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The Origin of Life: the Evolution of Viruses, the Simplest Bacteria and the Last Universal DNA Molecule 生命的起源:病毒、最简单的细菌和最后一个通用DNA分子的进化
Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3722842
V. Bezverkhniy, Vitaliy Bezverkhniy
Since viruses are the first form of life on Earth, it can be shown that it was viruses that formed and spread biological life on the planet. The evolutionary transition from giant viruses to the first protozoan bacteria is logical and can be considered proven. The genome of the organism is encoded in DNA and viruses are the first form of life, therefore, in the past, there should have been the last universal DNA molecule, which contained the genes of all possible living beings in our biosphere.
由于病毒是地球上最早的生命形式,因此可以证明,是病毒在地球上形成并传播了生物生命。从巨型病毒到第一个原生动物细菌的进化转变是合乎逻辑的,可以认为是被证明的。生物体的基因组编码在DNA中,病毒是生命的最初形式,因此,在过去,应该有最后一个通用的DNA分子,它包含了我们生物圈中所有可能的生物的基因。
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引用次数: 0
Presumptive Evidence for ADAR1 A-to-I Deamination at WA-sites as the Mutagenic Genomic Driver in Hepatocellular and Related ADAR1-Hi Cancers 在肝细胞癌和相关的ADAR1- hi癌症中,wa位点ADAR1 A-to-I脱胺是致突变的基因组驱动因素的推定证据
Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.35248/2157-2518.20.S14.002
R. Lindley, E. Steele
In hepatocellular cancer (HCC) there is an over expression of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1. Further, the prominent genomic somatic mutation signature in HCC is almost exclusively focused on mutations at A:T base pairs where A-to-G mutations far exceed T-to-C mutations (when read on the non-transcribed strand). A clear mechanism for this extreme transcriptional strand biased mutation signature, putatively associated with over expression of ADAR1 deaminase, is yet to be explicitly demonstrated. The standard description of this strand bias has been nominally called “Transcription Coupled Damage” (TCD) to distinguish it from more conventional “Transcription Coupled Repair” (TCR). We show that the TCD description does not satisfy all features of the molecular evidence. The conventional view is that ADAR1 is thought to target adenosines at WA-sites for editing to inosine (I) in double stranded RNA stem-loop structures in transcripts. Here we show that the totality of the molecular and cellular data on these mutation signatures provides strong presumptive evidence for a clear role for ADAR1-mediated A-to-I deamination at WA-sites as the mutagenic driver in hepatocellular and possibly other related ADAR1-Hi cancers displaying biased mutation features at A:T base pairs.
在肝细胞癌(HCC)中存在RNA编辑酶ADAR1的过表达。此外,HCC中突出的基因组体细胞突变特征几乎完全集中在A:T碱基对上的突变,其中A-to- g突变远远超过T-to- c突变(当在非转录链上读取时)。这种极端的转录链偏突变特征的明确机制尚未得到明确证明,据推测与ADAR1脱氨酶的过表达有关。这种链偏置的标准描述名义上被称为“转录偶联损伤”(TCD),以区别于更传统的“转录偶联修复”(TCR)。结果表明,TCD描述不能满足分子证据的所有特征。传统观点认为,ADAR1在转录本的双链RNA茎环结构中靶向wa位点的腺苷编辑为肌苷(I)。在这里,我们表明,这些突变特征的分子和细胞数据提供了强有力的推定证据,表明adar1介导的a -to- i脱胺在wa位点作为肝细胞和可能其他相关ADAR1-Hi癌症的致突变驱动因素,在a:T碱基对上显示偏倚突变特征。
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引用次数: 1
Special Primes And Some Of Their Properties 特殊素数及其一些性质
Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202106.0681.v1
Mantha Sai Gopal
In this paper, we present the definition, some properties, and solve a problem on special primes. These properties help in providing us with a better understanding of the problem posed related to special primes on the open problem garden website. The problem involves finding all the primes q, given a prime p such that q≡1(mod p) and 2^((q−1)/p)≡1(mod q). We prove that a prime number q is a special prime of p if and only if the order of 2 in U(q) divides q−1p. Also, we prove that a prime number q is not a special prime for any prime number if 2 is a generator of the group U(q) and that there exist infinitely many special primes for any given prime number.
