This paper investigates the onset of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid flow over a flat plate by looking at the pressure gradients implied by the Blasius solution for laminar fluid flow and adjusting the predicted flow, leading to a mathematically predictable flow separation in the boundary layer and the onset of turbulence (including both transition and fully turbulent regions - both with and without the presence of a flat plate). It then considers the implications for potential analytic solutions to the Navier-Stokes Equations of the fact that it is possible to predict turbulence and a singularity for many flows (at any velocity).
{"title":"Investigation of the Onset of Turbulence in Boundary Layers and the Implications for Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations.","authors":"A. Logan","doi":"10.31224/osf.io/u47wc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/u47wc","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the onset of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid flow over a flat plate by looking at the pressure gradients implied by the Blasius solution for laminar fluid flow and adjusting the predicted flow, leading to a mathematically predictable flow separation in the boundary layer and the onset of turbulence (including both transition and fully turbulent regions - both with and without the presence of a flat plate). It then considers the implications for potential analytic solutions to the Navier-Stokes Equations of the fact that it is possible to predict turbulence and a singularity for many flows (at any velocity).","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82958130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.9734/bpi/nfpsr/v1/3541A
V. Kizka
In the article, the fireball formed in the collision of relativistic nuclei is considered as a quantum object. Based on this, an attempt is made to explain the difference in the measurements of hyperon yields in the two experiments - NA49 and NA57. Using the basic principles of quantum mechanics, it was shown that a fireball can have two quantum states - with and without ignited Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). With an increase of the collision energy of heavy ions, the probability of QGP ignition increases. At the same time, the probability of the formation of a fireball without igniting the QGP also remains not zero.
{"title":"On the Quantum Nature of a Fireball Created in Ultrarelativistic Nuclear Collisions","authors":"V. Kizka","doi":"10.9734/bpi/nfpsr/v1/3541A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nfpsr/v1/3541A","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, the fireball formed in the collision of relativistic nuclei is considered as a quantum object. Based on this, an attempt is made to explain the difference in the measurements of hyperon yields in the two experiments - NA49 and NA57. Using the basic principles of quantum mechanics, it was shown that a fireball can have two quantum states - with and without ignited Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). With an increase of the collision energy of heavy ions, the probability of QGP ignition increases. At the same time, the probability of the formation of a fireball without igniting the QGP also remains not zero.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79106346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2020.1110100
D. Pons
Problem: The mechanisms whereby force operates are poorly understood at the fundamental level. This is reflected in the difficulty of finding a single coherent theory for explaining all the fundamental interactions. Purpose: This work constructs a conceptual framework for the interactions from a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) perspective, specifically the Cordus NLHV theory. Findings: All the interactions can be attributed to the discrete force emissions from the particle, more specifically from the different attributes thereof. Thus the electrostatic appears to arise from the direct linear effect of the discrete forces; magnetic from bending of the flux tube; gravitation from handed energisation sequence; strong from the synchronisation of emissions; and weak from rearrangement of discrete force emissions hence remanufacturing of particle identity. Originality: An explanation is provided for all the interactions based on non-local hidden-variable theory. Apart from the concept of the discrete force, and its multiple attributes, no new particles or bosons are required.
