Consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to serious economic and environmental issues such as (high fossil fuel subsidies, high carbon emissions, and high energy demand). This current economic situation needs new methods, which should generate sustainable solutions that are mostly independent of the use of fossil fuels. However, there are many barriers to the development of renewable energy. Based on the literature the major barriers to renewable energy are economic, Policy and legal, and technical. A literature review was performed in this paper to determine the reasons for shifting from conventional energy to renewable energy and identifies the barriers to the development of renewable power generation.
{"title":"Reasons for Shifting and Barriers to Renewable Energy: A Literature Review","authors":"Tarek Safwat Kabel, M. Bassim","doi":"10.32479/ijeep.8710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8710","url":null,"abstract":"Consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to serious economic and environmental issues such as (high fossil fuel subsidies, high carbon emissions, and high energy demand). This current economic situation needs new methods, which should generate sustainable solutions that are mostly independent of the use of fossil fuels. However, there are many barriers to the development of renewable energy. Based on the literature the major barriers to renewable energy are economic, Policy and legal, and technical. A literature review was performed in this paper to determine the reasons for shifting from conventional energy to renewable energy and identifies the barriers to the development of renewable power generation.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115302149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewability of a system can be expressed on the basis of continued human relationship with a given energy resource i.e. the rate at which humans exploit it compared to the rate at which nature renews again. If the resource is regenerated at a higher rate than it is used, it is considered renewable, but if it is exploited at a higher rate than it is regenerated, it is considered nonrenewable. The more renewable an energy resource is that is, the faster it can be regenerated at the level it is being used, the less of an environmental impact it has. It is a matter of concern to examine energy technologies having intermittent renew ability that can be realistically increased. While an efficient use of a resource can increase renew ability, an innovation in the process of turning a non-resource renewable material into a useful resource can be more proficient. In this paper energy method has been discussed to judge the renew ability of a power production plant.
{"title":"Renewability Analysis of a Power Production Plant","authors":"Sandip Ghosh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3508365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3508365","url":null,"abstract":"Renewability of a system can be expressed on the basis of continued human relationship with a given energy resource i.e. the rate at which humans exploit it compared to the rate at which nature renews again. If the resource is regenerated at a higher rate than it is used, it is considered renewable, but if it is exploited at a higher rate than it is regenerated, it is considered nonrenewable. The more renewable an energy resource is that is, the faster it can be regenerated at the level it is being used, the less of an environmental impact it has. It is a matter of concern to examine energy technologies having intermittent renew ability that can be realistically increased. While an efficient use of a resource can increase renew ability, an innovation in the process of turning a non-resource renewable material into a useful resource can be more proficient. In this paper energy method has been discussed to judge the renew ability of a power production plant.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"239 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120983932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is not uncommon for engineering plants to generate steam from excess burnable off-gases. These off-gases are typically by-products from plants throughout the engineering Works. Steam is utilised all over the Works in various processes. If excess steam is available after the Works’ demands have been adhered to, energy recovery can processes can be invested in. A typical energy recovery plant comprises steam turbines for power generation. Depending on the nature of the process flows, the off-gas and steam availabilities may be of a fluctuating nature. This will inevitably result fluctuating power generation. This fluctuating power generation, however, may result in turbines shutting down involuntarily due to steam shortages. This furthermore results in power generation losses due to unutilised steam. In an attempt to address and power generation losses and turbine trips, boiler expansion was investigated in this paper. Off-gas flaring was simulated and analysed to determine what flow quantities of steam the plant could potentially additionally generate. The steam flows were incorporated within a power generation optimisation model to simulate the true effect thereof. From the results it was demonstrated for the engineering Works that additional boiler houses can be invested in. The results showed increase power generation; however, further simulations showed that boiler expansions should be coupled to turbine investments to fully capture the energy recovery available for the Works.
