In recent years, floods in Germany have caused billions of Euros in property damage. As part of the project “Innovative Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Urban Areas against Flood Events” (INNOVARU), a realistic, practical model for the monetary assessment of potential flood damage to residential building stock was developed, which also allows the prognosis of structural damage. The structural damage can be predicted in the form of mean damage grades using vulnerability functions, which take into account the vulnerability of the different building types depending on the inundation level and flow velocity. So far, the scatter in the damage has not been taken into account. The paper presents “fragility functions” which enable the quantification of the exceedance probability of certain damage grades depending on inundation level and flow velocity. These functions allow the identification and implementation of the scatter of structural damage. They also enable a simulative damage prognosis using the Monte Carlo method, which provides the basis for loss calculations and serve to quantify the scatter within the financial loss indicators. This can introduce a new level of cost– benefit analyses for the planning of new flood protection measures. For lower flow velocities, typical for river floods, the study is based on a comprehensive qualified damage dataset compiled after the 2002 flood in Germany. The lack of reliable damage data caused by high flow velocities during flash flood events is compensated by an innovative approach. For this purpose, damage data from the tsunami of the Tohoku earthquake in Japan in 2011 are re-evaluated and included in the analysis. The developed “fragility functions” are applied to the re-interpretation of the August 2002 flood damage and loss in six different study areas in the Free State of Saxony. An outlook to the application for flash flood events is given.
{"title":"SIMULATIVE FLOOD DAMAGE MODELLING TAKING INTO ACCOUNT INUNDATION LEVEL AND FLOW VELOCITY: UNCERTAINTIES AND STRATEGIES FOR FURTHER REFINEMENT","authors":"H. Maiwald, J. Schwarz","doi":"10.2495/friar220031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/friar220031","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, floods in Germany have caused billions of Euros in property damage. As part of the project “Innovative Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Urban Areas against Flood Events” (INNOVARU), a realistic, practical model for the monetary assessment of potential flood damage to residential building stock was developed, which also allows the prognosis of structural damage. The structural damage can be predicted in the form of mean damage grades using vulnerability functions, which take into account the vulnerability of the different building types depending on the inundation level and flow velocity. So far, the scatter in the damage has not been taken into account. The paper presents “fragility functions” which enable the quantification of the exceedance probability of certain damage grades depending on inundation level and flow velocity. These functions allow the identification and implementation of the scatter of structural damage. They also enable a simulative damage prognosis using the Monte Carlo method, which provides the basis for loss calculations and serve to quantify the scatter within the financial loss indicators. This can introduce a new level of cost– benefit analyses for the planning of new flood protection measures. For lower flow velocities, typical for river floods, the study is based on a comprehensive qualified damage dataset compiled after the 2002 flood in Germany. The lack of reliable damage data caused by high flow velocities during flash flood events is compensated by an innovative approach. For this purpose, damage data from the tsunami of the Tohoku earthquake in Japan in 2011 are re-evaluated and included in the analysis. The developed “fragility functions” are applied to the re-interpretation of the August 2002 flood damage and loss in six different study areas in the Free State of Saxony. An outlook to the application for flash flood events is given.","PeriodicalId":23773,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82571894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Worldwide, the increasing challenges due to stormwater run-off in urban areas are well known. Authorities need to be prepared for emergency situations and have plans for preventive measures to avoid flooded properties and public grounds. Several studies highlight that homeowner’s knowledge and awareness of their own flood risk, will lead to better protection and less damage. What is probably less focused is that preventive-measures within your own property will also help to reduce the flood risk for your neighbours settled at a lower site. Stormwater fee derived from the area model can be seen both as an instrument to motivate property owners to manage rainwater in a more sustainable way, and a way of financing public infrastructure related to stormwater. Many cities and states worldwide have already introduced area models as a basis for calculating stormwater fee at property level. There are many models which range from very simple and rough calculations to more complex and detailed. In some countries, e.g., USA, differentiated stormwater fees have been used for decades, while for example in Norway this is still a controversial topic. In this study, we will conduct a literature review of area models, which aim to describe what a single property should pay in stormwater fee. Which model is best, depends entirely on the goals you want to achieve. Based on the literature review, our understanding is that more attention will be paid on area models if there is a clear connection between instrument and goal. In this article we aim to categorize and group the different models and describe for which goals they are best suited.