{"title":"Towards Unification of Fundamental Interactions Using Non-Local Hidden-Variable Theory","authors":"D. Pons","doi":"10.4236/jmp.2020.1110100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2020.1110100","url":null,"abstract":"Problem: The mechanisms whereby force operates are poorly understood at the fundamental level. This is reflected in the difficulty of finding a single coherent theory for explaining all the fundamental interactions. Purpose: This work constructs a conceptual framework for the interactions from a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) perspective, specifically the Cordus NLHV theory. Findings: All the interactions can be attributed to the discrete force emissions from the particle, more specifically from the different attributes thereof. Thus the electrostatic appears to arise from the direct linear effect of the discrete forces; magnetic from bending of the flux tube; gravitation from handed energisation sequence; strong from the synchronisation of emissions; and weak from rearrangement of discrete force emissions hence remanufacturing of particle identity. Originality: An explanation is provided for all the interactions based on non-local hidden-variable theory. Apart from the concept of the discrete force, and its multiple attributes, no new particles or bosons are required.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87103055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.4236/IJAA.2021.111002
C. Pilot
Based on a model of Winterberg, where the vacuum is made up of a two component, positive and negative mass superfluid/ supersolid, we derive scaling laws for the polarization of space, i.e., the vacuum. Upon expansion of the universe, this vast assembly (sea) of positive, and negative mass planckions form a rigid, ether-like, medium, which at sufficiently low temperatures, can be polarized through gravitational alignment/ ordering of planckion mass dipoles. Two models for susceptibility of the vacuum as a function of the cosmic scale parameter, a , are presented. We also consider the possibility that Newton’s constant can scale, i.e., G^(-1)=G^(-1) (a), to form the most general scaling laws for polarization of the vacuum. The positive and negative mass of the planckion, is inextricably related to the value of, G, and as such, both are intrinsic properties of the vacuum. Scaling laws for the non-local, cosmic susceptibility, χ (a), the cosmic polarization, P (a), the cosmic macroscopic gravitational field, g (a), and the cosmic gravitational field mass density, (ρ_gg ) (a), are worked out, with specific examples. At the end of recombination, i.e., the era of last scattering, using the polarization to explain dark matter, and the gravitational field mass density to explain dark energy, we find that, (Ω_(rad,1) ,〖 Ω〗_(b,1 ),Ω_(c,1),Ω_(Λ,1))=(.37,.19,0,.44). While this is an unconventional assignment, differing from the ΛCDM model, we believe this is correct, and we give our reasons why. Among them is the fact that localized dark matter (LDM) contributions can be much higher in this epoch than smeared values for susceptibility. The above assignments are cosmic averages, and will not apply locally. We also evaluate the transition from ordinary matter dominance, to dark matter dominance, for the cosmos as a whole. We obtain for the transition points, z=1.66, for susceptibility model I, and, z=2.53, for susceptibility model II.
{"title":"Scaling Behavior for the Susceptibility of the Vacuum","authors":"C. Pilot","doi":"10.4236/IJAA.2021.111002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/IJAA.2021.111002","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a model of Winterberg, where the vacuum is made up of a two component, positive and negative mass superfluid/ supersolid, we derive scaling laws for the polarization of space, i.e., the vacuum. Upon expansion of the universe, this vast assembly (sea) of positive, and negative mass planckions form a rigid, ether-like, medium, which at sufficiently low temperatures, can be polarized through gravitational alignment/ ordering of planckion mass dipoles. Two models for susceptibility of the vacuum as a function of the cosmic scale parameter, a , are presented. We also consider the possibility that Newton’s constant can scale, i.e., G^(-1)=G^(-1) (a), to form the most general scaling laws for polarization of the vacuum. The positive and negative mass of the planckion, is inextricably related to the value of, G, and as such, both are intrinsic properties of the vacuum. Scaling laws for the non-local, cosmic susceptibility, χ (a), the cosmic polarization, P (a), the cosmic macroscopic gravitational field, g (a), and the cosmic gravitational field mass density, (ρ_gg ) (a), are worked out, with specific examples. At the end of recombination, i.e., the era of last scattering, using the polarization to explain dark matter, and the gravitational field mass density to explain dark energy, we find that, (Ω_(rad,1) ,〖 Ω〗_(b,1 ),Ω_(c,1),Ω_(Λ,1))=(.37,.19,0,.44). While this is an unconventional assignment, differing from the ΛCDM model, we believe this is correct, and we give our reasons why. Among them is the fact that localized dark matter (LDM) contributions can be much higher in this epoch than smeared values for susceptibility. The above assignments are cosmic averages, and will not apply locally. We also evaluate the transition from ordinary matter dominance, to dark matter dominance, for the cosmos as a whole. We obtain for the transition points, z=1.66, for susceptibility model I, and, z=2.53, for susceptibility model II.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79161989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The text represents a narration of narration. First, an article was written on the analogies of the genetic and chemical code (MMR, 2018b), and then its Supplement 1 (MMR, 2020b); both articles written in standard scientific language, without associations and contexts that would lead to other topics and other scientific disciplines. However, it proved necessary to do both in this third step, which required an essayistic way of telling. Only such a way made it possible (with the hope that I succeeded in that) to say directly where "iacet lepus": the existing paradigms in current chemical and biological science are the reason for "preventing" insight into analogies and a kind of unity of natural codes.
