Veterinaria italiana最新文献

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronically evolving zoonotic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Anatomopathological examination during post mortem inspection in bovines is the main resource engaged in sanitary slaughter; however, it is very troublesome since many granulomatous inflammatory processes have similar morphological characteristics. Thus, this study aims to use complementary diagnosis methods (histopathological and polymerase chain reaction - PCR assays) to confirm the macroscopic assessment of lymphadenopathies indicative of tuberculosis in bovines slaughtered in a refrigerated slaughterhouse in Tailândia city, PA, Brazil. Fifty‑one samples were collected from lesions indicative of tuberculosis in pre‑scapular and pre‑pectoral lymph nodes (or different lymphadenitis) in condemned carcasses. Histological processing employed routine techniques carried out at the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon, while the PCR assay was performed at the Bacteriology Laboratory of the Evandro Chagas Institute. Results showed that 1.96% of the histopathology samples corresponded to inflammatory processes typical of TB and that, in PCR, 4.25% of the samples had the amplification profile of the M. bovis species. These results indicate the importance of adding complementary methods to assist the sanitary inspection line and make inspection more efficient in its decisions.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) are causing contagious diseases in chickens and wild birds worldwide; however, there is a paucity of information on the current status of seropositivity of Newcastle and avian influenza diseases in chickens and wild birds of Pakistan. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the serological evidence of both diseases in commercial poultry (broiler, layer chickens), backyard poultry, and captive wild birds in poultry‑dense regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent (ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were performed for the determination of antibodies against NDV and AIV and their genotyping and subtyping, respectively. Overall, 47.5% and 67.4% seroprevalence of NDV and AIV, respectively, was observed in both poultry and wild birds. Based on bird's category, layer chickens had the highest seroprevalence of NDV (60.8%, 95% CI: 52.95‑68.22, OR: 0.71) followed by backyard poultry (56.8%, 95% CI: 47.92‑65.32, OR: 0.82), broilers (52.7%, 95% CI: 46.84‑58.64), pigeons (41.3%, 95% CI: 30.53‑52.81, OR: 1.59), peafowls (26.1%, 95% CI: 11.09‑48.69, OR: 3.16), ducks (23.8%, 95% CI: 12.59‑39.8, OR: 3.57), turkeys (16.7%, 95% CI: 4.41‑42.27, OR: 5.58), parrots (14.3%, 95% CI: 2.52‑43.85, OR: 6.70) and quails (2.3%, 95% CI: 0.2‑13.51, OR: 4.8). Comparatively, backyard chickens had the highest seroprevalence of AIV (78.8%, 95% CI: 70.64‑85.22, OR: 0.63) followed by ducks (73.8%, 95% CI: 57.68‑85.6, OR: 0.83), layers (73.5%, 95% CI: 65.98‑79.89, OR: 0.84), pigeons (72.5%, 95% CI: 61.2‑81.61, OR: 0.89), broilers (70.1%, 95% CI: 64.44‑75.29), turkeys (55.5%, 95% CI: 31.35‑77.6, OR: 1.87), peafowls (47.8%, 95% CI: 27.42‑68.9, OR: 2.56) and parrots (42.8%, 95% CI: 18.8‑70.3, OR: 3.1). Overall, 40.1%, 34.2%, 31.3%, and 25.1% sera were positive for H9 AIV, G‑VII NDV, H7 AIV, and G‑VI NDV, respectively. The current study revealed a widespread exposure to NDV and AIV in poultry and captive wild birds. Therefore, it is crucial to include captive wild birds in NDV and AIV surveillance programs to further strengthen disease control measures, particularly in endemic regions.

