Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound最新文献

A 4-year-old female spayed dog was presented with increased abdominal volume. Physical examination and blood work were unremarkable.Computed tomography (CT) revealed a fluid-filled abdominal mass consistent with an extremely enlarged and distorted right kidney, torsion of the renal vascular pedicle, prerenal caudal vena cava thrombosis, and distal stenosis of the right ureter. Renal torsion was confirmed on surgery. Patient recovered well from nephrectomy and had an excellent long-term prognosis. This is the first report of renal pedicle torsion in a dog. Lack of relevant clinical signs combined with CT identification of a twisted renal pedicle, extreme hydronephrosis, and renal fibrous atrophy on histopathology supported a diagnosis of chronic renal torsion.

Optimal radiation protocols for canine nasal carcinoma are not established. Co-morbidities, access, and owner compliance can influence scheduling. Between 2015 and 2022, two radiotherapy protocols were used in the palliative treatment of canine nasal carcinoma at a single institution. Group A comprised 17 cases receiving 40 Gy in ten 4 Gy fractions delivered Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Epistaxis was present in 11/17 (65%) cases. Median survival time (MST) was 298 days (95% CI: 163.54-432.45); progression-free survival was 173 days (95% CI: 117.87-228.12). Group B comprised 24 cases receiving 36 Gy in six 6 Gy fractions delivered Monday and Friday. Epistaxis was present in 20/24 (83%) cases. MST was 375 days (95% CI: 240.73-509.27); progression-free survival was 243 days (95% CI: 138.42-347.58). Dogs with Adams Stage 1 disease had the longest median overall (593 days) and progression-free survival (609 days). Four cases each received additional radiation treatment and/or toceranib at relapse. Palliative radiation therapy achieved control of clinical signs in the majority of cases, with an overall response rate of 100% (Group A) and 96% (Group B). In a multivariate Cox regression model with backwards elimination, when cases were stratified for tumor stage, neither the presence of epistaxis nor treatment (6 vs. 10 fractions) was independently associated with significant improvements in survival. Epistaxis at presentation did not appear to influence survival. These results indicate that palliative radiation therapy is highly effective in controlling clinical signs associated with nasal carcinoma. Increasing fractionation may have a limited effect on survival outcome or toxicity in the palliative setting.

This study aimed to characterize the computed tomographic (CT) and ultrasonographic features of feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia (FGESF) and its concurrent abnormalities. A retrospective multicenter study was conducted on 16 cats with histopathologically confirmed FGESF. CT and ultrasonographic characteristics were retrospectively evaluated to assess the lesion location, shape, size, and layering patterns. The contrast enhancement patterns, including the attenuation values, were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Concurrent abnormalities, such as lymphadenopathy, gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction, and perforation, were also assessed. FGESF predominantly affected young to middle-aged cats (median age: 3.5 years; range: 9 months-9 years), and Ragdolls were the most overrepresented breed among purebred cats. GI involvement was observed in 14 of 16 cases, most commonly in the proximal duodenum (33%). Lesion growth patterns were significantly associated with anatomical location; all proximal duodenal and pyloric lesions demonstrated endophytic growth (p = 0.018). Common CT findings included heterogeneous contrast enhancement (86%), mucosal layer enhancement (86%), and ulceration (50%). Ultrasonography revealed intraparenchymal hyperechoic areas (100%), heterogeneous echotexture (93%), and mixed echogenicity (93%). Concurrent abdominal lymphadenopathy was present in 93% of cases, with 85% showing marked enlargement (>10 mm). GI obstruction (21%) and perforation (14%) were less common; however, perforation cases exhibited poor prognosis, and none of the affected cats survived beyond 24 h postoperatively. These findings support the inclusion of FGESF in the differential diagnosis of GI mass-forming conditions in cats and highlight the utility of CT and ultrasonography for the comprehensive assessment of primary lesions and concurrent abnormalities.

A 1-month-old Arabian filly presented for central neurologic signs that developed shortly after birth. Hyperammonemia and elevated bile acids were identified, prompting abdominal computed tomography angiography (CTA) evaluation on suspicion of congenital portosystemic shunting (PSS). CTA revealed an anomalous vessel connecting the intrahepatic central divisional portal branch and caudal vena cava, with microhepatica and bilateral renomegaly. Necropsy confirmed a single, congenital, and intrahepatic central divisional portocaval shunt. Imaging literature addressing PSS in foals is sparse, with the current case representing the first instance in which CTA alone was fully diagnostic of an intrahepatic shunt in a foal.

A 3-year-old male neutered Labrador Retriever was originally presented to his primary care veterinarian for a 3-4-week history of hyporexia, a 1-week history of anorexia, and vomiting. There was moderate gastrointestinal (GI) distention with heterogeneous soft tissue luminal material within the small intestine in screening abdominal radiographs. Referral and computed tomography were performed, identifying a severe generalized dilation of the GI tract but no obstructive lesion. Severe functional intestinal ileus without obstruction was diagnosed. The patient underwent laparotomy with full-thickness intestinal surgical biopsies due to presumptive infiltrative enteropathy, yielding a diagnosis of intestinal leiomyositis.

