Pub Date : 2020-04-24DOI: 10.1017/9781108879064.008
Meinhard Doelle
This paper is part of a debate on the effectiveness of the compliance system under the Paris Agreement on climate change. It makes the case in support of the facilitative approach to compliance adopted in Paris and implemented through the Paris Rulebook. The paper argues that an enforcement based approach would have been counter productive given the architecture of the Paris Agreement.
The paper concludes that whatever the merits of an enforcement-based compliance system may be in other MEAs or other international regimes, it has no place in the architecture of the Paris Agreement. A strong compliance system would undermine efforts to motivate parties to increase the ambition of their commitments and actions over time. It would significantly increase the risk of parties leaving the regime. The compliance system negotiated is well suited to the architecture of the Paris Agreement, and strikes an appropriate balance between identifying important compliance issues and keeping parties motivated to remain part of the regime and to take on more ambitious commitments over time.
{"title":"In Defence of the Paris Agreement’s Compliance System: The Case for Facilitative Compliance","authors":"Meinhard Doelle","doi":"10.1017/9781108879064.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108879064.008","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is part of a debate on the effectiveness of the compliance system under the Paris Agreement on climate change. It makes the case in support of the facilitative approach to compliance adopted in Paris and implemented through the Paris Rulebook. The paper argues that an enforcement based approach would have been counter productive given the architecture of the Paris Agreement.<br><br>The paper concludes that whatever the merits of an enforcement-based compliance system may be in other MEAs or other international regimes, it has no place in the architecture of the Paris Agreement. A strong compliance system would undermine efforts to motivate parties to increase the ambition of their commitments and actions over time. It would significantly increase the risk of parties leaving the regime. The compliance system negotiated is well suited to the architecture of the Paris Agreement, and strikes an appropriate balance between identifying important compliance issues and keeping parties motivated to remain part of the regime and to take on more ambitious commitments over time.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117227580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aimed to estimate the income generated by a wind turbine over a given time interval. The income depends on two main variables: the wind speed that determines the produced energy and electricity price. Both wind speed and electricity price evolve randomly in time and are correlated. To consider this dependency, we applied a vector autoregressive process (VAR) that links both variables. An application was performed using real data from a hypothetical wind turbine located in Sardinia (Italy). The income simulated by using the VAR model was closer to the empirical value compared with that obtained by simulating wind speed and electricity prices as independent variables. The results were also discussed in relation to the introduction of the SAPEI submarine cable, which produces a significant change in the income value.
{"title":"Performance Estimation of a Wind Farm with a Dependence Structure between Electricity Price and Wind Speed","authors":"Laura Casula, G. D’Amico, G. Masala, F. Petroni","doi":"10.1111/twec.12962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12962","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aimed to estimate the income generated by a wind turbine over a given time interval. The income depends on two main variables: the wind speed that determines the produced energy and electricity price. Both wind speed and electricity price evolve randomly in time and are correlated. To consider this dependency, we applied a vector autoregressive process (VAR) that links both variables. An application was performed using real data from a hypothetical wind turbine located in Sardinia (Italy). The income simulated by using the VAR model was closer to the empirical value compared with that obtained by simulating wind speed and electricity prices as independent variables. The results were also discussed in relation to the introduction of the SAPEI submarine cable, which produces a significant change in the income value.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122344242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-14DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2244-4_1
Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, D. Solovev, S. Kuzora, V. Terziev
{"title":"Exploring Research Methods and Dynamic Systems Toward Economic Development: An Overview","authors":"Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, D. Solovev, S. Kuzora, V. Terziev","doi":"10.1007/978-981-15-2244-4_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2244-4_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126558558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides a joint analysis of multiple fuel types and use choices and explores the socio-demographic and housing characteristics that affect household fuel use decisions. Using household survey data from urban Ethiopia, this paper estimates a mixed multiple discretecontinuous extreme value (MMDCEV) model. The results indicate that households with a female head are more likely to combine traditional biomass fuels (firewood and charcoal) and electricity for different uses, while households with less-educated heads, larger families, and poorer living conditions (fewer rooms) tend to rely on traditional biomass fuels. The results also show that households with an individual electricity meter are significantly less likely to use charcoal. Further, the results show that the satiation effect from increased use of a fuel is relatively higher for firewood and lower for electricity. The findings in this paper can be useful to inform energy policy, including more effective targeting of subsidies for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) purchases and private electricity meter installations, and for interventions that promote adoption of improved biomass cookstoves.