The retrovirus bovine leukemia virus (BLV) might produce abnormal immune function, associated with susceptibility to developing other infectious diseases, including mastitis. This study aimed to determine the proviral load and cytokines gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) and milk somatic cells (SC) in BLV-infected and non-infected cattle. Of 27 BLV-infected cows in PBMC, 17 (62.96%) had a high proviral load (HPL), and 10 (37.04%) had a low proviral load (LPL). All SC samples had low proviral load (LPL-SC). Higher IFN-γ and IL-10 expression, and lower IL-12 and IL-6 expression, were found in PBMC from BLV-infected compared to BLV non-infected cattle. Moreover, higher IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-6 expression, and lower IL-10 expression were observed in cattle with LPL-PBMC compared to HPL-PBMC. In milk samples, lower IFN-γ and higher IL-12 mRNA expression were observed in LPL-SC compared to BLV non-infected cattle in SC. IL-10 and IL-6 expression mRNA was significantly lower in LPL-SC than in SC from BLV non-infected cattle. This study shows that milk SC maintains lower proviral load levels than PBMC. This first report on Th1 and Th2 cytokines expression levels in SC may be relevant to future control strategies for BLV infection, mastitis, and udder health management.

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a highly communicable disease of cattle and wild ruminants that is caused by Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV‑1). For IBR control, several developed countries have adopted the immunization and eradication programs focusing on IBR‑positive animals. In Pakistan, livestock producers are importing commercially available vaccine of BoHV‑1, but no studies on the efficacy of these commercial vaccines against local isolates are available. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available vaccine of BoHV‑1 against local field isolates of virus. The rabbit model was used and the vaccine was evaluated for immunogenicity and protection after challenge with a highly virulent strain of a field virus. The immune response was measured by virus neutralization titers (VNT). This vaccine induced a humoral response in rabbits but that was not sufficient to completely protect the vaccinated animals against the wild‑type BoHV‑1 strain challenge. While a low virus titer compared to control rabbits was observed in the vaccinated rabbits (p<0.05), there was no sterilizing immunity or freedom from infection. However, complete freedom from disease, for example, the absence of pyrexia was noticed in the vaccinated group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that imported vaccine stock provoked only a partial protection against indigenous isolated of BoHV‑1. However, tests performed on rabbits are preliminary, as only those performed on the source species can determine more reliable results.

The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a species member of the family Flaviviridae. CSFV is widely distributed in the world causing a severe impact on pig industry. This pathogen is considered restricted to domestic and wild suids. However, some reports from 2014 to 2018 showed the presence of the CFSV antigen in the bovine species. The virus was found in commercialized batches of fetal bovine serum (FBS) of Chinese origin and in bovine herds in in the provinces of Henan and Jiangsu, China, and in Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya, southern and north‑eastern states of India, respectively. Detection was done using antigen capture ELISA and RT‑PCR tests. In certain cases, animals with natural infection showed clinical signs and reproduction was also affected. Genetic characterization was performed considering the 5'‑UTR sequences of the bovine strains. In addition, the entire CSFV E2 genomic region could be amplified from two positive animals. The bovine strains were genetically related to the Chinese CSFV live attenuated hog cholera lapinized vaccine (HCLV) strain used in pigs, sharing sequence characteristics. The vaccine strain HCLV was widely used in China to protect bovines and yaks from bovine viral diarrhea, and, as a possible consequence, inducing an adaptation in cattle and a further natural diffusion. Furthermore, a contaminant strain from China was genetically distant from all other previously described genotypes of the CSFV. This suggests also the occurrence of micro evolutive step in the species related to geographical segregation. These observations deserve attention and further investigations, especially relevant in countries where CSFV control and eradication strategies are applied.