{"title":"Essays on natural codes: probably and improbably (I)","authors":"Miloje M. Rakocevic","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/c47yf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/c47yf","url":null,"abstract":"The text represents a narration of narration. First, an article was written on the analogies of the genetic and chemical code (MMR, 2018b), and then its Supplement 1 (MMR, 2020b); both articles written in standard scientific language, without associations and contexts that would lead to other topics and other scientific disciplines. However, it proved necessary to do both in this third step, which required an essayistic way of telling. Only such a way made it possible (with the hope that I succeeded in that) to say directly where \"iacet lepus\": the existing paradigms in current chemical and biological science are the reason for \"preventing\" insight into analogies and a kind of unity of natural codes.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72706104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work is concerned with road traffic offence information management in Nigeria. It focused on trends in road traffic offences information and carried out a critical review of current information and communication and technology compliance state of FRSC with a view to identifying its defects in road traffic offence information management. A system to correct road traffic offence information management failure as identified in the existing system was then proposed. Road traffic offence records and details of current safety measures obtained from FRSC and online in addition to research works provided the basic data for the study. The result showed the high rate of road traffic offence as a result of poor road traffic offence information management and failure to improve on the existing road traffic information management.
{"title":"Road Offence Information Management System in Nigeria: a Most Needed Technology Intervention","authors":"Leslie Nneji Ndugbu","doi":"10.36596/JCSE.V2I1.164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36596/JCSE.V2I1.164","url":null,"abstract":"This work is concerned with road traffic offence information management in Nigeria. It focused on trends in road traffic offences information and carried out a critical review of current information and communication and technology compliance state of FRSC with a view to identifying its defects in road traffic offence information management. A system to correct road traffic offence information management failure as identified in the existing system was then proposed. Road traffic offence records and details of current safety measures obtained from FRSC and online in addition to research works provided the basic data for the study. The result showed the high rate of road traffic offence as a result of poor road traffic offence information management and failure to improve on the existing road traffic information management.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73776738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-58308/v1
A. Garyfallos
Forecasting forthcoming "health events" is an extremely challenging task for the Remote Patient Monitoring systems (RPM systems) sector, which relies in real time information and communication technologies. Remote patient monitoring is a medical service which includes following and observing patients that are not in the same location with their health care provider. In general, the patient is equipped with a “smart” monitoring device, and the recorded data (vital signs) are securely transmitted via telecommunication networks to the health care provider. Modern remote patient monitoring devices are small, discrete and easy to wear, allowing "bearers" to move freely and with comfort. In this framework, MOKAAL pc has developed the IFS_RPM service (Integrated Facilitation Services for Remote Patient Monitoring) supplying the necessary ICT infrastructure, which is necessary for the provision of the RPM services. Following the completion of IFS_RPM project, MOKAAL pc launched a research project under the code name "PROPHETTM" . PROPHETTM main objective is to investigate the possibilities of introducing a real time predicting model based on remotely collected vital signs, that would utilize time series of metric data in conjunction with the information stored in the Electronic Health Records (EHR) of the "bearer", attempting to predict in real time, the probability of a "health event" occurring in the near future. To meet this objective, the PROPHETTM project team designed an evolutionary prototype of the "health event" forecasting model, which was developed and tested in a laboratory environment and it will be upgraded to a working prototype to be tested in real conditions, in order to be incorporated into the IFS_RPM system, after reaching its maturity state.
