (WB) to evaluate their size, morphology, and protein content. The exosome yields from both isolation methods were evaluated using the BCA assay. Protein estimation suggested that the Total Exosome Isolation Reagent produced exosome concentrations that were 10-fold higher compared to those obtained through ultracentrifugation. Morphological analysis showed that exosomes exhibited circular, spherical, and irregular shapes, with diameters ranging from 30 to 200 nm. Western Blotting confirmed the presence of exosomal markers (TSG101, ALIX, LAMP2, and CD63) in the SDEs. In conclusion, both ultracentrifugation and the Total Exosome Isolation Reagent effectively isolate SDEs. Thus, although both methods are viable, modified ultracentrifugation is the preferred choice for applications due to its cost-effectiveness and suitability for achieving pure protein yields.

Primary renal neuroendocrine tumors are very rare neoplasms compared to neuroendocrine tumors from other anatomic locations, such as the thoracic and gastrointestinal tract regions. Typically, renal neuroendocrine tumors are well-differentiated, carry a good prognosis, are often larger at presentation than neuroendocrine tumors found at other anatomic locations, and lack the clinical manifestations characteristic of neuroendocrine tumors found at other anatomic sites. Due to the rarity of these tumors, their origins, behavior, and molecular-genetic features are yet poorly defined. Here we describe a case of a well-differentiated primary renal tumor in a 55-year-old woman.

Gliomas arise from glial cells and make up to 85% of malignant brain tumors, with an average survival of only 15 months for glioblastoma. Advances in our understanding of glioma pathogenesis and treatment require a critical analysis of the tumor ultrastructure and its microenvironment. Ultrastructural analysis (UA) using high-resolution electron microscopy enables crucial insights into the cellular and subcellular characteristics of gliomas, revealing organelle abnormalities and confirming molecular alterations. We focus on recent developments in our understanding of the ultrastructural pathology of gliomas that show the abundance of lipids found in both intracellular and extracellular environments. These lipid changes are associated with aberrant structures of mitochondria and even the disappearance of cellular membranes. Significant disruptions were also noted in tumors' blood vessels and intriguing details emerged about neovascularization and the atypical content and structure of vessel walls. In a typical display of mimicry, tumor cells replaced endothelial cells on the luminal wall of the vessels. Recent UA findings also detected multinucleated giant cells in high prevalence with the presence of extrachromosomal DNA in the microenvironment. Finally, we provide an overview of the implications of UA findings regarding future research, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic options.

Recent research indicates that adolescence is a time when adolescent mice are more susceptible to the effects of a short-term high-fat diet (HFD) on hippocampus-dependent learning and memory processes. Furthermore, a major characteristic in HFD-induced obesity is the development of inflammation. "intermittent fasting" (IF) promotes cellular and molecular Noplasticity. To investigate how rat hippocampal neuronal alterations brought on by (HFD) improved by (IF). The Department of Medical Histology at South Valley University's Faculty of Medicine was the site of this experiment. There were sixty male Wistar albino rats (n = 15) split up into four equal groups.GroupӀ was given a regular diet(24 weeks); GroupӀӀ was given HFD (24 weeks); GroupӀӀӀ was exposed to an IF regimen; and GroupӀV was fed on HFD (24 weeks) followed by (8 weeks) of IF regimen. The hippocampus from rats of all groups was dissected, fixed, sectioned then stained by; Hx&E, gallocyanin, immunohistochemical procedures for light microscope examination and ultrasections made for electron microscope examination. Real Time PCR using Nrf2 primer carried out. This study reported that the IF ameliorated the HFD-induced neuronal structural changes of hippocampus. In addition, the IF improved the neuronal oxidative stress through activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Also it improved neuronal functional deterioration revealed by increasing the expression of 5HT and decreasing the expression of astrocytes number. Conclusions: IF could be used as a novel and safe method for ameliorating the HFD- induced neuronal changes by modulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Vancomycin is commonly used to treat drug-resistant bacterial infections despite its potential to cause nephrotoxicity. We previously showed that zileuton can reduce vancomycin nephrotoxicity, but the intracellular mechanism(s) are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of nephroprotection by zileuton. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered vancomycin (200 mg/kg/day) and zileuton (4 mg/kg/day) for 3 days. Blood samples were collected to determine serum creatinine concentration. Kidneys were collected for morphologic study including comprehensive electron microscopic examination. Treatment with vancomycin alone resulted in doubling of serum creatinine. Significant tubular cell injury was noted by light microscopy. Electron microscopy further defined the nature of tubular cell injury including tubular cell necrosis, cytoplasmic vacuolization, endoplasmic reticulum dilation, and aggregation of granular/fibrillary material. Distinct mitochondrial changes included swelling, appearance of crowded/disorganized cristae, punctuated electron dense matrices, and large lysosomes containing substructures consistent with abnormal mitochondria. These changes were markedly attenuated with adjuvant zileuton. Our findings indicate that mitochondrial injury is a major mechanism of vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity, and restoration of mitochondrial morphology is associated with nephroprotection by zileuton. These findings would be valuable for nephroprotective strategies to reduce vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity, allowing optimal vancomycin use to treat bacterial infections.