{"title":"CATEGORISING AREA MODELS FOR STORMWATER FEES AT PROPERTY LEVEL: A LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"U. Rydningen, G. Torgersen, J. T. Bjerkholt","doi":"10.2495/friar220081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/friar220081","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, the increasing challenges due to stormwater run-off in urban areas are well known. Authorities need to be prepared for emergency situations and have plans for preventive measures to avoid flooded properties and public grounds. Several studies highlight that homeowner’s knowledge and awareness of their own flood risk, will lead to better protection and less damage. What is probably less focused is that preventive-measures within your own property will also help to reduce the flood risk for your neighbours settled at a lower site. Stormwater fee derived from the area model can be seen both as an instrument to motivate property owners to manage rainwater in a more sustainable way, and a way of financing public infrastructure related to stormwater. Many cities and states worldwide have already introduced area models as a basis for calculating stormwater fee at property level. There are many models which range from very simple and rough calculations to more complex and detailed. In some countries, e.g., USA, differentiated stormwater fees have been used for decades, while for example in Norway this is still a controversial topic. In this study, we will conduct a literature review of area models, which aim to describe what a single property should pay in stormwater fee. Which model is best, depends entirely on the goals you want to achieve. Based on the literature review, our understanding is that more attention will be paid on area models if there is a clear connection between instrument and goal. In this article we aim to categorize and group the different models and describe for which goals they are best suited.","PeriodicalId":23773,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85339167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of water distribution networks (WDNs) usually considers deterministic values of nodal water demand, calculated by multiplying the average water demand by an appropriate demand factor, which is the same for all nodes. Obviously, changes in the demand factor produce different, yet perfectly correlated, demand scenarios. Today’s large availability of high-frequency water consumption monitoring allows describing water demand in statistical terms. The traditional deterministic approach, characterized by a perfect correlation between nodal demands, leads to an analytical dependency between the hydraulic heads in each of the nodes and the total flow entering the network. On the other hand, if we consider that the nodal demand is described by marginal probability distributions, differently correlated with each other, this result is still valid, but only for the mean. In this work, several scenarios have been generated through stratified random sampling (Latin hypercube sampling). The nodal water demand is described by Gamma probability distributions whose parameters are related to the type and number of users according to suitable scaling laws, derived from historical data sets. The results were obtained considering different types of users and different network topologies and highlighted the possibility of evaluating the mean function of the nodal hydraulic head vs the total entering flow based on the direct acyclic graph (DAG) of the network. Moreover, the dispersion of the data around the mean function was found to be dependent on the properties of the network: dimension and topological structure.
{"title":"WATER DEMAND SCALING LAWS AND SELF-SIMILARITY PROPERTIES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS","authors":"M. Moretti, R. Guercio, R. Magini","doi":"10.2495/friar220091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/friar220091","url":null,"abstract":"The design of water distribution networks (WDNs) usually considers deterministic values of nodal water demand, calculated by multiplying the average water demand by an appropriate demand factor, which is the same for all nodes. Obviously, changes in the demand factor produce different, yet perfectly correlated, demand scenarios. Today’s large availability of high-frequency water consumption monitoring allows describing water demand in statistical terms. The traditional deterministic approach, characterized by a perfect correlation between nodal demands, leads to an analytical dependency between the hydraulic heads in each of the nodes and the total flow entering the network. On the other hand, if we consider that the nodal demand is described by marginal probability distributions, differently correlated with each other, this result is still valid, but only for the mean. In this work, several scenarios have been generated through stratified random sampling (Latin hypercube sampling). The nodal water demand is described by Gamma probability distributions whose parameters are related to the type and number of users according to suitable scaling laws, derived from historical data sets. The results were obtained considering different types of users and different network topologies and highlighted the possibility of evaluating the mean function of the nodal hydraulic head vs the total entering flow based on the direct acyclic graph (DAG) of the network. Moreover, the dispersion of the data around the mean function was found to be dependent on the properties of the network: dimension and topological structure.","PeriodicalId":23773,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77150868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Pažourková, Martin Salaj, Ricardo E. WONG MONTOYA
A common practice when catastrophe model vulnerability component is being developed is the use of inundation depth as a hazard metric. However, other quantities associated with inundated waters could also yield a significant effect on estimated flood loss being widely published. The key aspect of the study is to assess the relevance of the water depth, flow velocity, and their combinations in the damage estimates done by catastrophe models. Could the flow velocity in the loss calculation process provide some benefits to the catastrophe loss modelling process? In July 2021 the western part of Germany was affected by serious flooding. The physical conditions of the inundated buildings were evaluated in the frame of the Copernicus EMS satellite-based damage assessment. The two heavily impacted areas, the towns of Schuld and Altenahr, were selected for further re-simulation aiming to test the effect of depth and velocity. In the first step, horizontal velocity and flood depth were calculated for each building using a 2D hydraulic simulation. Subsequently, structural damage models were analysed with focus on their predictive skills and variability. A force-based threshold was selected to calibrate the total loss probability, as a feature of the new vulnerability component. As a result, a hazard intensity metric expressed as combined parameter of water depth and flow velocity is finally implemented in the catastrophe model. When comparing the proposed solution with traditional depth-based approach, one can see a slight increment in the modelled monetary damage and a significantly better correlation with the observed damage identified in the study area. The embedded effect of velocity could therefore improve the accuracy and sensitivity of catastrophe flood models, particularly in high-slope areas and in events with extreme and short rainfall intensities to sudden increments in the building damage level, as assessed for the flood in the Ahr valley.
