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Particles, Especially Virtual Particles, in a Multi-fold Universe vs. QFT 多重宇宙中的粒子,尤其是虚粒子与QFT
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/x8pks
Stephane H Maes
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. In this paper, we discuss the point of view of the virtual particles used to explain gravity emergence from entanglement and in particular position their use versus the more conventional view on virtual particles in QFT. Indeed, besides the fact that QFT has challenges to model particles, there are some strong views on what is or is not appropriate when it comes to involving virtual particles in conventional QFT, or vacuum fluctuations for that matter. The proposed multi-fold mechanisms on the other hand rely first and foremost on the concept of particles, with modifications to conventional QFT. In that context virtual particle play a central role. Besides evangelizing the need to evolve QFT, we also review how virtual particles are key to the notion of small scale non negligible addition of gravity to the standard model, and to a proposal for Ultimate Unification where al particles convey gravity and their proper interactions. We also discuss how this model is key and aligned to the area laws of blacks holes, Hawking’s radiation and the absence of gravity shielding even when using virtual particle. This discussion will also offer some perspectives on QFT in curved spacetime. The bottom line is that there are no contradiction with the main views on virtual particles of conventional QFT proposed with multi-fold universe mechanisms and that in fact, while hard to formulate, the use of virtual particles could also be modeled with fields and associated multi-fold fields. We also discuss comparing our model using pairs of entangled virtual particles versus models using only (or in addition) pairs of entangled gravitons. Such a multi-fold model with only gravitons may recover the same results or differ depending on how massive gravitons would be modeled in these new models. But we end up still recommending only a model where gravitons live in AdS(5).
在多重宇宙中,引力通过多重机制从纠缠中产生。结果,在纠缠的粒子之间出现了类似引力的效应,它们是真实的还是虚拟的。远距离无质量引力是由无质量虚粒子的纠缠产生的。大质量虚粒子的纠缠导致在非常小的尺度上产生巨大的引力贡献。多重折叠机制也导致了一个离散的时空,具有随机行走的分形结构和洛伦兹不变量的非交换几何,其中时空节点和粒子可以用微观黑洞来建模。所有这些都在大尺度上恢复了广义相对论,半经典模型在比通常预期更小的尺度上仍然有效。因此,引力可以加入到标准模型中。这有助于解决标准模型的几个开放问题。在本文中,我们讨论了用于解释纠缠产生引力的虚粒子的观点,特别是它们与QFT中更传统的虚粒子观点的对比。事实上,除了量子傅立叶变换对粒子建模有挑战这一事实外,对于在传统量子傅立叶变换中涉及虚粒子或真空涨落时,什么是合适的,什么是不合适的,也存在一些强烈的观点。另一方面,提出的多重机制首先依赖于粒子的概念,并对传统的量子傅立叶变换进行了修改。在这种情况下,虚粒子起着中心作用。除了宣扬演化量子力学的必要性之外,我们还回顾了虚粒子是如何在标准模型中加入小尺度不可忽略的引力概念的关键,以及最终统一的提议,其中所有粒子都传递引力及其适当的相互作用。我们还讨论了这个模型是如何与黑洞的面积定律、霍金辐射以及即使在使用虚拟粒子时也没有引力屏蔽的情况下保持一致的。本讨论还将提供一些关于弯曲时空中量子傅立叶变换的观点。底线是,这与传统QFT中关于多重宇宙机制下虚粒子的主要观点并不矛盾,事实上,尽管难以表述,但虚粒子的使用也可以用场和相关的多重场来建模。我们还讨论了使用纠缠虚粒子对的模型与仅使用(或添加)纠缠引力子对的模型的比较。这样一个只有引力子的多重模型可能会恢复相同的结果,也可能会有所不同,这取决于在这些新模型中如何模拟大质量的引力子。但我们最终还是只推荐一个引力子存在于AdS(5)中的模型。
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引用次数: 11
The Two Relativistic Rydberg Formulas of Suto and Haug: Further Comments Suto和Haug的两个相对论里德伯公式:进一步评论
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2020.1112122
E. Haug
In a recent paper, we [1] discussed that Suto [2] has pointed out an interesting relativistic extension of Rydberg’s formula. In that paper, we had slightly misunderstood Suto’s approach, something we will comment on further here. The relativistic Suto formula is actually derived from a theory where the standard relativistic momentum relation is changed. The relativistic Rydberg formula we presented and mistakenly thought was the same as Suto’s formula is, on the other hand, derived to be fully consistent with the standard relativistic momentum relation. Here we will point out the differences between the formulas and correct some errors in our previous paper. The paper should give deeper and better intuition about the Rydberg formula and what it represents.
