Pub Date : 2018-03-01DOI: 10.13189/CEA.2018.060207
I. Kotaridis, M. Lazaridou
Environmental monitoring of mine areas offers critical information about how they affect both natural and man-made environment. The Ptolemaida-Amyntaio lignite center plays a very important role in electrical industry of Greece, since it is the main energy fuel. The spatial growth of the lignite mine causes land cover change in the wider area. This paper aims to detect land cover changes in the wider area of the mines, in northwestern Greece, between two time periods using Remote Sensing and Geoinformation system (RS and GIS) methods. For this purpose multispectral images for both times were acquired, from Landsat data and a supervised classification was applied. Finally, qualitative and quantitative results obtained through visual interpretation and digital change detection study indicate that there has been a great increase in mine areas, affecting both agricultural land and man-made environment.
{"title":"Environmental Change Detection Study in the Wider Area of Lignite Mines","authors":"I. Kotaridis, M. Lazaridou","doi":"10.13189/CEA.2018.060207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/CEA.2018.060207","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental monitoring of mine areas offers critical information about how they affect both natural and man-made environment. The Ptolemaida-Amyntaio lignite center plays a very important role in electrical industry of Greece, since it is the main energy fuel. The spatial growth of the lignite mine causes land cover change in the wider area. This paper aims to detect land cover changes in the wider area of the mines, in northwestern Greece, between two time periods using Remote Sensing and Geoinformation system (RS and GIS) methods. For this purpose multispectral images for both times were acquired, from Landsat data and a supervised classification was applied. Finally, qualitative and quantitative results obtained through visual interpretation and digital change detection study indicate that there has been a great increase in mine areas, affecting both agricultural land and man-made environment.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125028236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many find that oil wealth produces political conflict. It is also argued that oil makes countries susceptible to the “resource curse” because rulers more easily buy off opposition and stave off economic reforms. We explore this issue by examining whether oil price volatility affects political unrest in oil-producing and oil import dependent states. We argue that in oil-producing countries, low prices generate anti-government protest conditional on a state´s access to foreign exchange reserves that accumulate due to political prudence. We also argue that oil-importing countries are affected by high oil prices, but again, conditional on access to foreign exchange reserves, which allow government to ease the pain of austerity. Using panel data covering 165 countries between 1980-2013 (34 years), we find support for the hypotheses. Our results lend support to the view that prudent governance in oil-producer countries that resist political Dutch disease and save for rainy days are more capable of weathering low-price years. These results are in line with others that show that oil producers avoid civil war through higher public spending. The results are robust to alternative data, measurement, sample size, and estimation methods.
{"title":"Oil Price Volatility and Political Unrest: Prudence and Protest in Producer and Consumer Societies, 1980-2013","authors":"K. Vadlamannati, Indra de Soysa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3125195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3125195","url":null,"abstract":"Many find that oil wealth produces political conflict. It is also argued that oil makes countries susceptible to the “resource curse” because rulers more easily buy off opposition and stave off economic reforms. We explore this issue by examining whether oil price volatility affects political unrest in oil-producing and oil import dependent states. We argue that in oil-producing countries, low prices generate anti-government protest conditional on a state´s access to foreign exchange reserves that accumulate due to political prudence. We also argue that oil-importing countries are affected by high oil prices, but again, conditional on access to foreign exchange reserves, which allow government to ease the pain of austerity. Using panel data covering 165 countries between 1980-2013 (34 years), we find support for the hypotheses. Our results lend support to the view that prudent governance in oil-producer countries that resist political Dutch disease and save for rainy days are more capable of weathering low-price years. These results are in line with others that show that oil producers avoid civil war through higher public spending. The results are robust to alternative data, measurement, sample size, and estimation methods.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121016390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The existing economics literature neglects the important role of capacity in the production of renewable energy. To fiill this gap, we construct a model in which renewable energy production is tied to renewable energy capacity, which then becomes a form of capital. This capacity capital can be increased through investment, which we interpret as arising from the allocation of energy, and which therefore comes at the cost of reduced general production. Requiring societal well-being to never decline, we describe how society could optimally elect to split energy in this fashion, the use of non-renewable energy resources, the use of renewable energy resources, and the implied time path of societal well-being. Our model delivers an empirically satisfactory explanation for simultaneous use of non-renewable and renewable energy. We also discuss the optimality of ceasing use of non-renewable energy before the non-renewable resource stock is fully exhausted.
