Ultrastructural Pathology最新文献

Background and aim: A murine model mimicking osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) revealed with histology in the relay posterolateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) thalamic nuclei adjoined nerve cell bodies in chronic hyponatremia, amongst the damaged 12 h and 48 h after reinstatement of osmolality. This report aims to verify and complement with ultrastructure other neurophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biochemistry data to assess the connexin-36 protein, as part of those hinted close contacts.This ODS investigation included four groups of mice: Sham (NN; n = 13), hyponatremic (HN; n = 11), those sacrificed 12 h after a fast restoration of normal natremia (ODS12h; n = 6) and mice sacrificed 48 h afterward, or ODS48 h (n = 9). Out of these, thalamic zones samples included NN (n = 2), HN (n = 2), ODS12h (n = 3) and ODS48h (n = 3).

Results: Ultrastructure illustrated junctions between nerve cell bodies that were immunolabeled with connexin36 (Cx36) with light microscopy and Western blots. These cell's junctions were reminiscent of low resistance junctions characterized in other regions of the CNS with electrophysiology. Contiguous neurons showed neurolemma contacts in intact and damaged tissues according to their location in the ODS zones, at 12 h and 48 h post correction along with other demyelinating alterations. Neurons and ephaptic contact measurements indicated the highest alterations, including nerve cell necrosis in the ODS epicenter and damages decreased toward the outskirts of the demyelinated zone.

Conclusion: Ephapses contained C × 36between intact or ODS injured neurons in the thalamus appeared to be resilient beyond the core degraded tissue injuries. These could maintain intercellular ionic and metabolite exchanges between these lesser injured regions and, thus, would partake to some brain plasticity repairs.

One of the most widely used medications for epilepsy is the broad-spectrum antiseizure levetiracetam. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of levetiracetam on the bodyweight and liver of pregnant rats and their offspring. The study involved treating the rats during pregnancy and lactation and then examining the pregnant rats and their offspring. Two groups of 40 pregnant rats were created (I, II). Each group was split up into two smaller groups (A, B). About 1.5 mL/day of distilled water was gavaged to the rats in group I, either continuously throughout pregnancy (IA) or continuously throughout pregnancy and 15 days after delivery (IB). Group II rats received 1.5 ml/day of distilled water (containing levetiracetam) either during pregnancy (IIA) or during pregnancy plus 15 days postpartum (IIB). At the end of the work, blood samples were taken from the adult rats, body weight of different groups were recorded, and then, their liver was subjected for histological and morphometric analysis. Levetiracetam treatment showed reduction in the body weight of adult rats and their offspring and pathological changes in their liver. These changes were in the form of distortion of the hepatic architecture, cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear changes, and swollen mitochondria with loss of their cristae. Such changes were proved by alteration in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme levels of the liver. It is advised to monitor the liver functions continuously when using levetiracetam.

Obesity is a serious health issue. As regard, the central nervous system, obesity induces neuronal damage. Vitamin D has well-known anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. To detect if vitamin D protects against damage in the arcuate nucleus induced by a high fat-high fructose diet. Forty adult rats were used, and four groups were formed. Group I (negative control) kept on a standard chow diet for six weeks, Group II (positive control) received vitamin D orally once every other day for six weeks, Group III (high fat-high fructose treated group) was given high fat-high fructose diets for six weeks and Group IV (high fat-high fructose and vitamin D treated group) were given high fat-high fructose diets concomitantly with vitamin D for six weeks. High fat-high fructose diet markedly caused histological changes in arcuate neurons as nuclei appeared darkly stained and shrunken with condensed chromatin, and the nucleolus became less prominent. The cytoplasm appeared rarefied with loss of most of the organelles. An increase in neuroglial cells was noticed. The synaptic area showed sparse degenerated mitochondria and a disrupted presynaptic membrane. A high-fat diet has a damaging effect on arcuate neurons and vitamin D alleviates these effects.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a group of diseases characterized by immune-mediated lysis of mature red blood cells (RBCs). It is mainly classified into primary and secondary types based on etiology and mechanisms underlying autoantibody production. AIHA is diagnosed using morphological observation of bone marrow smears under a light microscope and monospecific direct antiglobulin test to detect hemolysis. Here, we retrospectively studied ultrastructural abnormalities of nucleated erythroid cells in bone marrows from 10 patients with AIHA using transmission electron microscopy. Our results revealed severe damage and injury to nucleated erythroid cells, including morphological irregularity, pyknosis, karyolysis, expansion of perinuclear cisternae and cytoplasmic lysis. These results indicate that aberrant immunity attacks not only mature RBCs but also nucleated erythroid cells, and ineffective hematopoiesis is partly involved in the pathogenesis of AIHA.

The unlimited use of nanoparticles (NPs) results in toxic impacts on different tissues. The current study aimed to compare the adverse effects of AgNPs and TiO₂NPs on the parotid gland of adult male albino rats as regards the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical changes, exploring the possible underlying mechanisms and the degree of improvement after cessation of administration. Fifty-four adult male albino rats were divided into control group (I), AgNPs-injected group (II), and TiO₂NPs-injected group (III). We measured the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6) in the serum, and levels of MDA and GSH in parotid tissue homogenate. Quantitative real-time polymerase-chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4), mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), Caspase-3 Col1a1, and Occludin. Parotid tissue sections were examined by light microscope (Hematoxylin & Eosin and Mallory trichrome stains), electron microscope, and immunohistochemical examination of CD68 and anti-caspase-3 antibodies. Both NPs severely affected the acinar cells and damaged the tight junction between them by enhancing expression of the inflammatory cytokines, inducing oxidative stress, and disturbing the expression levels of the studied genes. They also stimulated fibrosis, acinar cell apoptosis, and inflammatory cells infiltration in parotid tissue. TiO₂NPs effects were less severe than AgNPs. Cessation of exposure to both NPs, ameliorated the biochemical and structural findings with more improvement in TiO₂NPs withdrawal. In conclusion: AgNPs and TiO₂NPs adversely affected the parotid gland, but TiO₂NPs were less toxic than AgNPs.