{"title":"Boiler House Expansion Under Fluctuating Off-Gas Availability","authors":"Ponti Venter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3658944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3658944","url":null,"abstract":"It is not uncommon for engineering plants to generate steam from excess burnable off-gases. These off-gases are typically by-products from plants throughout the engineering Works. Steam is utilised all over the Works in various processes. If excess steam is available after the Works’ demands have been adhered to, energy recovery can processes can be invested in. A typical energy recovery plant comprises steam turbines for power generation. Depending on the nature of the process flows, the off-gas and steam availabilities may be of a fluctuating nature. This will inevitably result fluctuating power generation. This fluctuating power generation, however, may result in turbines shutting down involuntarily due to steam shortages. This furthermore results in power generation losses due to unutilised steam. In an attempt to address and power generation losses and turbine trips, boiler expansion was investigated in this paper. Off-gas flaring was simulated and analysed to determine what flow quantities of steam the plant could potentially additionally generate. The steam flows were incorporated within a power generation optimisation model to simulate the true effect thereof. From the results it was demonstrated for the engineering Works that additional boiler houses can be invested in. The results showed increase power generation; however, further simulations showed that boiler expansions should be coupled to turbine investments to fully capture the energy recovery available for the Works. <br>","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116016923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
South Africa is the highest consumer of commercial energy per capita in Africa, ranking 16th in the world for primary energy consumption. It is also ranked among the bottom 50 of the 150 countries regarding energy efficiency, the cold chain is a large contributor. Refrigerated transport vehicles have played a major role in preserving goods over the years. With the current climate change, new refrigeration systems have been put in place to sustain this industry while complying with the changing climate regulations. This paper presents the use of Eutectic plates inside the refrigerated transport vehicle compartment. This study numerically investigates the characteristics of phase change material (PCM) Eutectic plates applied at low-temperature ranges. To obtain a uniform heat transfer and airflow condition inside a refrigerated compartment, using the Reynolds stress model (RSM). A physical model and a mathematical model for three-dimensional (3D) transient natural flow were developed. Using the governing equation of mass, momentum and energy conservation, three Eutectic plate configurations were modeled and simulated in ANSYS Fluent to predict the temperature distribution and the velocity of the air flowing for 5 hours. The configuration with eutectic plates placed at the top and side showed great potential for the system. It had a high-temperature distribution across the compartment and promoted high air circulations compared to the other configurations.
{"title":"A Simulation Study of Natural Convection Airflow Pattern for a Phase Change Material Chamber","authors":"T. B. Radebe, Z. Huan, Jeffrey Baloyi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3637981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3637981","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa is the highest consumer of commercial energy per capita in Africa, ranking 16th in the world for primary energy consumption. It is also ranked among the bottom 50 of the 150 countries regarding energy efficiency, the cold chain is a large contributor. Refrigerated transport vehicles have played a major role in preserving goods over the years. With the current climate change, new refrigeration systems have been put in place to sustain this industry while complying with the changing climate regulations. This paper presents the use of Eutectic plates inside the refrigerated transport vehicle compartment. This study numerically investigates the characteristics of phase change material (PCM) Eutectic plates applied at low-temperature ranges. To obtain a uniform heat transfer and airflow condition inside a refrigerated compartment, using the Reynolds stress model (RSM). A physical model and a mathematical model for three-dimensional (3D) transient natural flow were developed. Using the governing equation of mass, momentum and energy conservation, three Eutectic plate configurations were modeled and simulated in ANSYS Fluent to predict the temperature distribution and the velocity of the air flowing for 5 hours. The configuration with eutectic plates placed at the top and side showed great potential for the system. It had a high-temperature distribution across the compartment and promoted high air circulations compared to the other configurations. <br>","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116918532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carmen Herrero Suárez, Jose Pineda, A. Villar, E. Zambrano
This paper presents the Inclusive Green Energy index (IGE) to evaluate the progress in achieving the key dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) nº 7, which entails ensuring “access to affordable, sustainable and modern energy for all”. The key aspects of this index are: (i) it focuses on the change of the corresponding variables, rather than on their levels; (ii) it exhibits a decomposability feature that permits integrating several dimensions in a simple way, allowing for the inclusion of “goods” and “bads”; and (iii) the evaluation of progress is made relative to some reference values (targets and thresholds) that can differ between countries. We calculate the IGE index of progress for 157 countries using data from 2000 to 2015 on three indicators intended to capture inclusiveness, greenness and efficiency regarding energy use. The results show that progress has, on average, been positive across the world, with more than 85 per cent of the sample of countries experiencing some degree of progress. However, progress is smaller for the Middle East and North African and Sub-Saharan African countries and it is negative for most of the countries that exhibit low levels of human development, as measured by the Human Development Index. Furthermore, less than five percent of the countries in the sample have an IGE commensurate with having met their respective country-level targets. This means that much remains to be done by almost all countries worldwide in regard to being in track towards meeting their SDG nº 7 by 2030.