{"title":"Household Fuel Choice and Use: A Multiple Discrete-Continuous Framework","authors":"Aemiro Melkamu Daniel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3562270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3562270","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a joint analysis of multiple fuel types and use choices and explores the socio-demographic and housing characteristics that affect household fuel use decisions. Using household survey data from urban Ethiopia, this paper estimates a mixed multiple discretecontinuous extreme value (MMDCEV) model. The results indicate that households with a female head are more likely to combine traditional biomass fuels (firewood and charcoal) and electricity for different uses, while households with less-educated heads, larger families, and poorer living conditions (fewer rooms) tend to rely on traditional biomass fuels. The results also show that households with an individual electricity meter are significantly less likely to use charcoal. Further, the results show that the satiation effect from increased use of a fuel is relatively higher for firewood and lower for electricity. The findings in this paper can be useful to inform energy policy, including more effective targeting of subsidies for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) purchases and private electricity meter installations, and for interventions that promote adoption of improved biomass cookstoves.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115530629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global natural gas industry in emerging oil and gas producing countries faces the challenge of restructuring and regulations, making industry conduct revaluation inevitable. The main concern in restructuring the natural gas industry in these economies is how to break previously vertically integrated companies into separate business entities under an appropriate market structure along the gas value chain. There are two schools of thoughts on how to restructure the natural gas industry. The traditional school of thought favours a vertically integrated structure and the liberal school of thought advocates for competitive-based structures encompassing different regulatory reforms including ownership unbundling. The natural gas industry in Ghana, though nascent, is growing due mainly to rising demand for electricity, at about 5.8% annually. Currently GNPC owns the upstream gas, midstream infrastructures and champions final gas delivery to downstream consumers. Gas price harmonization, easing contractual agreements, maintaining the survival of GNGC, and energy security reasons are among the policy factors that seem to favour a state-owned vertically integrated structure. The aim of this paper is to examine and determine the industry structure that is optimal to sustain Ghana energy supply mix. The paper offers two natural gas industry structure models to describe the effect of unbundling infrastructure ownership of natural gas along its value chain on energy supply mix in Ghana. The paper suggests maintaining the aggregating role of GNPC is appropriate. However, the paper recommends unbundling infrastructure ownership from upstream natural gas owners. Thus, the Gas Processing Plants and Ghana National Gas Corporation (GNPC) transmission pipelines need an independent entity to operate the GNGC transmission pipeline as the National Gas Transmission Utility (NGTU) with open access allow IPPs equal access to natural gas at the market hubs.