{"title":"The Transition to Renewable Energy","authors":"C. Mason, Rémi Morin Chassé","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3157480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3157480","url":null,"abstract":"The existing economics literature neglects the important role of capacity in the production of renewable energy. To fiill this gap, we construct a model in which renewable energy production is tied to renewable energy capacity, which then becomes a form of capital. This capacity capital can be increased through investment, which we interpret as arising from the allocation of energy, and which therefore comes at the cost of reduced general production. Requiring societal well-being to never decline, we describe how society could optimally elect to split energy in this fashion, the use of non-renewable energy resources, the use of renewable energy resources, and the implied time path of societal well-being. Our model delivers an empirically satisfactory explanation for simultaneous use of non-renewable and renewable energy. We also discuss the optimality of ceasing use of non-renewable energy before the non-renewable resource stock is fully exhausted.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131410107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simple model is built up to capture the key drivers of investment and pricing incentives in electricity markets. The focus is put on the interaction between market power and investment incentives, and the trade-o_ it introduces when designing the optimal regulatory instruments. In contrast to the energy-only market paradigm that assumes perfect competition, our model demonstrates that in the presence of market power scarcity prices do not promote efficient investments, even among risk-neutral investors. Combining price caps and capacity payments allows to disentangle the two-fold objective of inducing the right investment incentives while mitigating market power. Bundling capacity payments with financial obligations further mitigates market power as long as strike prices are set sufficiently close to marginal costs.
{"title":"A Primer on Capacity Mechanisms","authors":"Natalia Fabra","doi":"10.17863/CAM.21790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.21790","url":null,"abstract":"A simple model is built up to capture the key drivers of investment and pricing incentives in electricity markets. The focus is put on the interaction between market power and investment incentives, and the trade-o_ it introduces when designing the optimal regulatory instruments. In contrast to the energy-only market paradigm that assumes perfect competition, our model demonstrates that in the presence of market power scarcity prices do not promote efficient investments, even among risk-neutral investors. Combining price caps and capacity payments allows to disentangle the two-fold objective of inducing the right investment incentives while mitigating market power. Bundling capacity payments with financial obligations further mitigates market power as long as strike prices are set sufficiently close to marginal costs.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124670813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Vinca, Marianna Rottoli, G. Marangoni, M. Tavoni
The climate targets defined under the Paris agreement of limiting global temperature increase below 1.5 or 2°C require massive deployment of low-carbon options in the energy mix, which is currently dominated by fossil fuels. Scenarios suggest that Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) might play a central role in this transformation, but CCS deployment is stagnating and doubts remain about its techno-economic feasibility. In this article, we carry out a throughout assessment of the role of CCS electricity for a variety of temperature targets, from 1.5 to above 4°C, with particular attention to the lower end of this range. We collect the latest data on CCS economic and technological future prospects to accurately represent several types of CCS plants in the WITCH energy-economy model, We capture uncertainties by means of extensive sensitivity analysis in parameters regarding plants technical aspects, as well as costs and technological progress. Our research suggests that stringent temperature scenarios constrain fossil fuel CCS based deployment, which is maximum for medium policy targets. On the other hand, Biomass CCS, along with renewables, increases with the temperature stringency. Moreover, the relative importance of cost and performance parameters change with the climate target. Cost uncertainty matters in less stringent policy cases, whereas performance matters for lower temperature targets.