在最近的一篇论文中,我们[1]讨论了Suto[2]指出了Rydberg公式的一个有趣的相对论性扩展。在那篇论文中,我们对Suto的方法有一点误解,我们将在这里进一步评论。相对论Suto公式实际上是从标准相对论动量关系改变的理论中推导出来的。另一方面,我们提出的相对论里德伯公式错误地认为与Suto的公式相同,但推导出来的结果与标准相对论动量关系完全一致。在这里,我们将指出公式之间的差异,并纠正我们之前文章中的一些错误。这篇论文应该对里德伯公式及其所代表的意义给出更深入、更好的直观理解。
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引用次数: 2
The Speed of Light, the Big Bang and the Expansion of the Universe 光速,大爆炸和宇宙膨胀
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3711656
V. Bezverkhniy, Vitaliy Bezverkhniy
It is shown that both the redshift and, therefore, the recession of galaxies is the effect of an observer who is located in the center of the cosmological ball on planet Earth. This effect is a consequence of the gravitational time dilation in accordance with Einstein's STR. That is, there is no real recession of galaxies, which means there is no Big Bang. Galaxies in the Universe are subject to the usual chaotic motion, but due to the indicated effects, we observe the scattering of galaxies.
结果表明,星系的红移和因此而引起的退缩都是位于地球这个宇宙球中心的观测者的影响。根据爱因斯坦的理论,这种效应是引力时间膨胀的结果,也就是说,没有真正的星系衰退,这意味着没有大爆炸。宇宙中的星系是通常的混沌运动,但由于指示的影响,我们观察到星系的散射。
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引用次数: 1
On The Erdös-Turán Additive Base Conjecture 关于Erdös-Turán加性基猜想
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-660255/v1
T. Agama
In this paper we formulate and prove several variants of the Erdös-Turán additive bases conjecture.
本文给出并证明了Erdös-Turán加性基猜想的几个变体。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of daily contagions of CoViD-19-SARS-CoV-2 from August 24 to July 31, 2021 in Apulia, a region of Italy, by using a New Epidemiologic Fractal Model.  基于新型流行病学分形模型的2021年8月24日至7月31日意大利阿普利亚地区CoViD-19-SARS-CoV-2每日传染预测
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-98910/v1
Calogero Rinzivillo, S. Conte, F. Casciaro, R. Bernardini, E. Benigni, I. Monte, F. Kaleagasioglu, F. Wang, C. Mordeniz, G. Liberti, E. Conte
We study a new fractal model for prediction of contagions of CoViD-19 (Sarbeco Betavirus SARS-CoV-2) from August 24, 2020 to July 31, 20201 in Apulia that is a region of Italy. We obtain that the time of the peak is estimated to be at December 7, 2020 and the number of contagions will be about 575 cases.
我们研究了一个新的分形模型,用于预测2020年8月24日至2018年7月31日在意大利普利亚地区的CoViD-19 (Sarbeco Betavirus SARS-CoV-2)的传染。我们得出,预计高峰时间为2020年12月7日,感染病例约为575例。
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引用次数: 0
Massless and Massive Multi-Gravity in a Multi-fold Universe 多重宇宙中的无质量和多重引力
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/jy6me
Stephane H Maes
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. In this paper, we discuss some of the properties and implications of the massive gravity contributions. In particular we will discuss it similarities and differences with what is usually meant by massive gravity in conventional physics and derived modern bigravity theories.. Instead of being a large-scale theory, where massive gravity can support a limited range or even a repulsive behavior, multi-fold massive gravity is here a mostly small-scale effect with almost no larger scale impact other than through entangled virtual neutrino pairs. Multi-fold universe accelerated expansion come from other effects of multi-fold mechanisms. In multi-fold theory, massive gravity is also multiple (one per available virtual carrier). The resulting gravity model is different from all the massive gravity and bigravity current proposed in the literature. In particular we discuss the known issues with conventional classical massive gravity. We conclude with a suggestion to attempt, with or independently of a multi-fold models, bi (or multi) gravity models, massive only at very small scale with massless gravity at any larger scale. We already know that such model helps address many Standard Model and Standard Cosmology Model open issues: there is value in SMG: the standard Model with non-negligible gravity at its scales.
