Cuimin Feng, Sairui Guan, JiYue Jin, Renda Yao, Ziwei Wang, Haoxiang Li
Abstract Adopting the yield of the epicatechin gallate (EGCG)–Cu complex as an indicator, the impact of four conditions, such as pH, reaction time, temperature and reactant ratio, on the synthesis of the target complex was analyzed to identify the optimal conditions on synthesizing the compound. The reactant ratio between EGCG and Cu2+ was explored, and the characteristic peaks and functional groups of the EGCG–Cu complex were scrutinized by UV–Visible and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectrophotometers. Finally, the efficacy difference of bactericidal properties against Escherichia coli suspensions between EGCG and its complex was evaluated as the criteria. Furthermore, comparative studies were performed to gauge the antimicrobial activity of EGCG and its complex at equivalent concentrations. The results demonstrated that the optimal experimental conditions for the complex reaction were a pH of 7, at 40 °C, in a reaction time of 60 min and a reactant ratio of 1:2. By the molar ratio method, the reactant ratio was determined as n(EGCG):n(Cu2+) = 1:2, and the complex reaction was at the phenolic hydroxyl group on the benzene ring of EGCG. Compared to EGCG, the complex demonstrated significant enhancement in bactericidal properties against E. coli. Complexing enhances its antibacterial properties and the complex solution has lower chromaticity than EGCG during disinfection.
{"title":"Disinfection performance and synthesis conditions of the EGCG–Cu complex","authors":"Cuimin Feng, Sairui Guan, JiYue Jin, Renda Yao, Ziwei Wang, Haoxiang Li","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.302","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Adopting the yield of the epicatechin gallate (EGCG)–Cu complex as an indicator, the impact of four conditions, such as pH, reaction time, temperature and reactant ratio, on the synthesis of the target complex was analyzed to identify the optimal conditions on synthesizing the compound. The reactant ratio between EGCG and Cu2+ was explored, and the characteristic peaks and functional groups of the EGCG–Cu complex were scrutinized by UV–Visible and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectrophotometers. Finally, the efficacy difference of bactericidal properties against Escherichia coli suspensions between EGCG and its complex was evaluated as the criteria. Furthermore, comparative studies were performed to gauge the antimicrobial activity of EGCG and its complex at equivalent concentrations. The results demonstrated that the optimal experimental conditions for the complex reaction were a pH of 7, at 40 °C, in a reaction time of 60 min and a reactant ratio of 1:2. By the molar ratio method, the reactant ratio was determined as n(EGCG):n(Cu2+) = 1:2, and the complex reaction was at the phenolic hydroxyl group on the benzene ring of EGCG. Compared to EGCG, the complex demonstrated significant enhancement in bactericidal properties against E. coli. Complexing enhances its antibacterial properties and the complex solution has lower chromaticity than EGCG during disinfection.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Losses in surface irrigation include deep percolation and runoff, which is one of the ways to increase the efficiency of furrow irrigation, using a closed-end mode in irrigation systems. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of geometrical variables (slope and length of furrow) and flow control (inflow rate and cut-off time) on application efficiency (AE) and the uniformity of water distribution in a closed-end furrow irrigation system. The length, slope, inflow rate, and cut-off time are considered as the decision-making variables for developing the multi-objective genetic algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting. For this purpose, three irrigation furrows with the closed-end system were considered. The optimization algorithm for calculating the objective functions involves maximizing the minimum water depth and minimizing the infiltration depth in a modeling loop. The optimization algorithm was linked to the WinSRFR software to calculate the objective functions. The results showed that the best combination of inflow rate and the cut-off time for 75 mm of required water depth was 1.9 l/s/m and 150 min, respectively, which increased AE and distribution uniformity to 79 and 78%. Furthermore, the AE in the closed-end furrow irrigation system is higher (30–50%) than the open-end method in different scenarios.