{"title":"The Inclusive Green Energy Index of Progress","authors":"Carmen Herrero Suárez, Jose Pineda, A. Villar, E. Zambrano","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3493987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3493987","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the Inclusive Green Energy index (IGE) to evaluate the progress in achieving the key dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) nº 7, which entails ensuring “access to affordable, sustainable and modern energy for all”. The key aspects of this index are: (i) it focuses on the change of the corresponding variables, rather than on their levels; (ii) it exhibits a decomposability feature that permits integrating several dimensions in a simple way, allowing for the inclusion of “goods” and “bads”; and (iii) the evaluation of progress is made relative to some reference values (targets and thresholds) that can differ between countries. We calculate the IGE index of progress for 157 countries using data from 2000 to 2015 on three indicators intended to capture inclusiveness, greenness and efficiency regarding energy use. The results show that progress has, on average, been positive across the world, with more than 85 per cent of the sample of countries experiencing some degree of progress. However, progress is smaller for the Middle East and North African and Sub-Saharan African countries and it is negative for most of the countries that exhibit low levels of human development, as measured by the Human Development Index. Furthermore, less than five percent of the countries in the sample have an IGE commensurate with having met their respective country-level targets. This means that much remains to be done by almost all countries worldwide in regard to being in track towards meeting their SDG nº 7 by 2030.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116886149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate scientists project a rise in both average temperatures and the frequency of temperature extremes. We study how extreme temperatures affect companies' earnings across different industries and whether sell-side analysts understand these relationships. We combine granular daily data on temperatures across the continental U.S. with locations of public companies' establishments and build a panel of quarterly firm-level temperature exposures. Extreme temperatures significantly impact earnings in over 40% of industries, with bi-directional effects that harm some industries while others benefit. Analysts and investors do not immediately react to observable intra-quarter temperature shocks, but earnings forecasts account for temperature effects by quarter-end in many, though not all, industries.