{"title":"The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage Electricity in Attaining 1.5 and 2°C","authors":"A. Vinca, Marianna Rottoli, G. Marangoni, M. Tavoni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3089665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3089665","url":null,"abstract":"The climate targets defined under the Paris agreement of limiting global temperature increase below 1.5 or 2°C require massive deployment of low-carbon options in the energy mix, which is currently dominated by fossil fuels. Scenarios suggest that Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) might play a central role in this transformation, but CCS deployment is stagnating and doubts remain about its techno-economic feasibility. In this article, we carry out a throughout assessment of the role of CCS electricity for a variety of temperature targets, from 1.5 to above 4°C, with particular attention to the lower end of this range. We collect the latest data on CCS economic and technological future prospects to accurately represent several types of CCS plants in the WITCH energy-economy model, We capture uncertainties by means of extensive sensitivity analysis in parameters regarding plants technical aspects, as well as costs and technological progress. Our research suggests that stringent temperature scenarios constrain fossil fuel CCS based deployment, which is maximum for medium policy targets. On the other hand, Biomass CCS, along with renewables, increases with the temperature stringency. Moreover, the relative importance of cost and performance parameters change with the climate target. Cost uncertainty matters in less stringent policy cases, whereas performance matters for lower temperature targets.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128487030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prioritization of sectors and sub-sectors is essential for providing suitable technology interventions at (sub) sectoral level and help to formulate environmental policy and regulations. In this context this study illustrates sector and sub-sector prioritization using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach and prioritize the portfolio of low emissions technologies at (sub) sector level by using cost-benefit analysis tool approach. The findings of this study suggest that updated GHG inventory and stakeholder engagement process are vital for sector and technology prioritization. The outcome of the process will help to formulate Low Emissions Development Strategies (LEDs) and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) at the national level.
{"title":"Sector and Technology Prioritization in the Context of Sustainable Development","authors":"Sivanappan Kumar, Janardhana Anjanappa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3081710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3081710","url":null,"abstract":"Prioritization of sectors and sub-sectors is essential for providing suitable technology interventions at (sub) sectoral level and help to formulate environmental policy and regulations. In this context this study illustrates sector and sub-sector prioritization using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach and prioritize the portfolio of low emissions technologies at (sub) sector level by using cost-benefit analysis tool approach. The findings of this study suggest that updated GHG inventory and stakeholder engagement process are vital for sector and technology prioritization. The outcome of the process will help to formulate Low Emissions Development Strategies (LEDs) and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) at the national level.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129271853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the effects of electricity distribution inefficiencies in Ghana's electricity sector on output, consumption and investments. Inefficiencies are considered as losses in transmission and distribution channels from the generator to the final consumer of energy leading to supply–demand mismatch (shortages and blackouts). We assume that, a high inefficiency reflects high electricity cost in the sector. A simple dynamic version of the Ramsey growth model is developed, providing analytical solutions and applying simulations to evaluate the economic cost. Results from the simulations show that, electricity shortages and blackouts reduce output, consumption and investments in the economy. Improvements in energy technologies for generating and distributing electricity can offset the negative impacts and improve efficiency in the sector.
{"title":"The Effect of Electricity Technical Losses on Ghana's Economy: A Simulation Evaluation","authors":"K. K. Abrokwa, John Bosco Dramani, K. Bhattarai","doi":"10.1111/opec.12111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opec.12111","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effects of electricity distribution inefficiencies in Ghana's electricity sector on output, consumption and investments. Inefficiencies are considered as losses in transmission and distribution channels from the generator to the final consumer of energy leading to supply–demand mismatch (shortages and blackouts). We assume that, a high inefficiency reflects high electricity cost in the sector. A simple dynamic version of the Ramsey growth model is developed, providing analytical solutions and applying simulations to evaluate the economic cost. Results from the simulations show that, electricity shortages and blackouts reduce output, consumption and investments in the economy. Improvements in energy technologies for generating and distributing electricity can offset the negative impacts and improve efficiency in the sector.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131773204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Schillinger, H. Weigt, Michael Barry, R. Schumann
Hydropower (HP) is expected to play an important role in the European energy transition by providing back-up and storage capacity as well as flexibility for intermittent renewable energies. However, due to low electricity market prices the profitability of HP decreased in recent years. In this paper, we analyze historic revenue potentials and future market prospects for HP taking into account different development paths. Using a short-term HP operation model to capture market opportunities as well as technical and natural constraints of HP plants, we model three representative Swiss HP plants. The results indicate that in the last years, balancing markets could have provided significant additional revenues for HP plants. However, accounting for uncertainties and market characteristics, the potential of balancing markets is reduced but cross-market optimization is still beneficial. Looking into the future, market price prospects for the coming decade are low to modest. Global fuel markets and the European Union Emissions Trading System (ETS) will be the main drivers for decisions for Swiss HP. The revenue potential from balancing markets will be reduced significantly in the future if all Swiss HP operators aim for balancing. While optimized operation across markets helps Swiss HP to increase its revenues, it is limited in scale.