{"title":"Developing an optimal plan to improve irrigation efficiency using a risk-based central force algorithm","authors":"Juming Jiang, Shi Chen","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.303","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Losses in surface irrigation include deep percolation and runoff, which is one of the ways to increase the efficiency of furrow irrigation, using a closed-end mode in irrigation systems. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of geometrical variables (slope and length of furrow) and flow control (inflow rate and cut-off time) on application efficiency (AE) and the uniformity of water distribution in a closed-end furrow irrigation system. The length, slope, inflow rate, and cut-off time are considered as the decision-making variables for developing the multi-objective genetic algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting. For this purpose, three irrigation furrows with the closed-end system were considered. The optimization algorithm for calculating the objective functions involves maximizing the minimum water depth and minimizing the infiltration depth in a modeling loop. The optimization algorithm was linked to the WinSRFR software to calculate the objective functions. The results showed that the best combination of inflow rate and the cut-off time for 75 mm of required water depth was 1.9 l/s/m and 150 min, respectively, which increased AE and distribution uniformity to 79 and 78%. Furthermore, the AE in the closed-end furrow irrigation system is higher (30–50%) than the open-end method in different scenarios.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The design of the water distribution network (WDN) is very difficult mainly due to the nonlinear relation between head and flow. The distribution network should also be cost-effective. In any simulation–optimization approach, the computational time requirement is very high for very complex problems. The optimization module plays a crucial role in reducing the computational time. This study aims to apply a simulation–optimization approach to designing a WDN. EPANET is selected as the simulation model and Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) is selected as the optimization module. To link the simulation module with the optimization module, a program is written in MATLAB. The developed simulation–optimization approach was applied to two benchmark network problems to check the suitability of the method. The parameters of the RCGA were optimized for the two networks. The computational efficiency of the developed simulation–optimization model is checked based on the number of function evaluations. For both networks, the number of function evaluations to get the optimum network design was less than the number of function evaluations required for other methods mentioned in the literature.
{"title":"Selection of Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm parameters in solving simulation–optimization problems for the design of water distribution networks","authors":"Vidavaluru Hemanth Sai Kumar, Pramada S.K.","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.301","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The design of the water distribution network (WDN) is very difficult mainly due to the nonlinear relation between head and flow. The distribution network should also be cost-effective. In any simulation–optimization approach, the computational time requirement is very high for very complex problems. The optimization module plays a crucial role in reducing the computational time. This study aims to apply a simulation–optimization approach to designing a WDN. EPANET is selected as the simulation model and Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) is selected as the optimization module. To link the simulation module with the optimization module, a program is written in MATLAB. The developed simulation–optimization approach was applied to two benchmark network problems to check the suitability of the method. The parameters of the RCGA were optimized for the two networks. The computational efficiency of the developed simulation–optimization model is checked based on the number of function evaluations. For both networks, the number of function evaluations to get the optimum network design was less than the number of function evaluations required for other methods mentioned in the literature.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Davoud Khodadadi Dehkordi, Seyed Amir Shamsnia, Mehdi Asadilour
Abstract Irrigation is essential for corn plants. Because this plant is a summer crop, irrigation is critical to its production, and an absence of moisture is a significant constraint on its development. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of hydrophilic polymer (HP) and fulvic acid (Fu-A) as amendatory materials on yield, yield component, and photosynthetic parameters of corn plants under the deficit irrigation (DI) situation. The treatments were performed by mixing two water provision groups, including complete irrigation (CI) and DI, two soil improvements, including the application of without HP or with HP, and two foliar amendments, including spraying without Fu-A or with Fu-A, with four replications. According to the results, under DI and CI situations, the co-treatment of two amendatory materials, Fu-A and HP, enhanced corn yield significantly. These enhancements were higher than enhancements attained by using them alone. Besides, the moisture and leaf proline available for the plant during DI circumstances were increased by utilizing both amendatory materials. Under DI treatment, using Fu-A and HP amendatory materials together may thus be more significant and beneficial for increasing production and boosting photosynthetic mechanisms.