{"title":"Temperature Shocks and Industry Earnings News","authors":"Jawad M. Addoum, D. Ng, Ariel Ortiz-Bobea","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3480695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3480695","url":null,"abstract":"Climate scientists project a rise in both average temperatures and the frequency of temperature extremes. We study how extreme temperatures affect companies' earnings across different industries and whether sell-side analysts understand these relationships. We combine granular daily data on temperatures across the continental U.S. with locations of public companies' establishments and build a panel of quarterly firm-level temperature exposures. Extreme temperatures significantly impact earnings in over 40% of industries, with bi-directional effects that harm some industries while others benefit. Analysts and investors do not immediately react to observable intra-quarter temperature shocks, but earnings forecasts account for temperature effects by quarter-end in many, though not all, industries.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131321452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate justice accounts for the most challenging global governance goal. In the current post-COP21 Paris agreement climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, the financialization of the ambitious goals has leveraged into a blatant demand. Top down climate control proposes a model to distribute the benefits of a warming earth in a fair way based on which countries are losing and which countries are winning from a warming earth until 2100. A macroeconomic cost-benefit analysis thereby aids to find the optimum solution on how to distribute climate change benefits and burden within society. When unidimensionally focusing on estimated GDP growth given a warmer temperature, over all calculated models assuming linear, prospect or hyperbolic gains and losses, the world will be gaining more than losing from a warming earth until 2100. Based on the WL index of 188 countries of the world, less countries (n=78) will gain more from global warming until 2100 than more countries (n=111) will lose from a warming earth. Based on the overall 〖WL〗_TT index factored by GDP per inhabitant, global warming benefits are demanded to be redistributed in a fair way to offset the costs of climate change loser countries for climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts and to instigate a transition into renewable energy. Adding onto contemporary climate fund raising strategies ranging from emissions trading schemes (ETS) and carbon tax policies as well as financing climate justice through bonds as viable mitigation and adaptation strategies, climate justice is introduced to comprise of fairness between countries but also over generations in a unique and unprecedented tax-and-bonds climate change gains and losses distribution strategy. Climate change winning countries are advised to use taxation to raise revenues to offset the losses incurred by climate change. Climate change losers could raise revenues by issuing bonds that have to be paid back by taxing future generations. Regarding taxation, within the winning countries, foremost the gaining GDP sectors should be taxed. Climate justice within a country should also pay tribute to the fact that low- and high income households share the same burden proportional to their dispensable income, for instance enabled through a progressive carbon taxation. Those who caused climate change could be regulated to bear a higher cost through carbon tax in combination with retroactive billing through inheritance tax to map benefits from past wealth accumulation that potentially contributed to global warming. Deriving respective policy recommendations for the wider climate change community in the discussion of the results is aimed at ensuring to share the burden but also the benefits of climate change within society in an economically efficient, legally equitable and practically feasible way.
{"title":"Top-Down Climate Control","authors":"Julia M. Puaschunder","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3479409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3479409","url":null,"abstract":"Climate justice accounts for the most challenging global governance goal. In the current post-COP21 Paris agreement climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, the financialization of the ambitious goals has leveraged into a blatant demand. Top down climate control proposes a model to distribute the benefits of a warming earth in a fair way based on which countries are losing and which countries are winning from a warming earth until 2100. A macroeconomic cost-benefit analysis thereby aids to find the optimum solution on how to distribute climate change benefits and burden within society. When unidimensionally focusing on estimated GDP growth given a warmer temperature, over all calculated models assuming linear, prospect or hyperbolic gains and losses, the world will be gaining more than losing from a warming earth until 2100. Based on the WL index of 188 countries of the world, less countries (n=78) will gain more from global warming until 2100 than more countries (n=111) will lose from a warming earth. Based on the overall 〖WL〗_TT index factored by GDP per inhabitant, global warming benefits are demanded to be redistributed in a fair way to offset the costs of climate change loser countries for climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts and to instigate a transition into renewable energy. Adding onto contemporary climate fund raising strategies ranging from emissions trading schemes (ETS) and carbon tax policies as well as financing climate justice through bonds as viable mitigation and adaptation strategies, climate justice is introduced to comprise of fairness between countries but also over generations in a unique and unprecedented tax-and-bonds climate change gains and losses distribution strategy. Climate change winning countries are advised to use taxation to raise revenues to offset the losses incurred by climate change. Climate change losers could raise revenues by issuing bonds that have to be paid back by taxing future generations. Regarding taxation, within the winning countries, foremost the gaining GDP sectors should be taxed. Climate justice within a country should also pay tribute to the fact that low- and high income households share the same burden proportional to their dispensable income, for instance enabled through a progressive carbon taxation. Those who caused climate change could be regulated to bear a higher cost through carbon tax in combination with retroactive billing through inheritance tax to map benefits from past wealth accumulation that potentially contributed to global warming. Deriving respective policy recommendations for the wider climate change community in the discussion of the results is aimed at ensuring to share the burden but also the benefits of climate change within society in an economically efficient, legally equitable and practically feasible way.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125779586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As US oil and gas share prices languish, there is some nagging concern about the financial health of the industry. Despite turning the world’s largest importer of crude oil into a global exporter, questions linger about profitability and financial leverage – some skeptics have gone so far as to ask if the industry is a “Ponzi Scheme.” Moreover, as oil and gas prices continue their lower-for-longer (but volatile) trajectory, and investors clamor for ever-more cash – in the form of dividends and share repurchases – operators struggle to balance competing demands on cash.