{"title":"Hydropower Operation in a Changing Market Environment – A Swiss Case Study","authors":"M. Schillinger, H. Weigt, Michael Barry, R. Schumann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3110605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3110605","url":null,"abstract":"Hydropower (HP) is expected to play an important role in the European energy transition by providing back-up and storage capacity as well as flexibility for intermittent renewable energies. However, due to low electricity market prices the profitability of HP decreased in recent years. In this paper, we analyze historic revenue potentials and future market prospects for HP taking into account different development paths. Using a short-term HP operation model to capture market opportunities as well as technical and natural constraints of HP plants, we model three representative Swiss HP plants. The results indicate that in the last years, balancing markets could have provided significant additional revenues for HP plants. However, accounting for uncertainties and market characteristics, the potential of balancing markets is reduced but cross-market optimization is still beneficial. Looking into the future, market price prospects for the coming decade are low to modest. Global fuel markets and the European Union Emissions Trading System (ETS) will be the main drivers for decisions for Swiss HP. The revenue potential from balancing markets will be reduced significantly in the future if all Swiss HP operators aim for balancing. While optimized operation across markets helps Swiss HP to increase its revenues, it is limited in scale.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116519797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oil prices remained relatively low but volatile in the 2015-17 period, largely due to declining and uncertain demand from China. This follows a prolonged decline from around $110 per barrel in June 2014 to below $30 in January 2016, due in large part to increased supply of shale oil in the US, which was spurred by the development of fracking technology. Most dynamic Cournot models focus on supply-side factors, such as increased shale oil, and random discoveries. However, uncertain demand is a major factor driving oil price volatility. This motivates the study of Cournot games in a stochastic demand environment. We present analytic and numerical results, as well as a modified Hotelling's rule for games with stochastic demand. We highlight how lower demand forces out higher cost producers from producing, and how such changing market structure can induce price volatility.
{"title":"Oil Prices & Dynamic Games Under Stochastic Demand","authors":"I. Brown, Jacob Funk, R. Sircar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3047390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3047390","url":null,"abstract":"Oil prices remained relatively low but volatile in the 2015-17 period, largely due to declining and uncertain demand from China. This follows a prolonged decline from around $110 per barrel in June 2014 to below $30 in January 2016, due in large part to increased supply of shale oil in the US, which was spurred by the development of fracking technology. Most dynamic Cournot models focus on supply-side factors, such as increased shale oil, and random discoveries. However, uncertain demand is a major factor driving oil price volatility. \u0000This motivates the study of Cournot games in a stochastic demand environment. We present analytic and numerical results, as well as a modified Hotelling's rule for games with stochastic demand. We highlight how lower demand forces out higher cost producers from producing, and how such changing market structure can induce price volatility.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130290564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-28DOI: 10.11575/SPPP.V10I0.43057
S. Dobson, G. Fellows
This communique provides a summary of the production- and consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions accounts for New Brunswick, as well as their associated trade flows. It is part of a series of communiques profiling the Canadian provinces and territories.1 In simplest terms, a production-based emissions account measures the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions produced in New Brunswick. In contrast, a consumptionbased emissions account measures the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions generated during the production process for final goods and services that are consumed in New Brunswick through household purchases, investment by firms and government spending. Trade flows refer to the movement of emissions that are produced in New Brunswick but which support consumption in a different province, territory or country (and vice versa). For example, emissions associated with the production of motor gasoline in New Brunswick that is exported to Quebec for sale are recorded as a trade flow from New Brunswick to Quebec. Moving in the opposite direction, emissions associated with the production of Nova Scotia natural gas that is sold to a New Brunswick utility and used to generate electricity for New Brunswick homes are recorded as a trade flow from Nova Scotia to New Brunswick. For further details on these results in a national context, the methodology for generating them and their policy implications, please see the companion papers to this communique series: (1) Fellows and Dobson (2017); and (2) Dobson and Fellows (2017). Additionally, the consumption emissions and trade flow data for each of the provinces and territories are available at: http://www.policyschool.ca/embodied-emissions-inputs-outputs-datatables-2004-2011/.