{"title":"Evaluation of the yield and photosynthetic parameters of corn by some amendatory materials under deficit irrigation conditions","authors":"Davoud Khodadadi Dehkordi, Seyed Amir Shamsnia, Mehdi Asadilour","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.296","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Irrigation is essential for corn plants. Because this plant is a summer crop, irrigation is critical to its production, and an absence of moisture is a significant constraint on its development. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of hydrophilic polymer (HP) and fulvic acid (Fu-A) as amendatory materials on yield, yield component, and photosynthetic parameters of corn plants under the deficit irrigation (DI) situation. The treatments were performed by mixing two water provision groups, including complete irrigation (CI) and DI, two soil improvements, including the application of without HP or with HP, and two foliar amendments, including spraying without Fu-A or with Fu-A, with four replications. According to the results, under DI and CI situations, the co-treatment of two amendatory materials, Fu-A and HP, enhanced corn yield significantly. These enhancements were higher than enhancements attained by using them alone. Besides, the moisture and leaf proline available for the plant during DI circumstances were increased by utilizing both amendatory materials. Under DI treatment, using Fu-A and HP amendatory materials together may thus be more significant and beneficial for increasing production and boosting photosynthetic mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135042848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leena Rani Mishra, P. K. Singh, Mahesh Kothari, S. R. Bhakar, K. K. Yadav, S. S. Meena
Abstract Planning how to use the land resources that are available for irrigation is crucial for reducing the problem of food security. Analytical hierarchy process methodologies were used to undertake an analysis of the appropriateness of land using the GIS approach. Each parameter's weight was assessed using a 6 × 6 pairwise comparison matrix because six parameters, including slope, distance to the nearest road, land use land cover, population density, soil texture and rainfall deficit, are taken into account. After all, the weighted overlay approach of the GIS application was used to create the ultimate land suitability map for irrigation. Using the natural break classification approach, the ultimate map was divided into land suitability classes. Of the entire region, 12.9% fell into the highly suitable (S1) class, 85.14% fell into the moderately suitable (S2) class, and 2.57% fell into the least suitable (S3) class. The finding of the study will play a significant role in performing irrigation taking into account the input parameters and ultimately defining suitable land classes and lands that may be used in accordance with current irrigation technology.
{"title":"Appraisal of irrigation land suitability of SEMI ARID climatic zone of Rajasthan, India","authors":"Leena Rani Mishra, P. K. Singh, Mahesh Kothari, S. R. Bhakar, K. K. Yadav, S. S. Meena","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.300","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Planning how to use the land resources that are available for irrigation is crucial for reducing the problem of food security. Analytical hierarchy process methodologies were used to undertake an analysis of the appropriateness of land using the GIS approach. Each parameter's weight was assessed using a 6 × 6 pairwise comparison matrix because six parameters, including slope, distance to the nearest road, land use land cover, population density, soil texture and rainfall deficit, are taken into account. After all, the weighted overlay approach of the GIS application was used to create the ultimate land suitability map for irrigation. Using the natural break classification approach, the ultimate map was divided into land suitability classes. Of the entire region, 12.9% fell into the highly suitable (S1) class, 85.14% fell into the moderately suitable (S2) class, and 2.57% fell into the least suitable (S3) class. The finding of the study will play a significant role in performing irrigation taking into account the input parameters and ultimately defining suitable land classes and lands that may be used in accordance with current irrigation technology.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sajad Amirhajloo, Mahdi Gheysari, Mohammad Shayannejad, Mehran Shirvani
Abstract Because of the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers, most of the groundwater resources are contaminated in the upstream of the Zayandehrud basin. This study set out to investigate the effect of different levels of water and nitrogen on yield, soil nitrogen, as well as water productivity indices of winter wheat and barley. The experimental treatments were of three nitrogen levels: no nitrogen fertilizer (N0), 50 kg N ha−1 (N1), and 150 kg N ha−1 (N2), as well as two irrigation levels containing deficit irrigation (I1) and full irrigation (I2). Each treatment was repeated three times. Wheat yield for I2 was 5,640 kg ha−1 and for I1 was 3,720 kg ha−1. The yield for barley was 5,620 and 3,850 kg ha−1 for I1 and I2, respectively. The irrigation water productivity (WPi) was increased by 55% for wheat and 83% for barley under deficit irrigation level. We recommend the use of 50 kg ha−1 (instead of 150 kg ha−1), knowing that it reduces the yield and water productivity for wheat by 11.7 and 10.9%, and by 14.5 and 12.6% for barley, respectively. In contrast, the soil nitrogen residual for wheat and barley was reduced by 56.6 and 66.1%, respectively, thus greatly reducing the risk of contamination of groundwater resources.
