VirusDisease最新文献

CMV reactivation is rare in hematological as well as solid organ malignancies in non-allogeneic stem cell transplant settings. An increasing number of patients undergoing active treatment or follow-up and diagnosed with CMV reactivation in recent years prompted us to investigate the risk factors and outcomes of CMV reactivation or disease. This was a hospital-based retrospective study that included 174 cancer patients suspected of CMV reactivation. Among them, forty-one tested positive for CMV viremia. The risk factors for CMV reactivation included the use of steroids in 78% of patients, active cancer in 43.9%, use of a monoclonal antibody rituximab in 31.7%, a history of radiation in 26.8%, and autologous stem cell transplant in 12% of patients. The median age was 36 years, and the most common clinical feature was fever (58.5%; n = 24), followed by GI symptoms (12.1%; n = 5), respiratory symptoms (14.6%; n = 6), cytopenia (7.3%; n = 3), and visual/neurological symptoms (4.8%; n = 2). The mean CMV viral load was 37,332 copies/ml (range: 75.00-633,000.00 copies/ml). Nineteen patients received CMV treatment with an average treatment duration of 81.5 days. The median overall survival was 2 months, with 12.0% of patients alive at 5 years. CMV reactivation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We recommend vigilant monitoring of CMV-related symptoms, with a low threshold for testing and treatment, for patients with multiple risk factors for CMV reactivation.

Cnidium vein yellowing virus (CnVYV), cnidium virus X (CnVX), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and cnidium virus 1 (CnV1) were detected at extremely high levels in Cnidium officinale plants showing viral symptoms collected from Iwate and Hokkaido Prefectures, Japan. The complete nucleotide sequence of the newly detected CnVYV and CnV1, and genetic diversity of the cnidium-infecting viruses (CnVYV, CnVX, and CnV1) indicated that South Korean and Japanese cnidium plants had close relationship with each other. All three viruses can infect vegetatively propagated perennials and are vertically transmitted once infection occurs.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-023-00835-w.

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have revolutionized reliable detection of dengue virus (DENV) during acute phase of infection. The study evaluated performance of CDC DENV-1-4 real-time assay, trioplex RT-PCR and heminested conventional RT-PCR assay in the diagnosis of DENV. The three NAATs were performed on 107 consecutive samples collected from patients suspected of DENV infection during acute phase of illness. Their performance was compared against composite reference standard, consisting of DENV NS1 antigen ELISA and DENV IgM ELISA. 88/107 study samples were positive by DENV ELISA, either NS1Ag (80), IgM (3) or both (5). The overall sensitivity of CDC DENV-1-4 RT-PCR assay, trioplex RT-PCR assay and conventional multiplex RT-PCR was 68.18%, 54.55% and 38.64%, respectively in diagnosing dengue during acute phase, with an area under the curve of 0.841, 0.773 and 0.693 respectively when compared against composite reference standard. The sensitivity was 82.93%, 73.17% and 51.22%, respectively within three days of illness and 60%, 42.86% and 28.57%, respectively between 4 and 5th day of illness. All the three molecular assays had 100% specificity. Maximum concordance values of 86.9% were recorded among CDC DENV-1-4 rRT-PCR assay and trioplex assay with kappa value of 0.74, suggestive of substantial agreement. CDC DENV-1-4 rRT-PCR assay can be used as a reliable and accurate test for diagnosis of DENV during acute phase of illness.

In the rapidly evolving field of clinical virology, technological advancements have always played a pivotal role in driving transformative changes. This comprehensive review delves into the burgeoning integration of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and deep learning into virological research and practice. As we elucidate, these computational tools have significantly enhanced diagnostic precision, therapeutic interventions, and epidemiological monitoring. Through in-depth analyses of notable case studies, we showcase how algorithms can optimize viral genome sequencing, accelerate drug discovery, and offer predictive insights into viral outbreaks. However, with these advancements come inherent challenges, particularly in data security, algorithmic biases, and ethical considerations. Addressing these challenges head-on, we discuss potential remedial measures and underscore the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration between virologists, data scientists, and ethicists. Conclusively, this review posits an outlook that anticipates a symbiotic relationship between AI-driven tools and virology, heralding a new era of proactive and personalized patient care.

Human papilloma virus (HPV infection) plays a important role in causing cervical cancer. Out of 184 different HPV genotypes, 40 diverse types only can cause anogenital infection. HPV present in >99% of cervical cancers with high risk types (16, 18) associated with cancer and Low risk types (6, 11) are associated with genital warts. Aim of the study is to determine the epidemiology of HPV infection in Indian women's population. Three hundred and thirty four liquid based cytology (LBC) samples were collected across India from the different age groups of Indian women. Pap smear, PCR and gene sequencing tests were performed for the collected LBC samples. Low risk serotype 6 (16.7%) were detected compared to other high risk serotypes. Majority of positive cases were observed in the age group between 19 and 39 groups. Northern part of India contributes high (7.1%) in HPV infection compared to other regions of India. Reports from these studies covered few regions of India showing a wide range in the prevalence of HPV infection and serotype distribution due to diversified socio economic and geo climatic conditions. This study aims to identify the epidemiology of HPV in the Indian population and concludes that early and periodic screening of women for HPV can avoid the risk of cervical cancer at the early stage of infection.

