Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2023.2250836
R. Damian Nance
AbstractBeam engines introduced America to the steam age and powered the nation’s progress for much of the 19th century, spearheading the navigation of its inland waterways, powering its mills and manufacturing industry, enabling the mining of its deep mineral resources, and supplying its growing cities with water. Development of the beam engine in America lagged that in Britain and Europe but followed a similar evolution until its displacement by other forms of steam engine and by electricity at the end of the 19th century. Development started with the introduction of America’s first beam engine, imported from Britain in 1755, progressed through the rapid growth of American-built engines, and culminated in the mid- to late-19th century in the metropolitan waterworks of the American Midwest and East, in the deep mines of the American West, and in the paddle steamers that first brought America together.Keywords: Steam enginesengineersminingpaddle steamerswaterworks19th century America AcknowledgmentsThis article has benefited from insightful reviews by Chris Allen and Paul Stephens, and the comments of journal editor Julia Elton, all of which were greatly appreciated.Notes1 J. H. Andrew and J. S. Allen, ‘A Confirmation of the Location of the 1712 ‘Dudley Castle’ Newcomen Engine at Coneygree, Tipton,’ The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology 79, no. 2 (July 2009), 174–182, DOI: 10.1179/175812109 × 449603; Mårten Triewald, ‘A Short Description of the Fire- and Air-Machine’ (Stockholm, 1734) translated from the Swedish with foreward, introduction and notes. The Newcomen Society, Extra Publication 1, 1928.2 L. T. C. Rolt, Thomas Newcomen: The Prehistory of the Steam Engine (Dawlish, UK: David and Charles, 1963), ISBN-10: 0715340794; L. T. C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen (Ashbourne, UK: Landmark Publishing, 1997), ISBN-10: 190152244X; John Farey, A Treatise on the Steam Engine: Historical, Practical, Descriptive (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1827), 309–405; J. T. Desaguliers, A Course in Experimental Philosophy (London: W. Innys, M. Senex and T. Longman, 1744), 126–211.3 Ben Marsden, Watt’s Perfect Engine: Steam and the Age of Invention (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), ISBN-10: 0231131720; H. W. Dickinson and R. Jenkins, James Watt and the Steam Engine (London: Encore Editions, 1981), ISBN-10: 0903485923 (reprint of the 1919 memorial volume prepared for the Committee of the Watt Centenary Commemoration in Birmingham); Samuel Smiles Lives of Boulton and Watt. Principally from the Original Soho Mss: Comprising Also a History of the Invention and Introduction of the Steam Engine (London: John Murray, 1865), ISBN-10: 1533349878; Farey, 309–405 (see n. 2).4 G. J. Drew and J. E. Connell, Cornish Beam Engines in South Australian Mines (Adelaide: Department of Mines and Energy South Australia, Special Publication No. 9, 1993), ISBN-10: 0730823261; D. B. Barton, The Cornish