由于氮肥的过量使用，扎扬德鲁德流域上游大部分地下水资源受到污染。本研究旨在探讨不同水氮水平对冬小麦和大麦产量、土壤氮素及水分生产力指标的影响。试验处理为不施氮肥(N0)、50 kg N ha−1 (N1)和150 kg N ha−1 (N2) 3个氮肥水平，亏缺灌溉(I1)和充分灌溉(I2) 2个灌溉水平。每次治疗重复3次。I2和I1的小麦产量分别为5640千克和3720千克。I1和I2的大麦产量分别为5620和3850 kg ha - 1。亏缺灌溉水平下，小麦和大麦的灌溉水生产力分别提高了55%和83%。我们建议使用50 kg ha - 1(而不是150 kg ha - 1)，因为它会使小麦的产量和水分生产力分别降低11.7%和10.9%，大麦的产量和水分生产力分别降低14.5和12.6%。相比之下，小麦和大麦的土壤氮残留量分别减少了56.6%和66.1%，从而大大降低了地下水资源污染的风险。
{"title":"Effects of applied nitrogen fertilizers and irrigation strategies on environmental protection and yield indices of winter wheat and barley in a Mediterranean climate region of Iran","authors":"Sajad Amirhajloo, Mahdi Gheysari, Mohammad Shayannejad, Mehran Shirvani","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.299","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Because of the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers, most of the groundwater resources are contaminated in the upstream of the Zayandehrud basin. This study set out to investigate the effect of different levels of water and nitrogen on yield, soil nitrogen, as well as water productivity indices of winter wheat and barley. The experimental treatments were of three nitrogen levels: no nitrogen fertilizer (N0), 50 kg N ha−1 (N1), and 150 kg N ha−1 (N2), as well as two irrigation levels containing deficit irrigation (I1) and full irrigation (I2). Each treatment was repeated three times. Wheat yield for I2 was 5,640 kg ha−1 and for I1 was 3,720 kg ha−1. The yield for barley was 5,620 and 3,850 kg ha−1 for I1 and I2, respectively. The irrigation water productivity (WPi) was increased by 55% for wheat and 83% for barley under deficit irrigation level. We recommend the use of 50 kg ha−1 (instead of 150 kg ha−1), knowing that it reduces the yield and water productivity for wheat by 11.7 and 10.9%, and by 14.5 and 12.6% for barley, respectively. In contrast, the soil nitrogen residual for wheat and barley was reduced by 56.6 and 66.1%, respectively, thus greatly reducing the risk of contamination of groundwater resources.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135137998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Different forms of inorganic phosphorus in surface soils can be released into water or adsorbed into sediment in response to various environmental factors. Although the Sanhekou Reservoir is still under construction, the periodic wetting-drying events may result in the release of inorganic phosphorus from the soil into the water once it is completed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the background soil values and estimate the phosphorus release fluxes of the Puhe River, Wenshuihe River, and Jiaoxihe River of the reservoir. We would like to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent management and ecological protection of the reservoir based on this study. The Chang–Jackson chemical continuous extraction method was used to determine the forms of inorganic phosphorus in the soil, and fluorescence data were obtained by excitation–emission matrix combined with parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC). The results showed that there were four types of phosphorus in the soil of the reservoir, including calcium-bound phosphate, aluminium-bound phosphate, iron-bound phosphate, and occluded phosphate. The total quantities of these phosphorus types were measured to be 6.71 × 104, 1.14 × 104, 0.91 × 104, and 0.49 × 104t, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that there was 2.12 × 104 t of bioavailable phosphorus present in the soil.