{"title":"Natural Gas Industry Restructuring for Value Optimisation: A Case Study of Ghana","authors":"S. Suleman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3558498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3558498","url":null,"abstract":"The global natural gas industry in emerging oil and gas producing countries faces the challenge of restructuring and regulations, making industry conduct revaluation inevitable. The main concern in restructuring the natural gas industry in these economies is how to break previously vertically integrated companies into separate business entities under an appropriate market structure along the gas value chain. There are two schools of thoughts on how to restructure the natural gas industry. The traditional school of thought favours a vertically integrated structure and the liberal school of thought advocates for competitive-based structures encompassing different regulatory reforms including ownership unbundling. The natural gas industry in Ghana, though nascent, is growing due mainly to rising demand for electricity, at about 5.8% annually. Currently GNPC owns the upstream gas, midstream infrastructures and champions final gas delivery to downstream consumers. Gas price harmonization, easing contractual agreements, maintaining the survival of GNGC, and energy security reasons are among the policy factors that seem to favour a state-owned vertically integrated structure. The aim of this paper is to examine and determine the industry structure that is optimal to sustain Ghana energy supply mix. The paper offers two natural gas industry structure models to describe the effect of unbundling infrastructure ownership of natural gas along its value chain on energy supply mix in Ghana. The paper suggests maintaining the aggregating role of GNPC is appropriate. However, the paper recommends unbundling infrastructure ownership from upstream natural gas owners. Thus, the Gas Processing Plants and Ghana National Gas Corporation (GNPC) transmission pipelines need an independent entity to operate the GNGC transmission pipeline as the National Gas Transmission Utility (NGTU) with open access allow IPPs equal access to natural gas at the market hubs.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122056029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We exploit newly available microdata on goods movement in the U.S. to model shippers' freight mode choices. Because freight modes have vastly different fuel intensities, shippers' choices have large implications for fuel consumption and emissions. We find higher fuel prices yield substantial shifts from less to more fuel-efficient modes, particularly rail. We extend our model to analyze recently enacted fuel economy standards. Fuel economy standards can increase emissions and fuel consumption by shifting shipments to less fuel-efficient modes. Our results suggest mode-shifting makes up a large share of the total rebound effect in heavy-duty vehicles.
{"title":"Mode Choice, Energy, Emissions and the Rebound Effect in U.S. Freight Transportation","authors":"J. Bushnell, Jonathan E. Hughes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3689848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3689848","url":null,"abstract":"We exploit newly available microdata on goods movement in the U.S. to model shippers' freight mode choices. Because freight modes have vastly different fuel intensities, shippers' choices have large implications for fuel consumption and emissions. We find higher fuel prices yield substantial shifts from less to more fuel-efficient modes, particularly rail. We extend our model to analyze recently enacted fuel economy standards. Fuel economy standards can increase emissions and fuel consumption by shifting shipments to less fuel-efficient modes. Our results suggest mode-shifting makes up a large share of the total rebound effect in heavy-duty vehicles.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115975301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to specify critical urban sustainability issues by mining unstructured text data derived from the C40 city datasets of the Carbon Disclosure Project. The current study identifies underlying topical issues exhibited by text corpora, enables creation of smarter data visualizations, and forms useful profiles. Four underlying topical areas are examined: economic opportunities, climate risks, incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and emissions reduction activities. For each area, we built text data visualization profiles. Developing these text data visualization profiles enables greater attention to be paid to the list of topical issues shown in the profiles. Given the number of discovered topic issues, we generate an urban sustainability activity index and use it to identify which cities were detailing their actions toward becoming more sustainable cities. The city officials and municipal planners of either C40 or non-C40 cities worldwide can benchmark this study and put the process of text data visualization at the center of their process of generating citywide sustainable development.
{"title":"Using Text Analytics to Apprehend Urban Sustainability Development","authors":"Picheng Lee, G. Kleinman, C. Kuei","doi":"10.1002/sd.2045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2045","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to specify critical urban sustainability issues by mining unstructured text data derived from the C40 city datasets of the Carbon Disclosure Project. The current study identifies underlying topical issues exhibited by text corpora, enables creation of smarter data visualizations, and forms useful profiles. Four underlying topical areas are examined: economic opportunities, climate risks, incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and emissions reduction activities. For each area, we built text data visualization profiles. Developing these text data visualization profiles enables greater attention to be paid to the list of topical issues shown in the profiles. Given the number of discovered topic issues, we generate an urban sustainability activity index and use it to identify which cities were detailing their actions toward becoming more sustainable cities. The city officials and municipal planners of either C40 or non-C40 cities worldwide can benchmark this study and put the process of text data visualization at the center of their process of generating citywide sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126679323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-31DOI: 10.21303/2504-5571.2020.001130
Ugur Turan
The purpose of this study is to observe the evaluation of all the factors that influence sustainable development, by doing this, the author collected all the logically affecting indicators of 2000–2018 and divided them into 4 groups by affiliation which are Economic and Political, Energy and Environmental, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Intellect and Social Capital. This paper tries to perform the correlation coefficients matrix analysis to show, how the innovative indicators on sustainable development groups interact with each other, and open by using statistical methods to new views to further studies, in addition, to make the sustainable development activities of the Ukraine's energy enterprise sector more efficient and to pioneer further initiatives. The significance of the data was realized by using the normalization method, followed by using the Statistica mathematical program, and correlation coefficients were analyzed. At the last step, data were eliminated by applying the Cheddock scale. The data on the matrices that we built shows their noticeable significance and they are presented in this last stage of the study. According to the results of the study, the relationship between the data in each group has a high standing, and an innovative study has emerged with a statistical perspective. The resulting outcome demonstrates the connection of various 121 data and diversity between groups. The contribution of this study is that the results will be developed and reveal an integrated sustainable development mechanism and economic perspective with the final stage of the author’s prospected research. This article, as a part of the author's research, plans and provides an alternative viewpoint for energy venture companies within the framework of sustainable development pillars in UNDP.