梁式发动机将美国引入了蒸汽时代,并在19世纪的大部分时间里为美国的进步提供了动力,引领了内陆水道的航行,为工厂和制造业提供了动力,使其深层矿产资源的开采成为可能,并为其不断发展的城市提供了水。美国的梁式发动机的发展落后于英国和欧洲,但也经历了类似的演变,直到19世纪末被其他形式的蒸汽机和电力所取代。发展始于1755年从英国进口的美国第一台梁式发动机的引进,经历了美国制造的发动机的快速增长,并在19世纪中后期在美国中西部和东部的大都市自来水厂,美国西部的深矿,以及第一次将美国团结在一起的明轮船上达到高潮。[关键词]蒸汽机工程采矿桨式蒸汽机工厂19世纪美国致谢本文得益于克里斯·艾伦和保罗·斯蒂芬斯的深刻评论,以及期刊编辑朱莉娅·埃尔顿的评论,所有这些都是非常感谢的。注1 J. H. Andrew和J. S. Allen,《1712年“达德利城堡”纽科门发动机在蒂普顿Coneygree的位置确认》,《国际工程技术史杂志》79,第2期。2(2009年7月),174-182,DOI: 10.1179/175812109 × 449603;马姆拉滕·特里瓦尔德,《关于火和空气机器的简短描述》(斯德哥尔摩,1734年)从瑞典语翻译而来,有前言、引言和注释。L. T. C.罗尔特,托马斯·纽科门:蒸汽机的史前史(英国:大卫和查尔斯,1963),ISBN-10: 0715340794;L. T. C.罗尔特和J. S.艾伦,托马斯·纽科门的蒸汽机(阿什伯恩,英国:地标出版社,1997),ISBN-10: 19015224x;约翰·法里,论蒸汽机:历史的,实用的,描述性的(伦敦:朗曼,里斯,奥尔姆,布朗和格林,1827),309-405;J. T. Desaguliers,实验哲学课程(伦敦:W. Innys, M. Senex和T. Longman, 1744), 126-211.3本·马斯登,瓦特的完美引擎:蒸汽和发明时代(纽约:哥伦比亚大学出版社,2002),ISBN-10: 0231131720;h·w·迪金森和r·詹金斯,詹姆斯·瓦特和蒸汽机(伦敦:Encore Editions, 1981), ISBN-10: 0903485923(为伯明翰瓦特百年纪念委员会准备的1919年纪念册的再版);塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯《博尔顿和瓦特的生活》主要来自原始Soho小姐:包括蒸汽机的发明和引进的历史(伦敦:约翰默里,1865年),ISBN-10: 1533349878;(见第2号)G. J. Drew和J. E. Connell, South Australian Mines的Cornish Beam Engines (Adelaide: Mines and Energy South Australia, Special Publication No. 9, 1993), ISBN-10: 0730823261;D. B. Barton, The Cornish Beam Engine (Truro, UK: D. Bradford Barton Ltd., 2nd Edition, 1966), ISBN-10: 1871060044;波尔:《康沃尔泵发动机论》T. R. Harris, Arthur Woolf: The Cornish Engineer 1766-1837, (Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd., 1966), isbn: 0851530508;里斯·詹金斯,《康沃尔郡工程师:阿瑟·伍尔夫,1766-1837》,《纽科门学会学报》13(1932),55-73页;DOI: 10.1179 / tns.1932.004;约翰法里,论蒸汽机:历史,实用,描述性(1827年),卷2(牛顿修道院,英国:大卫和查尔斯,1971年),43-45。Carroll W. Pursell, Jr.,美国早期固定式蒸汽机:一项技术迁移研究(华盛顿特区:史密森学会出版社,1969),ISBN-10: 0874740940.7同上,5-6;Richard P. McCormick“美国第一台蒸汽机”,《罗格斯大学图书馆杂志》11(1947),第16-20页。DOI: 10.14713 / jrul.v11i1.1246;Thomas Coulson,“美国早期的蒸汽机”,《富兰克林研究所学报》243期(1947年3月),219-233页。0016 - 0032 . DOI: 10.1016 / (47) 90132 - 4;L. F. Loree“美国第一台蒸汽机”,纽科门学会10 (1929),15-27,DOI: 10.1179/tns.1929.002;F. R. Hutton,“美国第一台静止蒸汽机”,《美国机械工程师学会学报》15 (1894),982-97;威廉·纳尔逊,约西亚·霍恩布洛尔和美国第一台蒸汽机(纽瓦克,新泽西州:每日广告印刷厂,1883年)Nelson, 12(见第7条);J. H. Granberry,《Schuyler矿山的历史:美国第一座铜矿》,《工程与采矿杂志》82,第2期。24(1906年12月),1117;Abbott M. Collamer,“殖民地铜矿”,《威廉与玛丽季刊》第27期(1970年4月),299页。DOI: 10.2307 / 1918655。 9本杰明·富兰克林写给杰瑞德·艾略特的信,1750年2月13日,引用于杰瑞德·斯帕克斯的《本杰明·富兰克林的作品:包含以前任何版本中没有的一些政治和历史小册子,以及许多迄今未发表的官方和私人信件》;与笔记和作者的生活(波士顿:希利亚德,格雷和公司,1838年),第6卷,107.10尼尔森,14(见第7号)同上,18.12 . Loree, 21(见第7条)路易斯·c·亨特,美国工业动力史1780-1930,卷2:蒸汽动力(夏洛茨维尔,弗吉尼亚州:弗吉尼亚大学出版社,1985年),5;纳尔逊,21-22(见第七章)Loree, 21-22(见n. 7);《纽约(NY)水星报》,1762年3月22日,引用自麦考密克,17(见第7号)纽约(NY)公报或每周邮差,1768年7月25日,Loree引用,22(见第7号)同上,22.17卑尔根县契约,G,对开194,187;埃塞克斯·迪兹,D,对开本127,引自尼尔森,49-50页(见第7页)1864年,约翰·范·恩伯格的回忆被提交给法官约瑟夫·p·布拉德利,纳尔逊引用,51岁(见第7页)。范·恩伯格,当时100岁,在1792年就开始研究蒸汽机了。19里斯·詹金斯的来信,洛里,27岁(见第7页)。20“美国蒸汽机的历史”,富兰克林研究所杂志102 (1876),255-256;约瑟夫·p·布拉德利大法官1889年的声明,洛里引用,22(见第7页)蓝莓,1116,1118(见第8号);赫伯特·p·伍德沃德,《新泽西的铜矿和采矿》(新泽西州特伦顿:新泽西州保护和发展部,1944年),《地质丛书》,公报57:54;I.芬奇,《美国和加拿大游记》(伦敦:朗曼、里斯、奥姆、布朗、格林和朗曼出版社,1833年),277;北阿灵顿公共图书馆,“北阿灵顿的历史”https:/