{"title":"Fraction analysis of soil phosphorus and dissolved organic matter reveals the release potential of phosphorus and its influencing factors in the submerged area of the Sanhekou Reservoir, China","authors":"Zhengkui Ge, Shaojiang Luo, Qi Wang, Ming Li","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.297","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Different forms of inorganic phosphorus in surface soils can be released into water or adsorbed into sediment in response to various environmental factors. Although the Sanhekou Reservoir is still under construction, the periodic wetting-drying events may result in the release of inorganic phosphorus from the soil into the water once it is completed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the background soil values and estimate the phosphorus release fluxes of the Puhe River, Wenshuihe River, and Jiaoxihe River of the reservoir. We would like to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent management and ecological protection of the reservoir based on this study. The Chang–Jackson chemical continuous extraction method was used to determine the forms of inorganic phosphorus in the soil, and fluorescence data were obtained by excitation–emission matrix combined with parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC). The results showed that there were four types of phosphorus in the soil of the reservoir, including calcium-bound phosphate, aluminium-bound phosphate, iron-bound phosphate, and occluded phosphate. The total quantities of these phosphorus types were measured to be 6.71 × 104, 1.14 × 104, 0.91 × 104, and 0.49 × 104t, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that there was 2.12 × 104 t of bioavailable phosphorus present in the soil.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135242248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuxin Han, Dun Fu, Tiantian Xu Xu, Qian Li, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan
Abstract Based on the DEA-Malmquist method, this study analyzes water resource utilization efficiency in six cities of the northern Anhui region. The input indicators covered per capita water resources, industrial water consumption, agricultural water consumption, domestic water consumption, fixed assets investment, and number of employees. The output indicator was per capita GDP of each city. The findings of the study revealed that only Huaibei achieved efficiency according to the DEA model, while the other cities in the northern Anhui region did not exhibit the same level of efficiency. The overall water resource utilization efficiency in the region was low, with significant variations among the cities (p ≤ 0.05; ANOVA test). The order of water resource utilization efficiency from high to low was Huaibei, Huainan, Bengbu, Bozhou, Suzhou, and Fuyang. An analysis of investment redundancy revealed that a large number of employees and an unreasonable water use structure were key factors that restricted the efficiency of water resource utilization in the region. The overall TFP index of water resource utilization efficiency in the region showed an upward trend, with a value of 1.02. By addressing them, decision-makers can work toward promoting sustainable economic development and effective water resource management in the region.
{"title":"Water resource utilization efficiency and driving factors in northern Anhui (China) based on the DEA-Malmquist model","authors":"Shuxin Han, Dun Fu, Tiantian Xu Xu, Qian Li, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.298","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on the DEA-Malmquist method, this study analyzes water resource utilization efficiency in six cities of the northern Anhui region. The input indicators covered per capita water resources, industrial water consumption, agricultural water consumption, domestic water consumption, fixed assets investment, and number of employees. The output indicator was per capita GDP of each city. The findings of the study revealed that only Huaibei achieved efficiency according to the DEA model, while the other cities in the northern Anhui region did not exhibit the same level of efficiency. The overall water resource utilization efficiency in the region was low, with significant variations among the cities (p ≤ 0.05; ANOVA test). The order of water resource utilization efficiency from high to low was Huaibei, Huainan, Bengbu, Bozhou, Suzhou, and Fuyang. An analysis of investment redundancy revealed that a large number of employees and an unreasonable water use structure were key factors that restricted the efficiency of water resource utilization in the region. The overall TFP index of water resource utilization efficiency in the region showed an upward trend, with a value of 1.02. By addressing them, decision-makers can work toward promoting sustainable economic development and effective water resource management in the region.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135242278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simbarashe Govere, Justice Nyamangara, E. Z. Nyakatawa
Abstract The optimization of water footprints in crop production is critical, given that agroecosystems currently account for more than 70% of global freshwater use. To achieve this, crop growth models provide insights into the impact of various crop and irrigation management strategies on both crop productivity and water use. This study evaluated the capability of the AquaCrop model in simulating wheat yields, crop water use, and water footprints in the Middle-Manyame sub-Catchment, Zimbabwe. The model was calibrated and validated using experimental data collected from field experiments. Simulation experiments were conducted to assess the impact of early and late planting, drip and sprinkler irrigation techniques, and no mulch, organic mulch, and synthetic mulch options on the water footprint (WF). The AquaCrop model accurately simulated soil water content, crop water use, crop biomass, and grain yield. Simulation runs showed that early planting reduced WFblue and WFgreen by 25 and 4%, respectively. The lowest consumptive WF was observed with drip irrigation and synthetic mulching. The greatest decline in WFblue and WFgreen (52 and 11%) was simulated under early planting, using drip irrigation and synthetic mulching. Overall, the study highlights the importance of efficient crop and irrigation management practices to reduce water footprints in agroecosystems.