The steroidogenic activity of the granulosa cells is important for the reproductive cycle, and lipoproteins are involved in this process. The clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway for LDL transport is considered to be the main one in eukaryotic cells. However, there are no studies that elucidate LDL internalization in human granulosa cells clarifying whether the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway is functional in this process. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of clathrin and v-SNARE proteins in the formation of vesicles in human granulosa cells. In this study, the COV434 human granulosa cells were cultured and divided into four groups where in some of the groups Dil-conjugated LDL and Icarugamycin (ICA) a clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor were added. From the collected mediums pregnenolone and progesterone levels were measured using ELISA. Oil red O staining was performed to show the intracellular lipids in the cells. Clathrin-coated vesicles believed to be responsible for carrying LDL, and v-SNARE proteins that direct the vesicles to their target molecules were also labeled and investigated by histological and ultrastructural methods. Our results show that human granulosa cells as well use the LDL cholesterol for steroid biosynthesis and they may prefer the clathrin-mediated endocytotic pathway to internalize it.

This study was performed to explore in detail the toxic effects of Tributyltin Chloride (TBT) on the pituitary-testicular axis and the possible amelioration with Hesperidin. Seventy-two adult male albino rats were divided into four groups: Control group (I), TBT-treated group (II), TBT+Hesperidin group (III), and Recovery group (IV). Body and testicular weights were measured. Blood samples were taken to estimate serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH hormones by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured in testes homogenates. Tissue samples from the pituitary glands and testes were processed for light, electron microscope examination, and immunohistochemical detection of anti-FSH, and Ki67 proteins. Results showed a statistically significant decrease in testicular weight, serum testosterone, FSH and LH levels and a significant increase in tissue MDA in the TBT group when compared to the control group. TBT treatment caused severe histopathological changes with decreased area percent of PAS-stained basophils, and anti FSH immuno-stained gonadotrophs in the pituitary gland. The testes of group II also showed marked tissue damage, cell loss with decreased epithelial height and decreased number of proliferating spermatogenic cells. Hesperidin supplementation with TBT proved significant amelioration of the previously mentioned parameters in both glands which could improve male fertility. In conclusion: The flavonoid Hesperidin has the potential to protect against the reproductive damage induced by TBT in susceptible individuals.

Invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type is the most common type of breast cancer. In light of the above, many authors have reported the histological and electron microscopic characteristics of these tumors. On the other hand, a limited number of works exist where the authors have concentrated on investigating the extracellular matrix. This article presents data received as the results of light and electron microscopic examination of the extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, and cellular microenvironment of invasive breast ductal carcinoma of no special type. The authors have shown that the processes of stroma formation in the IDC NOS type are associated with the presence of fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and other cells. It was also shown the detailed interaction of the above cells with each other, as well as with vessels and fibrillar proteins such as collagen and elastin. The microcirculatory component is characterized by histophysiological heterogeneity, which manifests as the activation of angiogenesis, relative vascular differentiation, and regression of individual microcirculation components.

Gliomas are the most prevalent type of malignant brain tumors with a very dismal prognosis. Angiogenesis in glioma has recently gotten more attention and its molecular aspects have been published; however, these were not complemented with ultrastructural evidence. Our ultrastructural examination of glioma vessels reveals several unique and critical features related to their mechanisms of progression and metastasis strategy. The detailed ultrastructural survey of 18 isocitrate dehydrogenase-wildtype (IDH1-wt) glioblastomas and 12 isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant (IDH1-mt) High-grade gliomas indicated that tumor vessels of both types had undergone deformities such as the thickening of the vessel wall (VW) and proliferation of the basement membrane, contour distortions, abnormal and discontinuous basal lamina, tumor cells' invasion and colonization of VW, disappearance of endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and smooth muscle cells, as well as the formation of a continuous ring of tumor cells attached to the luminal side of VW in numerous cases. The latter feature is a clear sign of vascular mimicry (VM) that was previously suggested in gliomas but never shown by TEM. Additionally, the vascular invasion was carried out by a large number of tumor cells and was accompanied by the accumulation of tumor lipids in the vessels' lumina and VWs; these two features are distinct for gliomas and may alter the course of the clinical presentation and overall prognosis. This raises the issue of how to specifically target tumor cells involved in vascular invasion in order to optimize prognosis and overcome these mechanisms employed by the tumor cells.

Tributyltin is used in industrial applications. This current research aimed to study the effect of Tributyltin on the thyroid gland structure and function of adult male albino rats and the protective effect of Lycopene. Twenty-one male adult albino rats were classified into three groups: Control, treated that received Tributyltin, and protective that received Lycopene with Tributyltin. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and T4, T3, and (TSH) were measured. Tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated. Thyroid gland specimens were processed for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Then morphometric and statistical analyses were done. The treated group showed affection in thyroid function and histological structure as vacuolated colloid and cytoplasm and dark nuclei. Ultrastructurally, follicular cells showed irregular shrunken nuclei, atrophied apical microvilli, vacuoles, multiple lysosomal granules, mitochondria with destructed cristae, and extensively dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. There was increase in Caspase-3 immunoexpression and decrease in Beclin-1 immunoexpression. The thyroid structure and biochemical markers improved after Lycopene administration. The thyroid gland damage caused by Tributyltin is ameliorated by Lycopene.