Brucellosis is one of the world's major zoonotic pathogens and is responsible for enormous economic losses as well as considerable human morbidity in endemic areas. Definitive control of human brucellosis requires control of brucellosis in livestock through practical solutions that can be easily applied to the field. In Italy, brucellosis remains endemic in several southern provinces, particularly in Sicily Region. The purpose of this paper is to describe the developed brucellosis model and its applications, trying to reproduce as faithfully as possible the complex transmission process of brucellosis accounting for the mixing of grazing animals. The model focuses on the contaminated environment rather than on the infected animal, uses real data from the main grazing areas of the Sicily Region, and aims to identify the best control options for minimizing the spread (and the prevalence) and to reach the eradication within the concerned areas. Simulation results confirmed the efficacy of an earlier application of the controls, showed the control should take place 30 days after going to pasture, and the culling time being negligible. Moreover, results highlighted the importance of the timing of both births and grazing pastures (and their interaction) more than other factors. As these factors are region‑specific, the study encourages the adoption of different and new eradication tools, tuned on the grazing and commercial behavior of each region. This study will be further extended to improve the model's adaptability to the real world, with the purpose of making the model an operational tool able to help decision makers in accelerating brucellosis eradication in Italy.

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is an unequivocally leading cause of economic losses to the pig industry. To investigate the pathogens associated with PRDC, a total of 900 lungs with gross lesions and 125 lungs with no appreciable gross lesions were collected from the abattoirs and subjected to pathological investigation for distribution of lesions/and types of exudates, as well as to molecular confirmation of bacterial and viral pathogens by PCR. The pneumonic lungs showed the higher prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. (31.22%), with evidence of M. hyorhinis, P. multocida (21.33%), S. suis (18.66%), B. bronchiseptica (16.77%), and viral pathogens as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (28.11%), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (2.7%) and swine influenza virus (SIV) (1.2%). On histopathological examination, high prevalence of bronchopneumonia (37.88%) followed by enzootic pneumonia‑like lung lesions (11.44%), and interstitial pneumonia (7.44%) was recorded in the majority of affected pigs. The winter season was found to be more conducive for highest prevalence of pneumonia as compared to other seasons. The present study reports the high prevalence of PRDC in slaughtered pigs of India. M. hyorhinis showing the EP‑like lesions, PCV2 and their combination were likely to be the prime contributors of PRDC in Indian pigs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response and the innate response of goats immunized with attenuated vaccine against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis prepared from the strain 1002. One hundred goats were divided into 5 groups (n=20 animals/group). Each group was vaccinated as follows: G control: saline solution; G1 - 107 CFU/mL; G2 -107 CFU/mL re-vaccinated within 21 days; G3 - 106 CFU/mL; G4 - 106 CFU/mL revaccinated within 21 days. Blood samples were collected monthly over 12 months and serology was performed through indirect ELISA. In order to verify the innate response through the dosages of acute phase proteins (ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin), samples of five animals from each group were evaluated on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 days for the groups G1 and G3, and on days 0, 21, 28, 56 days for the groups G2 and G4. The results showed humoral response activation with the production of immunoglobulins above the cut-off point in all groups. The results showed that strain 1002 vaccine induced the antibody production by the goats' humoral immune system and that the increase in serum concentrations of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin may be related of the innate immune response.

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus (BEFV) is an arthropod borne virus that causes bovine ephemeral fever or three‑day sickness in cattle and buffaloes. This is the first report on seroprevalence of BEF in cattle and buffaloes in Gujarat, India. Total of 92 animals, 78 cattle and 14 buffaloes from three regions (districts) of Gujarat state of India, were screened for the presence of anti‑BEF antibodies. A total of 27 out of 92 animals were found positive and overall seroprevalence detected was 29.34% (95% CI 20.0‑38.6%). A total of 19 out of 78 cattle and 8 out of 14 buffalo's samples were found positive BEFV antibodies. Species‑wise seroprevalence in cattle and buffaloes was 24.35% (95% CI 14.8‑33.8%) and 57.1% (95% CI 31.2‑83.0%), respectively. There was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) species effect based on the seroprevalence. In cattle, location‑wise seroprevalence was observed to be 26.82% (95% CI 13.2‑40.3%) and 21.62% (95% CI 8.3‑34.8%) in Navsari and Banaskantha districts, respectively. The effect of location is not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Cytopathic effect of Vero cells was characterized by rounding, granulation of the cytoplasm within 48‑72 hrs of post infection. This was the first report demonstrating the presence of BEFV in Gujarat state.