Diffuse intrapulmonary malignant mesothelioma (DIMM) is a rare variant of epithelioid mesothelioma characterized by diffuse lung parenchymal involvement without a discrete pleural mass, often mimicking interstitial lung disease (ILD). We report a case of a 55-year-old male presenting with bilateral pleural effusions and a complex clinical course requiring multiple thoracic interventions. Histology revealed scattered nests of epithelioid tumor cells in the lung interstitium and lymph nodes, with immunohistochemistry positive for mesothelial markers (calretinin, WT1, D2-40) and negative for carcinoma markers. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated classic mesothelial features including cohesive cells with desmosomes and abundant slender microvilli. next-generation sequencing showed no pathogenic mutations in commonly altered mesothelioma genes but revealed a variant of uncertain significance in PTCH1, implicating potential Hedgehog pathway involvement. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of DIMM masquerading as ILD and highlights the value of integrating histopathology, ultrastructure, and molecular profiling to improve diagnostic accuracy and understand tumor biology.

There is a growing number of evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. At near-contact sites between mitochondria and the ER, membranes of these organelles are juxtaposed within distance of 50 nm, referred to as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). The aim of this study was to carry out an ultrastructural analysis of mitochondria-associated membranes in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with newly discovered type 2 diabetes mellitus and compare them with the same structures in lymphocytes of healthy persons. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to study peripheral blood lymphocytes from newly diagnosed patients not undergoing any metabolic therapy or antidiabetic medications, as well as from healthy persons. Lymphocytes of diabetic patients had more mitochondria, albeit with unchanged mitochondrial fractional volume, and more MAMs compared to lymphocytes from healthy individuals. An increase in the number of mitochondria and MAMs in peripheral blood lymphocytes could reflect disturbed mitochondrial dynamics and immunological changes that are present in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, the results obtained in our study emphasize the possible role of mitochondria and mitochondria-associated membranes in the metabolic changes of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Nandrolone decanoate, a synthetic form of the testosterone hormone, is misused by some bodybuilders and adolescents to gain muscle mass. We investigated its effect on the prostate during postpubertal age and evaluated the reversibility of these effects after a period of cessation. Thirty albino rats were utilized and categorized into three distinct groups: Control group, a treated group that received nandrolone decanoate weekly by intramuscular injection with 10 mg/kg for 4 weeks while recovery group received nandrolone, similar to the treated group, followed by an additional recovery period of 4 weeks. In the treated group, there were significant elevation in IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α, COX2, MDA, BAX, PSA, and miRNA-155 expression and decreased in SOD, GST, bcl2, and testosterone hormone compared to the control group. Prostatic acini showed marked epithelial stratification, weak PAS positive reactions, excess collagen depositions, and negative ARs nuclear immunoexpression. Ultrastructrally, cytoplasm contained vacuoles and dilated cisterna of RER. In the recovery group, insignificant differences were observed between the recovery and control groups, and most of the acini appeared normal except for minimal changes. Nandrolone-induced structural and functional impairment of the prostate at cellular and molecular basis and cessation of it in the recovery group ameliorated the impairment.

The aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) is a rare mesenchymal tumor known for its locally aggressive behavior and high recurrence rate, predominantly affecting women. Through this analysis of five cases located in the vulva, scrotum, and perineum, the study employs histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural techniques to elucidate the tumor's characteristics. Findings revealed confirmatory histopathological and immunohistochemical features. The ultrastructural study details the distinctive features of this entity showing characteristics compatible with myofibroblastic differentiation.