{"title":"A short history of the beam engine in America","authors":"R. Damian Nance","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2250836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2250836","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractBeam engines introduced America to the steam age and powered the nation’s progress for much of the 19th century, spearheading the navigation of its inland waterways, powering its mills and manufacturing industry, enabling the mining of its deep mineral resources, and supplying its growing cities with water. Development of the beam engine in America lagged that in Britain and Europe but followed a similar evolution until its displacement by other forms of steam engine and by electricity at the end of the 19th century. Development started with the introduction of America’s first beam engine, imported from Britain in 1755, progressed through the rapid growth of American-built engines, and culminated in the mid- to late-19th century in the metropolitan waterworks of the American Midwest and East, in the deep mines of the American West, and in the paddle steamers that first brought America together.Keywords: Steam enginesengineersminingpaddle steamerswaterworks19th century America AcknowledgmentsThis article has benefited from insightful reviews by Chris Allen and Paul Stephens, and the comments of journal editor Julia Elton, all of which were greatly appreciated.Notes1 J. H. Andrew and J. S. Allen, ‘A Confirmation of the Location of the 1712 ‘Dudley Castle’ Newcomen Engine at Coneygree, Tipton,’ The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology 79, no. 2 (July 2009), 174–182, DOI: 10.1179/175812109 × 449603; Mårten Triewald, ‘A Short Description of the Fire- and Air-Machine’ (Stockholm, 1734) translated from the Swedish with foreward, introduction and notes. The Newcomen Society, Extra Publication 1, 1928.2 L. T. C. Rolt, Thomas Newcomen: The Prehistory of the Steam Engine (Dawlish, UK: David and Charles, 1963), ISBN-10: 0715340794; L. T. C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen (Ashbourne, UK: Landmark Publishing, 1997), ISBN-10: 190152244X; John Farey, A Treatise on the Steam Engine: Historical, Practical, Descriptive (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1827), 309–405; J. T. Desaguliers, A Course in Experimental Philosophy (London: W. Innys, M. Senex and T. Longman, 1744), 126–211.3 Ben Marsden, Watt’s Perfect Engine: Steam and the Age of Invention (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), ISBN-10: 0231131720; H. W. Dickinson and R. Jenkins, James Watt and the Steam Engine (London: Encore Editions, 1981), ISBN-10: 0903485923 (reprint of the 1919 memorial volume prepared for the Committee of the Watt Centenary Commemoration in Birmingham); Samuel Smiles Lives of Boulton and Watt. Principally from the Original Soho Mss: Comprising Also a History of the Invention and Introduction of the Steam Engine (London: John Murray, 1865), ISBN-10: 1533349878; Farey, 309–405 (see n. 2).4 G. J. Drew and J. E. Connell, Cornish Beam Engines in South Australian Mines (Adelaide: Department of Mines and Energy South Australia, Special Publication No. 9, 1993), ISBN-10: 0730823261; D. B. Barton, The Cornish ","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135393406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2023.2251541