本文给出了特殊素数的定义,一些性质,并解决了一个关于特殊素数的问题。这些性质有助于我们更好地理解开放问题花园网站上与特殊素数有关的问题。这个问题涉及到找到所有素数q,给定一个素数p使得q≡1(mod p)和2^((q−1)/p)≡1(mod q)。我们证明了一个素数q是p的特殊素数当且仅当U(q)中的2阶能整除q−1p。同时证明了如果2是U(q)群的产生子,那么素数q不是任何素数的特殊素数,并且证明了对于任何给定的素数存在无穷多个特殊素数。
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引用次数: 0
A framework of host immune responses against four types of parasitic infections 宿主对四种寄生虫感染的免疫反应框架
Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/wcvpm
Wan-Chung Hu
Host immunity against parasitic infections are complicated. It will be categorized into four immunological pathways against four types of parasitic infections. For intracellular protozoa, the host immunological pathway is TH1 immunity with macrophages, IFNg CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, and IgG3 B cells. For free living extracellular protozoa, the host immunological pathway is TH22 immunity with neutrophils, IL-22/IL-17 CD4 T cells, and IgG2 B cells. For helminths (endoparasites), the host immunological pathway is TH2a immunity with eosinophils, IL-5/IL-4 CD4 T cells, and IgG4 B cells. For insects (ectoparasites), the host immunological pathway is TH2b immunity with basophils, mast cells, IL-3/IL-4 CD4 T cells, and IgE B cells. Thus, the framework of the whole immunological pathways against four types of parasitic infection is given.
宿主对寄生虫感染的免疫是复杂的。它将被划分为针对四种寄生虫感染的四种免疫途径。对于细胞内原生动物,宿主免疫途径是TH1免疫与巨噬细胞、IFNg CD4 T细胞、CD8 T细胞和IgG3 B细胞。对于游离的细胞外原生动物,宿主的免疫途径是TH22免疫和中性粒细胞、IL-22/IL-17 CD4 T细胞和IgG2 B细胞。对于蠕虫(内寄生虫),宿主免疫途径是TH2a免疫与嗜酸性粒细胞、IL-5/IL-4 CD4 T细胞和IgG4 B细胞。对于昆虫(外寄生虫),宿主的免疫途径是TH2b免疫,包括嗜碱性细胞、肥大细胞、IL-3/IL-4 CD4 T细胞和IgE B细胞。因此,整个免疫途径的框架针对四种类型的寄生虫感染给出。
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引用次数: 0
Klein-Gordon Equation and Wave Function in Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity 宇宙狭义相对论中的Klein-Gordon方程和波函数
Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.31237/osf.io/fsw9c
Sangwha Yi
In the Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity, we study energy-momentum relations, Klein-Gordon equation and wave function.
在宇宙狭义相对论中,我们研究了能量-动量关系、Klein-Gordon方程和波函数。
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引用次数: 3
Topological Stationarity and Precompactness of Probability Measures 概率测度的拓扑平稳性和预紧性
Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/fe693
Yu-Lin Chou
We prove the precompactness of a collection of Borel probability measures over an arbitrary metric space precisely under a new legitimate notion, which we term textit{topological stationarity}, regulating the sequential behavior of Borel probability measures directly in terms of the open sets. Thus the important direct part of Prokhorov's theorem, which permeates the weak convergence theory, admits a new version with the original and sole assumption --- tightness --- replaced by topological stationarity. Since, as will be justified, our new condition is not vacuous and is logically independent of tightness, our result deepens the understanding of the connection between precompactness of Borel probability measures and metric topologies.