While osteomyelitis is not uncommon in veterinary patients, emphysematous osteomyelitis, characterized by the presence of intramedullary gas, is scarcely reported in both veterinary and human literature. This report documents two cases in young, previously healthy dogs that were presented with clinical signs related to infection/inflammation. Multiple imaging modalities were utilized in the workup of one case, while computed tomography (CT) was used as the sole modality in the second. In both cases, peri-femoral abscessation with intramedullary gas was identified, and positive bacterial culture was obtained. One case responded well to treatment and demonstrated expected osseous remodeling consistent with chronic osteomyelitis. The patient in the second case was euthanized secondary to a marked clinical decline. In humans, this condition is often associated with comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus and carries a guarded prognosis, with a 24-32% mortality rate. The presence of multiple, variably sized though small, irregularly marginated foci of gas, without a sclerotic rim within the medullary cavity, without a history of penetrating trauma, necrotic tumor, or recent surgery, should be considered pathognomonic for emphysematous osteomyelitis.

Aortic body paragangliomas (ABPs) are the most common heart base tumor in dogs; however, descriptions of their computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are lacking. Although generally considered benign, ABPs can present as malignant neoplasms with local invasion and metastasis. The objectives of this study were to describe the CT and MRI features of confirmed benign and malignant ABPs and identify significant features associated with malignancy. Forty-four dogs with 43 CTs and 3 MRIs were included. Most (68%) dogs were males, and 48% were brachycephalic breeds. At CT, ABPs were mostly heterogeneously contrast-enhancing, well-marginated, lobular or ovoid, and frequently fluid-cavitated. At MRI, ABPs had heterogeneous T2 hyperintensity, uniform contrast enhancement, a variable "salt-and-pepper" sign, and fluid-cavitated regions. Local invasion was noted in 11 cases. Thirteen dogs had confirmed metastatic lesions, with the most common sites being local lymph nodes, heart, and bones. ABPs frequently displaced and compressed regional structures and less often encircled vasculature. Pericardial and peritoneal effusions were significantly associated with confirmed metastasis. Encircling of vessels, mediastinal effusion, and right-sided congestive heart failure were significantly associated with invasion. ABPs may be present in non-brachycephalic breeds, and malignant masses have the potential for regional invasion and distant bone metastasis.

Sialectasis, defined as a dilated salivary duct, is an uncommon salivary disease. There are limited published data regarding salivary gland disease or anatomy of the salivary system in rabbits. In dogs, computed tomography (CT) is described as the imaging modality of choice for salivary gland disease. Identification of the correct diseased gland and respective duct is required for surgical planning. There are currently no studies describing CT features of parotid sialectasis in rabbits. The aim of this single-center, retrospective, and descriptive study was to determine CT features of confirmed and suspected parotid sialectasis in rabbits. Conscious whole-body pre- and postcontrast CT studies from 21 rabbits presenting with dilated parotid ducts were reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed in 10/21 patients, based on surgery (10/10) and histopathology (4/10), and presumed in 11/21 rabbits on the basis of imaging and clinical findings. A number of 19/21 rabbits had unilateral dilated parotid ducts (15/19 right-sided). All dilated parotid ducts were characterized by tubular (21/23) fluid attenuating, non-contrast-enhancing content (median 27 Hounsfield units) and soft tissue attenuating, thin, and regular contrast-enhancing rims. The 20/23 dilated parotid ducts extended from the parotid salivary gland or the mandibular ramus to the first maxillary premolar. Bacteriological culture was positive in 10/10 patients. Histopathological findings revealed concomitant sialadenitis in all four animals, associated with luminal bacterial colonies and foreign material in 2/4. Parotid sialectasis can therefore be associated with infectious sialadenitis. CT is helpful to precisely identify the affected salivary gland and also to differentiate sialectasis from more common dental-related abscesses in the rabbit species.

A 7-year-old female neutered French Bulldog presented with left thoracic limb paresis. Twelve months earlier, the dog had been treated with 3D conformal radiotherapy for a right piriform lobe mass (suspected glioma), which had a strong partial response following treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an intramedullary lesion of the cervical spinal cord, suspected to be drop metastasis. This lesion was treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) (10 fractions of 3.6 Gy, total 36 Gy), with a response documented on MRI, alongside resolution of clinical signs. The dog died of unrelated causes 647 days following IMRT, and the diagnosis was confirmed at post-mortem examination.

Parasites are a major cause of disease in dogs globally; some are well recognized in the veterinary community, whereas others are less well known. This review summarizes and discusses radiological and computed tomographic (CT) findings of 18 helminth and arthropod parasitic diseases in dogs. Each section begins with a summary of the parasites' distribution, life cycle, and clinical manifestations. The review finds that the imaging features of some parasitic diseases are well described in numerous studies, whereas others are found only in case reports. Findings ranged from pathognomonic to nonspecific. The review concludes that diagnostic imaging can be a useful tool in the investigation of parasitic disease and that further research is needed into the radiological and CT characteristics of lesser known and emerging parasitic diseases in dogs.