Jonathan Aylen
AbstractLudwig Loewy was a Jewish engineer who left Nazi Germany in 1936 to set up an engineering firm in London as a refugee. Britain was rearming, and a new generation of aircraft was being developed based on light alloy construction. The new Loewy Engineering Company had the expertise to supply presses and rolling mills required for alloy fabrication, which were otherwise supplied from Germany at a time of growing tension. The new firm also built a giant tube press for steel for the Admiralty. Loewy’s new company grew rapidly in London, helped by a workforce of refugee engineers and managers and ‘many thousands’ of machinery drawings from Germany. Loewy became a technical advisor to the British Government’s production programme for aircraft until his death in 1942. Back in Germany, Loewy’s former firm, Schloemann in Düsseldorf, was Aryanised after his departure. Schloemann continued to supply equipment into the UK until the outbreak of war and went on to help the German and Italian war effort. Ludwig was dispossessed of his major share in the Company, and the history of Schloemann was rewritten. Ludwig Loewy’s rapid assimilation owed much to earlier contacts with the UK engineering and metals establishment, his expertise in a sector that was growing rapidly and short of skills, customers who needed his technology, and his own personal energy and drive. The Government welcomed his contribution to aircraft and warship production at a time of break-neck rearmament. Ludwig Loewy’s experience supports the view that German-speaking refugee engineers were readily accepted in the UK from 1933 to 1945.Keywords: hydraulic pressextrusion pressrolling milldraw-benchaluminiumduraluminmagnesium alloysLoewy EngineeringSchloemannrearmamentRoyal Air ForceAdmiralty AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to Deborah Jaffé and Anna Nyburg, who encouraged my interest in this topic. Brigitte Loewy Linz was an invaluable source of information and comment. Advice was given by Bob Bowden, Clive Ellam, Ian Hoose, Philip Lawlor, Ian Livingstone, Mick Steeper, Bill Summers, and Professor Wojciech Misiolek. I am grateful to Dr. Hilary Potter for expert translation work.Archivists provided welcome help including Dawn Laight and Holly Froggatt at Chesterfield Local Studies Library; Matthew Allen and Becky Sheldon at Derbyshire County Council; Anna Wreyford and Luke Dady at Dorset History Centre; Shotton Records Centre of Tata Steel, especially former manager Rolf Holthöfer; Anna Murphy, at Lincs Inspire in Grimsby; Ally McConnell at Gloucestershire Archives; Peter Elliott at the RAF Museum and Philip Jeffs at Warrington Archives. Particular thanks to Alex Japha at Lehigh University Archives, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, who made everything possible during COVID.Earlier versions of this paper were improved by comments at the Newcomen Society Manchester, Bristol, and Newcastle and the Royal Aeronautical Society, Brough. Two expert referees corrected technical errors and gave wise advice.