在多重宇宙中,引力通过多重机制从纠缠中产生。结果,在纠缠的粒子之间出现了类似引力的效应,它们是真实的还是虚拟的。远距离无质量引力是由无质量虚粒子的纠缠产生的。大质量虚粒子的纠缠导致在非常小的尺度上产生巨大的引力贡献。多重折叠机制也导致了一个离散的时空,具有随机行走的分形结构和洛伦兹不变量的非交换几何,其中时空节点和粒子可以用微观黑洞来建模。所有这些都在大尺度上恢复了广义相对论,半经典模型在比通常预期更小的尺度上仍然有效。因此,引力可以加入到标准模型中。这有助于解决标准模型的几个开放问题。在本文中,我们讨论了大质量引力贡献的一些性质和意义。特别地,我们将讨论它与传统物理学和衍生的现代引力理论中通常所指的大质量引力的异同。在大尺度理论中,大质量引力可以支持有限的范围甚至是排斥行为,而在这里,多重大质量引力主要是一种小规模效应,除了通过纠缠的虚中微子对之外,几乎没有更大规模的影响。多重宇宙加速膨胀来源于多重机制的其他效应。在多重理论中,大质量引力也是多重的(每个可用的虚载流子一个)。所得的重力模型不同于文献中提出的所有大质量重力和重力流模型。我们特别讨论了已知的传统经典质量引力问题。最后,我们建议尝试使用或独立于多重模型,双(或多重)重力模型,仅在非常小的尺度上有质量,而在任何更大的尺度上无质量重力。我们已经知道,这样的模型有助于解决许多标准模型和标准宇宙学模型悬而未决的问题:SMG是有价值的:标准模型在其尺度上具有不可忽略的引力。
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引用次数: 19
Entanglement and Random Walks Concretize Time in a Multi-fold Universe 纠缠和随机游走使多重宇宙中的时间具体化
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/x53fp
Stephane H Maes
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. The present paper examines what can be said of time in a multi-fold universe: what is the notion of time, does it exist or make sense and is it continuous or discrete and is there an arrow of time? In particular, we discuss how multi-fold universe handles the well-known time problem, the Bryce Wheeler equation as well as the explanations proposed so far by Page and Wootters and the subsequent rigorous expansions of Gambini and Pullin. In a multi-fold universe, time can concretely exist both because of entanglement and its random walk constructive nature that renders spacetime, including time discrete, fractal and non-commutative within a spacetime geometry, yet become not observable at larger scales. Therefore, random walks and entanglement concretize time and entanglement is also responsible for the arrow of time: the multi-folds mechanisms are irreversible, yet they can appear reversible if not fully modeled, which explains why Quantum Physics and GR appear essentially reversible. When putting all these consideration together it becomes clear that random walks and entanglement not only generate and shape spacetime but they also are at the core of the concept of time and how it can be perceived by us.
在多重宇宙中,引力通过多重机制从纠缠中产生。结果,在纠缠的粒子之间出现了类似引力的效应,它们是真实的还是虚拟的。远距离无质量引力是由无质量虚粒子的纠缠产生的。大质量虚粒子的纠缠导致在非常小的尺度上产生巨大的引力贡献。多重折叠机制也导致了一个离散的时空,具有随机行走的分形结构和洛伦兹不变量的非交换几何,其中时空节点和粒子可以用微观黑洞来建模。所有这些都在大尺度上恢复了广义相对论,而半经典模型在比通常预期更小的尺度上仍然有效。因此,引力可以加入到标准模型中。这有助于解决标准模型的几个开放问题。本文探讨了多重宇宙中的时间:时间的概念是什么,它是存在的还是有意义的,它是连续的还是离散的,是否有时间之箭?特别地,我们讨论了多重宇宙如何处理众所周知的时间问题、Bryce Wheeler方程以及迄今为止由Page和wooters提出的解释以及随后的Gambini和Pullin的严格扩展。在多重宇宙中,时间可以具体地存在,因为纠缠和它的随机游走的建设性性质,使时空,包括时间离散,分形和非交换的时空几何,但在更大的尺度上变得不可观察。因此,随机漫步和纠缠具体化了时间,纠缠也负责时间之箭:多重机制是不可逆的,但如果不完全建模,它们可能看起来是可逆的,这解释了为什么量子物理和GR看起来基本上是可逆的。当把所有这些考虑放在一起时,很明显,随机漫步和纠缠不仅产生和塑造了时空,而且它们也是时间概念的核心,也是我们如何感知时间的核心。
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引用次数: 2
On the Interaction of the Electron with the Vacuum Fluctuations of Electromagnetic Field 电子与电磁场真空涨落的相互作用
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PP4NIOG.V1
X. Tong
A new approach is proposed for evaluating the interaction energy between the electron and the vacuum fluctuations of electromagnetic field. It is applied to two cases: when the electron is free and when it is in a potential-a hydrogen atom. The results are consistent with previous relevant treatments of people.