我们在一个新的合法概念下精确地证明了任意度量空间上Borel概率测度集合的预紧性,我们称之为textit{拓扑平稳性},直接用开集来调节Borel概率测度的序列行为。因此,渗透到弱收敛理论中的Prokhorov定理的重要直接部分,承认了一个新的版本,其原始和唯一的假设——紧密性——被拓扑平稳性所取代。因为,正如将要证明的那样,我们的新条件不是真空的,并且在逻辑上独立于紧性,我们的结果加深了对Borel概率测度的预紧性和度量拓扑之间联系的理解。
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引用次数: 0
The New Signal Photodiode 新型信号光电二极管
Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/hrdms
L. Nascimbene
A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as their surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode. Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a p–n junction, to increase the speed of response. A photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias.
光电二极管是一种将光转换成电流的半导体器件。当光子被光电二极管吸收时,电流就产生了。光电二极管可能包含光学滤光片,内置透镜,并且可能具有或大或小的表面积。光电二极管通常有一个较慢的响应时间,因为他们的表面积增加。用于发电的传统太阳能电池是一个大面积的光电二极管。光电二极管与常规半导体二极管相似,除了它们可以暴露(用于检测真空紫外线或x射线)或封装在窗口或光纤连接中以允许光到达设备的敏感部分。许多专门设计用作光电二极管的二极管使用PIN结而不是pn结,以提高响应速度。光电二极管被设计成在反向偏置下工作。
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引用次数: 0
Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity 宇宙狭义相对论
Pub Date : 2020-10-19 DOI: 10.31237/osf.io/tfj4y
Sangwha Yi
In the Cosmological Special Relativity Theory, we study Maxwell equations, electromagnetic wave equation and function.
在宇宙学狭义相对论中,我们研究了麦克斯韦方程、电磁波方程和函数。
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引用次数: 5
Structural Entropy of Daily Number of COVID-19 Related Fatalities 每日COVID-19相关死亡人数的结构熵
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.19.20215673
Eren Unlu
A recently proposed temporal correlation-based network framework applied on financial markets called Structural Entropy has prompted us to utilize it as a means of analysis for COVID-19 fatalities across countries. Our observation on the resemblance of volatility of fluctuations of daily novel coronavirus related number of deaths to the daily stock exchange returns suggests the applicability of this approach.
最近提出的一种用于金融市场的基于时间相关性的网络框架,称为结构熵,促使我们利用它作为分析各国COVID-19死亡人数的手段。我们对每日新型冠状病毒相关死亡人数波动的波动性与每日证券交易所收益的相似性的观察表明该方法的适用性。
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引用次数: 2
Derivation of the Equivalence Principle in a Multi-fold Universe 多重宇宙中等效原理的推导
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/a58nz
Stephane H Maes
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very small scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. The mechanisms proposed to address entanglement and that are responsible for gravity when considering entanglement of virtual particles, also automatically result into the (weak) principle of equivalence, without postulating it. It also required better qualifying the tenancy model of multi-folds in terms of Higgs interactions.
在多重宇宙中,引力通过多重机制从纠缠中产生。结果,在纠缠的粒子之间出现了类似引力的效应,它们是真实的还是虚拟的。远距离无质量引力是由无质量虚粒子的纠缠产生的。大质量虚粒子的纠缠导致在非常小的尺度上产生巨大的引力贡献。多重折叠机制也导致了一个离散的时空,具有随机行走的分形结构和洛伦兹不变量的非交换几何,其中时空节点和粒子可以用微观黑洞来建模。所有这些都在大尺度上恢复了广义相对论,半经典模型在比通常预期更小的尺度上仍然有效。因此,引力可以加入到标准模型中。这有助于解决标准模型的几个开放问题。在考虑虚拟粒子的纠缠时,为解决纠缠而提出的机制和负责引力的机制也自动导致(弱)等效原理,而无需假设它。它还需要根据希格斯相互作用更好地限定多折叠的租赁模型。
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引用次数: 17
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viXra
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