{"title":"Project PROPHET : Brief report of preliminary results","authors":"A. Garyfallos","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-58308/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-58308/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Forecasting forthcoming \"health events\" is an extremely challenging task for the Remote Patient Monitoring systems (RPM systems) sector, which relies in real time information and communication technologies. Remote patient monitoring is a medical service which includes following and observing patients that are not in the same location with their health care provider. In general, the patient is equipped with a “smart” monitoring device, and the recorded data (vital signs) are securely transmitted via telecommunication networks to the health care provider. Modern remote patient monitoring devices are small, discrete and easy to wear, allowing \"bearers\" to move freely and with comfort. In this framework, MOKAAL pc has developed the IFS_RPM service (Integrated Facilitation Services for Remote Patient Monitoring) supplying the necessary ICT infrastructure, which is necessary for the provision of the RPM services. Following the completion of IFS_RPM project, MOKAAL pc launched a research project under the code name \"PROPHETTM\" . PROPHETTM main objective is to investigate the possibilities of introducing a real time predicting model based on remotely collected vital signs, that would utilize time series of metric data in conjunction with the information stored in the Electronic Health Records (EHR) of the \"bearer\", attempting to predict in real time, the probability of a \"health event\" occurring in the near future. To meet this objective, the PROPHETTM project team designed an evolutionary prototype of the \"health event\" forecasting model, which was developed and tested in a laboratory environment and it will be upgraded to a working prototype to be tested in real conditions, in order to be incorporated into the IFS_RPM system, after reaching its maturity state.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81260470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The process of the rapid origin of life on Earth is analyzed, taking into account the evolution of our Sun (the beginning of thermonuclear reactions). Given the knowledge about DNA, viruses and the structure of bacteria, it is concluded that the origin of life on Earth was initiated from the outside. Further, using space chemistry, it is shown that spontaneous assembly of DNA/RNA molecules can occur on particles of interstellar and intergalactic dust. Therefore, when favorable conditions are created on the planet, the emergence of life begins rapidly, since the initiators of life are already available from cosmic dust (RNA and DNA molecules).
{"title":"The Origin of Life on Earth, the Panspermia Hypothesis and Cosmological DNA Synthesis","authors":"Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3678305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3678305","url":null,"abstract":"The process of the rapid origin of life on Earth is analyzed, taking into account the evolution of our Sun (the beginning of thermonuclear reactions). Given the knowledge about DNA, viruses and the structure of bacteria, it is concluded that the origin of life on Earth was initiated from the outside. Further, using space chemistry, it is shown that spontaneous assembly of DNA/RNA molecules can occur on particles of interstellar and intergalactic dust. Therefore, when favorable conditions are created on the planet, the emergence of life begins rapidly, since the initiators of life are already available from cosmic dust (RNA and DNA molecules).","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72563590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using the particle-wave dualism of microparticles, it is strictly shown that the Universe has a limiting speed of movement of elementary particles, which is equal to the speed of light in vacuum. Since all material bodies are composed of microparticles, therefore, no object in the Universe can move faster than the speed of light. Further, using the limit of the speed of light in the Universe, the photometric and gravitational paradoxes are explained (Olbers' and Bentley's paradoxes).
{"title":"Limiting the Speed of Light in a Vacuum and Cosmological Paradoxes.","authors":"V. Bezverkhniy, Vitaliy Bezverkhniy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3679311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3679311","url":null,"abstract":"Using the particle-wave dualism of microparticles, it is strictly shown that the Universe has a limiting speed of movement of elementary particles, which is equal to the speed of light in vacuum. Since all material bodies are composed of microparticles, therefore, no object in the Universe can move faster than the speed of light. Further, using the limit of the speed of light in the Universe, the photometric and gravitational paradoxes are explained (Olbers' and Bentley's paradoxes).","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78815811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.4236/JHEPGC.2021.72028
C. Pilot