提出了一种计算电子与电磁场真空涨落相互作用能的新方法。它适用于两种情况:当电子是自由的和当它在一个潜在的氢原子。结果与前人的相关治疗方法一致。
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引用次数: 0
The Advance of Planets' Perihelion in Newtonian Theory Plus Gravitational and Rotational Time Dilation 牛顿理论中行星近日点的进展加上引力和旋转时间膨胀
Pub Date : 2020-09-10 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202009.0235.v1
C. Corda
It is shown through three different approaches that, contrary to a longstanding conviction older than 160 years, the orbit of Mercury behaves as required by Newton's equations with a very high precision if one correctly analyzes the situation in the framework of the two-body problem without neglecting the mass of Mercury. General relativity remains more precise than Newtonian physics, but the results in this paper show that Newtonian framework is more powerful than researchers and astronomers were thinking till now, at least for the case of Mercury. The Newtonian formula of theadvance of planets' perihelion breaks down for the other planets. The predicted Newtonian result is indeed too strong for Venus and Earth. Therefore, it is also shown that corrections due to gravitational and rotational time dilation, in an intermediate framework which analyzes gravity between Newton and Einstein, solve the problem. By adding such corrections, a result consistent with the one of general relativity is indeed obtained. Thus, the most important results of this paper are two: i) It is not correct that Newtonian theory cannot predict the anomalous rate of precession of the perihelion of planets' orbit. The real problem is instead that a pure Newtonian prediction is too strong. ii) Perihelion's precession can be achieved with the same precision of general relativity by extending Newtonian gravity through the inclusion of gravitational and rotational time dilation effects. This second result is in agreement with a couple of recent and interesting papers of Hansen, Hartong and Obers. Differently from such papers, in the present work the importance of rotational time dilation is also highlighted.
它通过三种不同的方法表明,与160多年前的长期信念相反,如果在二体问题的框架内正确地分析情况而不忽略水星的质量,水星的轨道就会以非常高的精度按照牛顿方程的要求运行。广义相对论仍然比牛顿物理学更精确,但这篇论文的结果表明,牛顿框架比研究人员和天文学家迄今为止认为的更强大,至少在水星的情况下是这样。牛顿关于行星近日点运动的公式在其他行星上失效了。对金星和地球来说,牛顿预测的结果确实太强了。因此,还表明,在牛顿和爱因斯坦之间分析引力的中间框架中,由引力和旋转时间膨胀引起的修正可以解决问题。通过加上这样的修正,确实得到了与广义相对论一致的结果。因此,本文最重要的结论有两点:1)牛顿理论不能预测行星近日点轨道的异常进动率是不正确的。真正的问题是,纯粹的牛顿预测过于强大。ii)近日点进动可以通过包含引力和旋转时间膨胀效应来扩展牛顿引力,从而达到与广义相对论相同的精度。第二个结果与汉森、哈通和奥伯斯最近发表的几篇有趣的论文一致。与此类论文不同的是,本文也强调了转动时间膨胀的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Klein-Gordon Equation and Wave Function for Free Particle in Rindler Space-Time Rindler时空中自由粒子的Klein-Gordon方程和波函数
Pub Date : 2020-09-09 DOI: 10.31237/osf.io/79s32
Sangwha Yi
Klein-Gordon equation is a relativistic wave equation. It treats spinless particle. The wave functioncannot use as a probability amplitude. We made Klein-Gordon equation in Rindler space-time. In this paper,we make free particle’s wave function as the solution of Klein-Gordon equation in Rindler space-time.
Klein-Gordon方程是一个相对论波动方程。它处理无自旋粒子。波函数不能用作概率振幅。我们在伦德勒时空中建立了Klein-Gordon方程。本文将自由粒子的波函数作为伦德勒时空中Klein-Gordon方程的解。
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引用次数: 1
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