84关于为Shotton和早期合同采购电动机的困难,请参阅路德维希·洛伊维与位于SC MS 0078.30.03 passim.85的各种欧洲联系人之间的广泛通信理查德·萨默斯,《新工厂》1940(伦敦:Jonathan C
{"title":"RAF planes that won the Battle of Britain were built on German machinery: How Jewish refugee engineer, Ludwig Loewy, was crucial to the war effort","authors":"Jonathan Aylen","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2251541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2251541","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractLudwig Loewy was a Jewish engineer who left Nazi Germany in 1936 to set up an engineering firm in London as a refugee. Britain was rearming, and a new generation of aircraft was being developed based on light alloy construction. The new Loewy Engineering Company had the expertise to supply presses and rolling mills required for alloy fabrication, which were otherwise supplied from Germany at a time of growing tension. The new firm also built a giant tube press for steel for the Admiralty. Loewy’s new company grew rapidly in London, helped by a workforce of refugee engineers and managers and ‘many thousands’ of machinery drawings from Germany. Loewy became a technical advisor to the British Government’s production programme for aircraft until his death in 1942. Back in Germany, Loewy’s former firm, Schloemann in Düsseldorf, was Aryanised after his departure. Schloemann continued to supply equipment into the UK until the outbreak of war and went on to help the German and Italian war effort. Ludwig was dispossessed of his major share in the Company, and the history of Schloemann was rewritten. Ludwig Loewy’s rapid assimilation owed much to earlier contacts with the UK engineering and metals establishment, his expertise in a sector that was growing rapidly and short of skills, customers who needed his technology, and his own personal energy and drive. The Government welcomed his contribution to aircraft and warship production at a time of break-neck rearmament. Ludwig Loewy’s experience supports the view that German-speaking refugee engineers were readily accepted in the UK from 1933 to 1945.Keywords: hydraulic pressextrusion pressrolling milldraw-benchaluminiumduraluminmagnesium alloysLoewy EngineeringSchloemannrearmamentRoyal Air ForceAdmiralty AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to Deborah Jaffé and Anna Nyburg, who encouraged my interest in this topic. Brigitte Loewy Linz was an invaluable source of information and comment. Advice was given by Bob Bowden, Clive Ellam, Ian Hoose, Philip Lawlor, Ian Livingstone, Mick Steeper, Bill Summers, and Professor Wojciech Misiolek. I am grateful to Dr. Hilary Potter for expert translation work.Archivists provided welcome help including Dawn Laight and Holly Froggatt at Chesterfield Local Studies Library; Matthew Allen and Becky Sheldon at Derbyshire County Council; Anna Wreyford and Luke Dady at Dorset History Centre; Shotton Records Centre of Tata Steel, especially former manager Rolf Holthöfer; Anna Murphy, at Lincs Inspire in Grimsby; Ally McConnell at Gloucestershire Archives; Peter Elliott at the RAF Museum and Philip Jeffs at Warrington Archives. Particular thanks to Alex Japha at Lehigh University Archives, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, who made everything possible during COVID.Earlier versions of this paper were improved by comments at the Newcomen Society Manchester, Bristol, and Newcastle and the Royal Aeronautical Society, Brough. Two expert referees corrected technical errors and gave wise advice. ","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135393409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-16DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2022.2060774
M. Alvey
Carl Akeley is a familiar figure in the world of museums, scientific exploration, conservation, and especially taxidermy—his innovations in that field in the early 20th century led peers to dub him ‘The Father of Modern Taxidermy’. But Akeley’s knack for innovation stretched far beyond mounting animal skins. As one colleague put it, ‘his practical mechanical resourcefulness was almost uncanny’. Akeley invented the ‘cement gun’ and sprayable concrete (aka ‘gunite’), a revolutionary movie camera embraced by Hollywood studios and documentarists, several ‘improved’ searchlight reflectors during World War I (when he was appointed a Consulting Engineer for the Army), and an assortment of other devices—more than 30 patents in all. One common thread tied all these efforts together: envisioning a problem, and devising a solution. This article presents an account of Carl Akeley’s inventive side, describing the wide array of inventions that grew from his natural mechanical aptitude, and his tireless passion to fabricate, and then improve.