{"title":"A Correlation Coefficients Analysis on Innovative Sustainable Development Groups","authors":"Ugur Turan","doi":"10.21303/2504-5571.2020.001130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2020.001130","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to observe the evaluation of all the factors that influence sustainable development, by doing this, the author collected all the logically affecting indicators of 2000–2018 and divided them into 4 groups by affiliation which are Economic and Political, Energy and Environmental, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Intellect and Social Capital. This paper tries to perform the correlation coefficients matrix analysis to show, how the innovative indicators on sustainable development groups interact with each other, and open by using statistical methods to new views to further studies, in addition, to make the sustainable development activities of the Ukraine's energy enterprise sector more efficient and to pioneer further initiatives. \u0000The significance of the data was realized by using the normalization method, followed by using the Statistica mathematical program, and correlation coefficients were analyzed. At the last step, data were eliminated by applying the Cheddock scale. The data on the matrices that we built shows their noticeable significance and they are presented in this last stage of the study. \u0000According to the results of the study, the relationship between the data in each group has a high standing, and an innovative study has emerged with a statistical perspective. \u0000The resulting outcome demonstrates the connection of various 121 data and diversity between groups. \u0000The contribution of this study is that the results will be developed and reveal an integrated sustainable development mechanism and economic perspective with the final stage of the author’s prospected research. This article, as a part of the author's research, plans and provides an alternative viewpoint for energy venture companies within the framework of sustainable development pillars in UNDP.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134032153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using monthly data from January 1985 to December 2018, I examine the impact of oil shocks, economic policy uncertainty and financial uncertainty on the global stock market. I find a negative and persistent effect of economic policy uncertainty and financial uncertainty of the U.S. on global stock market. Moreover, I confirm that positive shocks to the U.S. oil production and demand for crude oil have a significant and positive influence on global stock returns over the financial crisis. I also examine the impact of oil shocks on economic policy uncertainty and financial uncertainty and find that positive U.S. oil production shocks alleviate economic policy uncertainty and financial uncertainty over the financial crisis time period.