We analyzed 35 publicly-traded, US and Canadian tight/shale oil and gas specialists over the six years since global oil prices collapsed and found the industry to be largely profitable (i.e., aggregate Net Income of $5 per oil-equivalent-barrel produced), despite relatively low oil and gas prices. Moreover, with aggregate operating cash flow of $19 per oil-equivalent-barrel (boe) produced the industry has matured sufficiently to self-finance its own growth. In fact, despite heavy investment in both production-growth and reserves-growth, total financial leverage is modest (1.6x EBITDA) and one-third of operators’ credit ratings are investment grade. And in a separate comparative analysis with conventional Independents, we found that US tight oil operators have demonstrated superior profitability, growth and reinvestment, and financial leverage. Across the North American onshore E&P industry, technology-led, operational continuous improvement is driving dramatic, sustainable gains in well-productivity and cost per boe.
{"title":"Is US Tight Oil a 'Ponzi Scheme'?","authors":"J. Pettit","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3468230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3468230","url":null,"abstract":"As US oil and gas share prices languish, there is some nagging concern about the financial health of the industry. Despite turning the world’s largest importer of crude oil into a global exporter, questions linger about profitability and financial leverage – some skeptics have gone so far as to ask if the industry is a “Ponzi Scheme.” Moreover, as oil and gas prices continue their lower-for-longer (but volatile) trajectory, and investors clamor for ever-more cash – in the form of dividends and share repurchases – operators struggle to balance competing demands on cash. <br> <br>We analyzed 35 publicly-traded, US and Canadian tight/shale oil and gas specialists over the six years since global oil prices collapsed and found the industry to be largely profitable (i.e., aggregate Net Income of $5 per oil-equivalent-barrel produced), despite relatively low oil and gas prices. Moreover, with aggregate operating cash flow of $19 per oil-equivalent-barrel (boe) produced the industry has matured sufficiently to self-finance its own growth. In fact, despite heavy investment in both production-growth and reserves-growth, total financial leverage is modest (1.6x EBITDA) and one-third of operators’ credit ratings are investment grade. And in a separate comparative analysis with conventional Independents, we found that US tight oil operators have demonstrated superior profitability, growth and reinvestment, and financial leverage. Across the North American onshore E&P industry, technology-led, operational continuous improvement is driving dramatic, sustainable gains in well-productivity and cost per boe. <br>","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130737297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explains that the G20 forum is one of the dominant forums in the world that addresses the main economic issues including discussions on energy and environment. Indonesia is currently experiencing various problems in the energy sector, such as energy availability and the development of energy towards the future. The issue of energy is important in relation to its member countries, where the G20 member are 80% of the world's energy users and producers and have huge potential to drive global energy governance. Energy sustainability were discussed within the framework of Energy Sustainability Working Group (ESWG) and it has commitments and implications for its member countries, including Indonesia. Indonesia's dependent on energy imports makes the energy decision making process cannot be excluded from external factors. The commitment made by the international forum including the G20 forum is a challenge that is expected to accelerate the realization of Indonesia's sustainable energy. This research discusses Indonesia's efforts to overcome the energy problems, especially in regarding to energy sustainability, including the influence of multilateral cooperation and its realization. Multilateral cooperation with the indivisibility and diffuse reciprocity scheme are parts of the mechanism in the G20 forum in which is discuss along with the commitments as results of the G20 forum on ESWG. Those results are expected to have implications for the G20 member countries. Transparency plays an important role In fulfilling Indonesia’s commitments at the G20 in reducing energy subsidies as well as enhancing the energy policies in line with Indonesia's objective goals for the energy availability that is acceptable as well in safeguarding the environment not only in for the present use but also in the future.