{"title":"Blood, sweat, and skins—and cement, and cinema, and searchlights: Carl Akeley’s adventures in inventing","authors":"M. Alvey","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2022.2060774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2022.2060774","url":null,"abstract":"Carl Akeley is a familiar figure in the world of museums, scientific exploration, conservation, and especially taxidermy—his innovations in that field in the early 20th century led peers to dub him ‘The Father of Modern Taxidermy’. But Akeley’s knack for innovation stretched far beyond mounting animal skins. As one colleague put it, ‘his practical mechanical resourcefulness was almost uncanny’. Akeley invented the ‘cement gun’ and sprayable concrete (aka ‘gunite’), a revolutionary movie camera embraced by Hollywood studios and documentarists, several ‘improved’ searchlight reflectors during World War I (when he was appointed a Consulting Engineer for the Army), and an assortment of other devices—more than 30 patents in all. One common thread tied all these efforts together: envisioning a problem, and devising a solution. This article presents an account of Carl Akeley’s inventive side, describing the wide array of inventions that grew from his natural mechanical aptitude, and his tireless passion to fabricate, and then improve.","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122388419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2022.2113353
John Kanefsky
This article examines the adoption of steam power to industry in London after 1780. It demonstrates that although steam power was less intensively applied in the Capital than some areas, steam engines were installed more widely there than hitherto documented, in a range of enterprises. The article also shows that the dominance of Boulton and Watt in London has been exaggerated and examines the early use of high pressure engines.
{"title":"Industrial steam power in London, 1780–1805","authors":"John Kanefsky","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2022.2113353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2022.2113353","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the adoption of steam power to industry in London after 1780. It demonstrates that although steam power was less intensively applied in the Capital than some areas, steam engines were installed more widely there than hitherto documented, in a range of enterprises. The article also shows that the dominance of Boulton and Watt in London has been exaggerated and examines the early use of high pressure engines.","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115092996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2022.2163215
I. Gil-Crespo
The defense of the Spanish Empire had to be committed to the fortification of coasts and harbours along the World. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain and Portugal were linked. Between Madrid and Lisbon, the kings made decisions about the government and the fortification of half of Europe, the Atlantic archipelagos, America, the coast of Africa from Algeria to Somalia, India and part of Asia. The development of artillery and military technology obliged to improve fortification techniques and apply them globally. The bastioned fortification was, perhaps, the first human product to spread globally throughout the World. So, engineers had to design the defenses of, for example, Oran (in the North of Africa), Terceira (an island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean), Havana (in the Caribbean Sea), the Strait of Magellan (South of Chile) or Manila (Philippines). In several cases, the same engineer had to work in three or four continents. The paper will deal with several notable examples, between the 16th to 19th centuries, with the aim to show the transmission and application of the technical knowledge by the hand of engineers.
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Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2023.2176801
José Manuel Brandão, R. Vernon, P. Callapez, José Manuel Soares Pinto
The article focuses on the early years of the Buarcos coal mine, when the Portuguese mineralogist, Bonifácio de Andrada a former Government’s fellow in Paris and also the Freiberg Academy, was appointed the Intendant of Mines (1801). Under the patronage of the influential Minister Sousa Coutinho, he was put in charge of the Buarcos mine. He was knowledgeable on advances made in European mining technology, so to increase coal production he ordered a Boulton and Watt steam engine for mines drainage. This appears to be the first steam engine imported to Portugal for industrial purposes. It was shipped in January 1804 but for the reasons discussed in this article, the engine was never installed. Despite this failed attempt, this less known episode in Portuguese industrial history marks, in a way, the start of the steam era in Portugal.