{"title":"Optimizing crop production water footprints in the face of water scarcity: a combined experimental and simulation study of wheat in Zimbabwe","authors":"Simbarashe Govere, Justice Nyamangara, E. Z. Nyakatawa","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.295","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The optimization of water footprints in crop production is critical, given that agroecosystems currently account for more than 70% of global freshwater use. To achieve this, crop growth models provide insights into the impact of various crop and irrigation management strategies on both crop productivity and water use. This study evaluated the capability of the AquaCrop model in simulating wheat yields, crop water use, and water footprints in the Middle-Manyame sub-Catchment, Zimbabwe. The model was calibrated and validated using experimental data collected from field experiments. Simulation experiments were conducted to assess the impact of early and late planting, drip and sprinkler irrigation techniques, and no mulch, organic mulch, and synthetic mulch options on the water footprint (WF). The AquaCrop model accurately simulated soil water content, crop water use, crop biomass, and grain yield. Simulation runs showed that early planting reduced WFblue and WFgreen by 25 and 4%, respectively. The lowest consumptive WF was observed with drip irrigation and synthetic mulching. The greatest decline in WFblue and WFgreen (52 and 11%) was simulated under early planting, using drip irrigation and synthetic mulching. Overall, the study highlights the importance of efficient crop and irrigation management practices to reduce water footprints in agroecosystems.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135432749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Identification of the hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater system in the mining area and the controlling factors of the water chemical components is necessary to protect groundwater resources. In this study, 80 sets of groundwater samples were collected from three aquifers of the Liuzhuang coal mine (Northern Anhui Province, China), and a total of eight indicators were selected for quantitative analysis of the chemical components of water. Conventional mathematical and statistical methods and Piper trilinear diagrams show that the cations in the groundwater samples of the mine area are mainly K+ + Na+ (92.4%), while the anions in the Cenozoic and Carboniferous aquifers are mainly Cl−, reaching 57.2 and 55.2%, respectively, and the anions in the Permian aquifer are mainly HCO3- (52.6%). Most of the water chemistry types are Cl-Na, HCO3-Na, and HCO3-Cl-Na. Analysis on the basis of Gibbs plot showed that the aquifer system in the mine area is primarily controlled by the water–rock interaction. The results of ion ratio analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis showed that the dissolution of hydrochloric acid and alternate cation adsorption is more prominent in the Cenozoic and Carboniferous aquifers, while desulfurization is more significant in the Permian aquifer.
{"title":"Chemical composition of groundwater and its controlling factors in the Liuzhuang coal mine, Northern Anhui Province, China","authors":"Qilin Jiang, Qimeng Liu, Yu Liu, Jingzhong Zhu, Huichan Chai, Kai Chen","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.290","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Identification of the hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater system in the mining area and the controlling factors of the water chemical components is necessary to protect groundwater resources. In this study, 80 sets of groundwater samples were collected from three aquifers of the Liuzhuang coal mine (Northern Anhui Province, China), and a total of eight indicators were selected for quantitative analysis of the chemical components of water. Conventional mathematical and statistical methods and Piper trilinear diagrams show that the cations in the groundwater samples of the mine area are mainly K+ + Na+ (92.4%), while the anions in the Cenozoic and Carboniferous aquifers are mainly Cl−, reaching 57.2 and 55.2%, respectively, and the anions in the Permian aquifer are mainly HCO3- (52.6%). Most of the water chemistry types are Cl-Na, HCO3-Na, and HCO3-Cl-Na. Analysis on the basis of Gibbs plot showed that the aquifer system in the mine area is primarily controlled by the water–rock interaction. The results of ion ratio analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis showed that the dissolution of hydrochloric acid and alternate cation adsorption is more prominent in the Cenozoic and Carboniferous aquifers, while desulfurization is more significant in the Permian aquifer.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135821115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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