{"title":"Indonesia Multilateral Cooperation in Enhancing Energy Sustainability through G20 Forum","authors":"Diah Ayu Permatasari, Noam Lazuardy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3497352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3497352","url":null,"abstract":"This article explains that the G20 forum is one of the dominant forums in the world that addresses the main economic issues including discussions on energy and environment. Indonesia is currently experiencing various problems in the energy sector, such as energy availability and the development of energy towards the future. The issue of energy is important in relation to its member countries, where the G20 member are 80% of the world's energy users and producers and have huge potential to drive global energy governance. Energy sustainability were discussed within the framework of Energy Sustainability Working Group (ESWG) and it has commitments and implications for its member countries, including Indonesia. Indonesia's dependent on energy imports makes the energy decision making process cannot be excluded from external factors. The commitment made by the international forum including the G20 forum is a challenge that is expected to accelerate the realization of Indonesia's sustainable energy. This research discusses Indonesia's efforts to overcome the energy problems, especially in regarding to energy sustainability, including the influence of multilateral cooperation and its realization. Multilateral cooperation with the indivisibility and diffuse reciprocity scheme are parts of the mechanism in the G20 forum in which is discuss along with the commitments as results of the G20 forum on ESWG. Those results are expected to have implications for the G20 member countries. Transparency plays an important role In fulfilling Indonesia’s commitments at the G20 in reducing energy subsidies as well as enhancing the energy policies in line with Indonesia's objective goals for the energy availability that is acceptable as well in safeguarding the environment not only in for the present use but also in the future.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130947608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the dynamic relationship between Asian and European natural gas markets. The present study determines whether these markets underwent structural changes following i) the emergence of swing suppliers (Russia and Qatar) who export natural gas to both Asian and European markets, ii) substantial increases in Japan's gas import after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and iii) fast‐paced increases in China's gas import from Russia; its import increased significantly in 2011 and thereafter. We attempt to identify changes in the dynamic price process between these two markets and also in the long‐run equilibrium, by applying the price discovery framework (Vector Error Correction model). Main findings are i) Asian and European natural gas markets are cointegrated over the sample period (2000–2017) and ii) Asian market was leading the natural gas market, but after 2011, European market became the leader. Asian market is the major adjuster following the market shock which implies that any changes in European market would be transferred to Asian market. Results have implications for industry and policy analyses, and price risk management in the market.
{"title":"Leading and Lagging Natural Gas Markets between Asia and Europe","authors":"Man-Keun Kim, Dae-Wook Kim","doi":"10.1111/opec.12163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opec.12163","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the dynamic relationship between Asian and European natural gas markets. The present study determines whether these markets underwent structural changes following i) the emergence of swing suppliers (Russia and Qatar) who export natural gas to both Asian and European markets, ii) substantial increases in Japan's gas import after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and iii) fast‐paced increases in China's gas import from Russia; its import increased significantly in 2011 and thereafter. We attempt to identify changes in the dynamic price process between these two markets and also in the long‐run equilibrium, by applying the price discovery framework (Vector Error Correction model). Main findings are i) Asian and European natural gas markets are cointegrated over the sample period (2000–2017) and ii) Asian market was leading the natural gas market, but after 2011, European market became the leader. Asian market is the major adjuster following the market shock which implies that any changes in European market would be transferred to Asian market. Results have implications for industry and policy analyses, and price risk management in the market.","PeriodicalId":234456,"journal":{"name":"Politics & Energy eJournal","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126024736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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