这篇文章着重介绍了布阿尔科斯煤矿的早期情况,当时葡萄牙矿物学家Bonifácio de Andrada(前政府在巴黎的研究员,也是弗莱堡学院的研究员)被任命为煤矿主管(1801年)。在有影响力的部长索萨·库蒂尼奥(Sousa Coutinho)的支持下,他被派去负责布阿尔科斯矿。他了解欧洲采矿技术的进步,因此为了增加煤炭产量,他订购了一台博尔顿和瓦特蒸汽机,用于矿井排水。这似乎是葡萄牙为工业目的进口的第一台蒸汽机。它于1804年1月发货,但由于本文讨论的原因,发动机从未安装。尽管这一尝试失败了,但在葡萄牙工业历史上,这一鲜为人知的事件在某种程度上标志着葡萄牙蒸汽时代的开始。
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Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2023.2176803
S. K. Jones
{"title":"Steam on the Sirhowy Tramroad and its Neighbours","authors":"S. K. Jones","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2176803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2176803","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122240330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2023.2180472
N. Baker
is clear that there was a significant impact on company employees and the local population. For the workforce there was a steep learning curve regarding the new technology, learning by trial and error, running a steam-powered railway that still employed conventional horse traction with the steam traction based on an astonishing number of some eighty locomotives of individual designs and features. So, not only is a study of pioneering locomotives presented but also a human story through ordinary members of the public coming to accept a new element in their everyday lives, either as innocent bystanders or being exposed to dangers presented to life and limb. Locomotive drivers, in what appears as a common theme of the early steam railway, are seen as a law unto themselves and here are stories that flesh out and depict an almost lawless environment on the Sirhowy. To sum up, the book will appeal to a wide audience that is wider than those interested in the railways of South Wales in that it provides an insight into the operation of a technological ‘dead-end’ in terms of a steam tramroad system that worked until the 1860s.
{"title":"A Trio of Fast Women","authors":"N. Baker","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2180472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2180472","url":null,"abstract":"is clear that there was a significant impact on company employees and the local population. For the workforce there was a steep learning curve regarding the new technology, learning by trial and error, running a steam-powered railway that still employed conventional horse traction with the steam traction based on an astonishing number of some eighty locomotives of individual designs and features. So, not only is a study of pioneering locomotives presented but also a human story through ordinary members of the public coming to accept a new element in their everyday lives, either as innocent bystanders or being exposed to dangers presented to life and limb. Locomotive drivers, in what appears as a common theme of the early steam railway, are seen as a law unto themselves and here are stories that flesh out and depict an almost lawless environment on the Sirhowy. To sum up, the book will appeal to a wide audience that is wider than those interested in the railways of South Wales in that it provides an insight into the operation of a technological ‘dead-end’ in terms of a steam tramroad system that worked until the 1860s.","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133693373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2023.2175762
David Harrison
{"title":"John Rennie: Engineer of Many Splendid and Useful Works","authors":"David Harrison","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2175762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2175762","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132312972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2023.2183167
R. Holden
Patents and records of textile machine makers provide a greater understanding of the development of mule spinning in the cotton industry after the invention of the self-acting mule by Richard Roberts in 1830. Hand mules continued in use for the spinning of finer yarns, and developed into machines that were hand controlled rather than hand powered. They were built in considerable numbers until the 1860s and some machines continued in use after 1900. Other persons invented self-acting mules but the only one to achieve any success was that by James Smith of Deanston, examples of which were built in small numbers until at least the 1860s. Refinements enabled the self-actor to replace hand mules after the 1860s, but they continued to incorporate the inventions of Roberts. Winding was a crucial area and machine makers adopted different approaches that reflect the range of yarns their machines were to spin.
{"title":"Cotton mule spinning after Richard Roberts","authors":"R. Holden","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2183167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2183167","url":null,"abstract":"Patents and records of textile machine makers provide a greater understanding of the development of mule spinning in the cotton industry after the invention of the self-acting mule by Richard Roberts in 1830. Hand mules continued in use for the spinning of finer yarns, and developed into machines that were hand controlled rather than hand powered. They were built in considerable numbers until the 1860s and some machines continued in use after 1900. Other persons invented self-acting mules but the only one to achieve any success was that by James Smith of Deanston, examples of which were built in small numbers until at least the 1860s. Refinements enabled the self-actor to replace hand mules after the 1860s, but they continued to incorporate the inventions of Roberts. Winding was a crucial area and machine makers adopted different approaches that reflect the range of yarns their machines were to spin.","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124311285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}