Cucurbits are an essential summer-season vegetable crops, but they are highly vulnerable from a range of abiotic and biotic factors. One of the significant biotic factors posing a growing menace to the production of major cucurbits in India is the emergence of tomato-infecting begomoviruses. In this study, we utilized PCR-based species-specific primers, developed earlier in our laboratory for the detection of begomoviruses infecting tomato and chilli plants, to identify begomoviruses in cucurbits across various regions of India. Leaf samples from major cucurbits were collected from different regions of Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Telangana and Karnataka, during the year 2020-2021. Total nucleic acid (TNA) was extracted from the samples and subjected to PCR using a generic primer specific to begomoviruses. The samples that exhibited positive amplification were further tested using six different species-specific primers targeting specific begomovirus species, namely Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV), Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus (ToLCBV), Tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus (ToLCJoV), Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGuV), and Chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV). The PCR analysis revealed that among the 551 plant samples tested, a total of 124 samples exhibited positive amplification using the universal begomovirus PCR. Specifically, 47 samples tested positive for ToLCNDV, 73 samples were positive for ToLCPalV and only one sample showed positive amplification for ChiLCV. However, none of the samples tested positive for ToLCJoV, ToLCGuV and ToLCBV. These findings from our study indicate the prevalence of ToLCNDV and ToLCPalV in major cucurbits across India. Furthermore, the study highlights the varied distribution of begomoviruses in major cucurbits between northern and southern regions of India.

Viral hepatitis E, a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in adults, is a global public health problem. The zoonotic potential of the virus is currently accepted in developed countries. In developing countries, where transmission is mainly enteric, data on the animal reservoir are very limited. Our objective was to identify a possible risk of zoonotic transmission in our region (eastern Algeria). Four hundred and thirty four sera from blood donors were analysed by an-ti-HEV IgG antibodies detection using a commercial ELISA kit. Study participants were asked about demographics, contact with farm animals, pets, rats, and with live or shot game during a hunting activity. The anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence was 17.05%. Two risk factors were identified; rat contact with a seroprevalence rate at 51.2% (p < 1p.1000), OR = 6.736 [95% CI 3, 42-13.26] and game contact with a seroprevalence at 33% (p = 0.003), OR = 2.76 [95% CI 1.37-5.56]. In summary, zoonotic transmission is possible in our region. Rats and game should be investigated for a probable animal reservoir.

Avian infectious bronchitis is one of the most common viral infections in chickens affecting all ages. The tropism of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains became broader and more variable posing major implications for the effective control of IBV infection. In this study, two IBV viruses representing classic and variant strains were inoculated intranasally into day-old SPF chicks (10⁵ EID₅₀/0.2 ml/bird). Clinical signs were observed for 15 days post-infection (DPI). Five chicks from each group were euthanized at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 DPI for histopathology and virus antigen detection by IHC and quantitative rRT-PCR. Results revealed that both classic and variant IBV strains induced mild clinical signs with no mortalities and fewer various histopathological lesions in infected SPF chickens. Although the viruses were detected by rRT-PCR up to 12 DPI, the affected tissues showed regeneration after 10 DPI with IHC revealing no IBV antigen. In summary, no differences were found in the behaviour of both IBV isolates in chickens. The broad tissue tropism for both IBV strains as indicated by viral antigen detection in various organs with no clinical or gross lesion suggest that the main cause of death in IBV infection under field conditions occurs as a result of complication with secondary infections rather single IBV infection. Due to positive immunostaining in the bursa, it is thought that IBV infection has immunosuppressive consequences, hence further study is required to validate this impact.

Newcastle disease (ND) affects a few hundred avian species including chicken and several species of domestic and wild birds. The clinical outcome of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection ranges from mild to severe fatal disease depending on the NDV pathotype and the host species involved. Japanese quails serve as natural reservoirs of NDV and play important role in NDV epidemiology. While infection of chicken with velogenic NDV results in severe often fatal illness, the same infection in Japanese quails results in inapparent infection. The molecular basis of this contrasting clinical outcomes of NDV infection is not yet clearly known. We compared global gene expression in spleen of chicken and Japanese quails infected with lentogenic and velogenic NDVs. We found contrasting regulation of key genes associated with NF-κB pathway and T-cell activation between chicken and Japanese quails. Our data suggests association of NDV resistance in Japanese quails to activation of NF-κB pathway and T cell proliferation.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-023-00833-y.