We propose a model for gravity based on the gravitational polarization of space. With this model, we can relate the density parameters within the Friedmann model, and show that dark matter is bound mass formed from massive dipoles set up within the vacuum surrounding ordinary matter. Aggregate matter induces a gravitational field within the surrounding space, which reinforces the original field. Dark energy, on the other hand, is the energy density associated with gravitational fields both for ordinary matter, and bound, or induced dipole matter. At high CBR temperatures, the cosmic susceptibility, induced by ordinary matter vanishes, as it is a smeared or average value for the cosmos as a whole. Even though gravitational dipoles do exist, no large scale alignment or ordering is possible. Our model assumes that space, i.e., the vacuum, is filled with a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass particles having Planck mass, called planckions, which is based on extensive work by Winterberg. These original particles form a very stiff two component superfluid, where positive and negative mass species neutralize one another already at the submicroscopic level, leading to zero net mass, zero net gravitational pressure, and zero net entropy, for the undisturbed medium. It is theorized that the gravitational dipoles form from such material positive and negative particles, and moreover, this causes an intrinsic polarization of the vacuum for the universe as a whole. We calculate that in the present epoch, the smeared or average susceptibility of the cosmos equals, (χ_0 ) =.842, and the overall resulting polarization equals, (P_0 ) =2.396 kg/m^2. Moreover, due to all the ordinary mass in the universe, made up of quarks and leptons, we calculate a net gravitational field having magnitude, (g^((0)) ) =3.771 E-10 m/s^2. This smeared or average value permeates all of space, and can be deduced by any observer, irrespective of location within the universe. This net gravitational field is forced upon us by Gauss’s law, and although technically a surface gravitational field, it is argued that this surface, smeared value holds point for point in the observable universe. A complete theory of gravitational polarization is presented. In contrast to electrostatics, gravistatics leads to anti-screening of the original source field, increasing the original value, (g^((0)) ) , to, g = (g^((0)) ) + (g^((1)) ) >(g^((0)) ) , where (g^((1)) ) is the induced or polarized field. In the present epoch, this leads to a bound mass, M_B=(χ_0 ) /(K_0 ) M_F=5.33〖 M〗_F , where 〖 M〗_F is the sum of all ordinary source matter in the universe, and (K_0 ) equals the relative permittivity. A new radius, and new mass, for the observable universe is dictated by the density parameters in Friedmann's equation, and Gauss’s law. These lead to the very precise values, R_0=3.215 E27 meters, and, M_F=5.834 E55 kg, respectively, somewhat larger than current less accurate estimates.
{"title":"Does Space Have a Gravitational Susceptibility? A Model for the ΛCDM Density Parameters in the Friedmann Equation","authors":"C. Pilot","doi":"10.4236/JHEPGC.2021.72028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JHEPGC.2021.72028","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a model for gravity based on the gravitational polarization of space. With this model, we can relate the density parameters within the Friedmann model, and show that dark matter is bound mass formed from massive dipoles set up within the vacuum surrounding ordinary matter. Aggregate matter induces a gravitational field within the surrounding space, which reinforces the original field. Dark energy, on the other hand, is the energy density associated with gravitational fields both for ordinary matter, and bound, or induced dipole matter. At high CBR temperatures, the cosmic susceptibility, induced by ordinary matter vanishes, as it is a smeared or average value for the cosmos as a whole. Even though gravitational dipoles do exist, no large scale alignment or ordering is possible. Our model assumes that space, i.e., the vacuum, is filled with a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass particles having Planck mass, called planckions, which is based on extensive work by Winterberg. These original particles form a very stiff two component superfluid, where positive and negative mass species neutralize one another already at the submicroscopic level, leading to zero net mass, zero net gravitational pressure, and zero net entropy, for the undisturbed medium. It is theorized that the gravitational dipoles form from such material positive and negative particles, and moreover, this causes an intrinsic polarization of the vacuum for the universe as a whole. We calculate that in the present epoch, the smeared or average susceptibility of the cosmos equals, (χ_0 ) =.842, and the overall resulting polarization equals, (P_0 ) =2.396 kg/m^2. Moreover, due to all the ordinary mass in the universe, made up of quarks and leptons, we calculate a net gravitational field having magnitude, (g^((0)) ) =3.771 E-10 m/s^2. This smeared or average value permeates all of space, and can be deduced by any observer, irrespective of location within the universe. This net gravitational field is forced upon us by Gauss’s law, and although technically a surface gravitational field, it is argued that this surface, smeared value holds point for point in the observable universe. A complete theory of gravitational polarization is presented. In contrast to electrostatics, gravistatics leads to anti-screening of the original source field, increasing the original value, (g^((0)) ) , to, g = (g^((0)) ) + (g^((1)) ) >(g^((0)) ) , where (g^((1)) ) is the induced or polarized field. In the present epoch, this leads to a bound mass, M_B=(χ_0 ) /(K_0 ) M_F=5.33〖 M〗_F , where 〖 M〗_F is the sum of all ordinary source matter in the universe, and (K_0 ) equals the relative permittivity. A new radius, and new mass, for the observable universe is dictated by the density parameters in Friedmann's equation, and Gauss’s law. These lead to the very precise values, R_0=3.215 E27 meters, and, M_F=5.834 E55 kg, respectively, somewhat larger than current less accurate estimates.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90375381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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