本公报概述了新不伦瑞克省以生产和消费为基础的温室气体排放账户及其相关的贸易流量。它是介绍加拿大各省和地区的一系列公报的一部分简单来说，以生产为基础的排放账户衡量新不伦瑞克省产生的温室气体排放量。相比之下，以消费为基础的排放账户衡量的是新不伦瑞克省通过家庭购买、企业投资和政府支出消费的最终产品和服务的生产过程中产生的温室气体排放量。贸易流量指的是在新不伦瑞克省产生的、但在另一个省、地区或国家支持消费的排放的流动(反之亦然)。例如，在新不伦瑞克省生产出口到魁北克销售的汽车汽油所产生的排放被记录为从新不伦瑞克省到魁北克的贸易流量。与此相反，新斯科舍天然气的生产所产生的排放被记录为从新斯科舍省到新不伦瑞克省的贸易流，这些天然气被出售给新不伦瑞克省的一家公用事业公司，用于为新不伦瑞克省的家庭发电。有关这些结果在国家背景下的进一步详细信息、产生这些结果的方法及其政策含义，请参阅本公报系列的配套论文:(1)Fellows and Dobson (2017);(2) Dobson and Fellows(2017)。此外，每个省和地区的消费排放和贸易流量数据可在http://www.policyschool.ca/embodied-emissions-inputs-outputs-datatables-2004-2011/上获得。
{"title":"Big and Little Feet Provincial Profiles: New Brunswick","authors":"S. Dobson, G. Fellows","doi":"10.11575/SPPP.V10I0.43057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11575/SPPP.V10I0.43057","url":null,"abstract":"This communique provides a summary of the production- and consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions accounts for New Brunswick, as well as their associated trade flows. It is part of a series of communiques profiling the Canadian provinces and territories.1 In simplest terms, a production-based emissions account measures the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions produced in New Brunswick. In contrast, a consumptionbased emissions account measures the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions generated during the production process for final goods and services that are consumed in New Brunswick through household purchases, investment by firms and government spending. Trade flows refer to the movement of emissions that are produced in New Brunswick but which support consumption in a different province, territory or country (and vice versa). For example, emissions associated with the production of motor gasoline in New Brunswick that is exported to Quebec for sale are recorded as a trade flow from New Brunswick to Quebec. Moving in the opposite direction, emissions associated with the production of Nova Scotia natural gas that is sold to a New Brunswick utility and used to generate electricity for New Brunswick homes are recorded as a trade flow from Nova Scotia to New Brunswick. For further details on these results in a national context, the methodology for generating them and their policy implications, please see the companion papers to this communique series: (1) Fellows and Dobson (2017); and (2) Dobson and Fellows (2017). Additionally, the consumption emissions and trade flow data for each of the provinces and territories are available at: http://www.policyschool.ca/embodied-emissions-inputs-outputs-datatables-2004-2011/.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"36 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132688568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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