{"title":"Oil Shocks, Economic Policy Uncertainty, Financial Uncertainty and Global Stock Market: The Role of U.S. Oil Production Over the Financial Crisis","authors":"Hamid Sakaki","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3549087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3549087","url":null,"abstract":"Using monthly data from January 1985 to December 2018, I examine the impact of oil shocks, economic policy uncertainty and financial uncertainty on the global stock market. I find a negative and persistent effect of economic policy uncertainty and financial uncertainty of the U.S. on global stock market. Moreover, I confirm that positive shocks to the U.S. oil production and demand for crude oil have a significant and positive influence on global stock returns over the financial crisis. I also examine the impact of oil shocks on economic policy uncertainty and financial uncertainty and find that positive U.S. oil production shocks alleviate economic policy uncertainty and financial uncertainty over the financial crisis time period.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127593093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Disputes about climate policy involve much more than whether or not to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There is general agreement among proponents of climate policy that strategies should be cost effective, should address distributional impacts, and should incentivize investments in low-carbon technologies. Yet disagreements abound regarding additional goals of climate policy design. Decarbonizing the economy means changing the sources of energy we use, how we transport people and products, how we produce food, and which resources we consume. Yet even among proponents of federal climate legislation there is strong disagreement regarding policy instruments. Recent proposals for a revenue-neutral carbon tax and a Green New Deal (GND) frame the opposite ends of the debate. On one end, the GND framework treats climate policy as an opportunity to steer the trajectory of the U.S. economy while also correcting social and environmental injustices. Proponents of the most expansive iterations of a GND argue that it is not possible to separate justice and economic considerations from environmental policy. At the other end of the spectrum, revenue-neutral carbon tax proposals reject the creation of new government programs and focus on controlling greenhouse gas emissions rather than the economic and social impacts of the policy. This Essay identifies core disputes about the non-emission goals in state and federal climate policy debates that create barriers to legislative consensus. The Essay begins with a comparison of recent proposals to mitigate climate change, including pricing carbon via a carbon market or carbon tax, regulatory measures such as the Obama-era Clean Power Plan, state-based policies, and the GND. It then identifies three conflicts, the resolution of which will shape future climate policy developments: the role of decarbonization as technology policy, social justice policy, and fiscal policy. Deploying low carbon technologies is a critical piece of the climate mitigation puzzle, but stakeholders disagree whether decarbonization strategies should prioritize renewable energy or include technologies such as nuclear or carbon capture. Each policy discussed in this Essay considers some range of social impacts (at minimum, cost increases), but differ significantly about which social impacts to address and the how to address them. The policies also adopt different approaches to the link between fiscal policy and climate policy, with some generating revenue to fund new government programs, some returning revenue to U.S. citizens, and some not addressing the issue. The Essay concludes with comments about the early impacts of the GND on the domestic policy debate and opportunities to resolve.
{"title":"The Ends and Means of Decarbonization: The Green New Deal in Context","authors":"Jonas J. Monast","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3519360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3519360","url":null,"abstract":"Disputes about climate policy involve much more than whether or not to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There is general agreement among proponents of climate policy that strategies should be cost effective, should address distributional impacts, and should incentivize investments in low-carbon technologies. Yet disagreements abound regarding additional goals of climate policy design. \u0000 \u0000Decarbonizing the economy means changing the sources of energy we use, how we transport people and products, how we produce food, and which resources we consume. Yet even among proponents of federal climate legislation there is strong disagreement regarding policy instruments. Recent proposals for a revenue-neutral carbon tax and a Green New Deal (GND) frame the opposite ends of the debate. On one end, the GND framework treats climate policy as an opportunity to steer the trajectory of the U.S. economy while also correcting social and environmental injustices. Proponents of the most expansive iterations of a GND argue that it is not possible to separate justice and economic considerations from environmental policy. At the other end of the spectrum, revenue-neutral carbon tax proposals reject the creation of new government programs and focus on controlling greenhouse gas emissions rather than the economic and social impacts of the policy. \u0000 \u0000This Essay identifies core disputes about the non-emission goals in state and federal climate policy debates that create barriers to legislative consensus. The Essay begins with a comparison of recent proposals to mitigate climate change, including pricing carbon via a carbon market or carbon tax, regulatory measures such as the Obama-era Clean Power Plan, state-based policies, and the GND. It then identifies three conflicts, the resolution of which will shape future climate policy developments: the role of decarbonization as technology policy, social justice policy, and fiscal policy. Deploying low carbon technologies is a critical piece of the climate mitigation puzzle, but stakeholders disagree whether decarbonization strategies should prioritize renewable energy or include technologies such as nuclear or carbon capture. Each policy discussed in this Essay considers some range of social impacts (at minimum, cost increases), but differ significantly about which social impacts to address and the how to address them. The policies also adopt different approaches to the link between fiscal policy and climate policy, with some generating revenue to fund new government programs, some returning revenue to U.S. citizens, and some not addressing the issue. The Essay concludes with comments about the early impacts of the GND on the domestic policy debate and opportunities to resolve.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"14 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134411340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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