{"title":"INCORPORATION OF FLOW VELOCITY IN FLOOD DAMAGE ESTIMATION: AHR RIVER VALLEY 2021 STUDY, GERMANY","authors":"E. Pažourková, Martin Salaj, Ricardo E. WONG MONTOYA","doi":"10.2495/friar220021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/friar220021","url":null,"abstract":"A common practice when catastrophe model vulnerability component is being developed is the use of inundation depth as a hazard metric. However, other quantities associated with inundated waters could also yield a significant effect on estimated flood loss being widely published. The key aspect of the study is to assess the relevance of the water depth, flow velocity, and their combinations in the damage estimates done by catastrophe models. Could the flow velocity in the loss calculation process provide some benefits to the catastrophe loss modelling process? In July 2021 the western part of Germany was affected by serious flooding. The physical conditions of the inundated buildings were evaluated in the frame of the Copernicus EMS satellite-based damage assessment. The two heavily impacted areas, the towns of Schuld and Altenahr, were selected for further re-simulation aiming to test the effect of depth and velocity. In the first step, horizontal velocity and flood depth were calculated for each building using a 2D hydraulic simulation. Subsequently, structural damage models were analysed with focus on their predictive skills and variability. A force-based threshold was selected to calibrate the total loss probability, as a feature of the new vulnerability component. As a result, a hazard intensity metric expressed as combined parameter of water depth and flow velocity is finally implemented in the catastrophe model. When comparing the proposed solution with traditional depth-based approach, one can see a slight increment in the modelled monetary damage and a significantly better correlation with the observed damage identified in the study area. The embedded effect of velocity could therefore improve the accuracy and sensitivity of catastrophe flood models, particularly in high-slope areas and in events with extreme and short rainfall intensities to sudden increments in the building damage level, as assessed for the flood in the Ahr valley.","PeriodicalId":23773,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91327689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changes in the hydrological cycle due to climate change and urbanization augment and accelerate runoff and flooding, degrade the urban environment, and cause human and material losses. Thus, it is important to implement measures that ensure urban hydrological conditions are kept as close as possible to pre-urbanization conditions, preventing floods. In addition to the conventional major and minor systems, cities may establish criteria for percentage of permeable area as well as stormwater management practices such as stormwater detention tanks, a type of low impact development technology (LID). The present study evaluates the adequacy of current practices in private lot detention tank design. It analyses time to empty, total detention time and flood peak abatement provided by detention tanks designed according to Curitiba’s (Brazil) Bylaw 176/2007. Based on the results obtained, modifications were suggested to existing legislation to increase the efficiency of the detention tanks and, thus, reduce urban flooding and adapt to climate change. The proposed methodology can be applied elsewhere to guide detention tank design.
{"title":"PRIVATE LOT FLOOD PEAK ATTENUATION BY STORMWATER DETENTION TANKS","authors":"Lucy Marta Schellin, R. Dziedzic, M. Dziedzic","doi":"10.2495/friar220051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/friar220051","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the hydrological cycle due to climate change and urbanization augment and accelerate runoff and flooding, degrade the urban environment, and cause human and material losses. Thus, it is important to implement measures that ensure urban hydrological conditions are kept as close as possible to pre-urbanization conditions, preventing floods. In addition to the conventional major and minor systems, cities may establish criteria for percentage of permeable area as well as stormwater management practices such as stormwater detention tanks, a type of low impact development technology (LID). The present study evaluates the adequacy of current practices in private lot detention tank design. It analyses time to empty, total detention time and flood peak abatement provided by detention tanks designed according to Curitiba’s (Brazil) Bylaw 176/2007. Based on the results obtained, modifications were suggested to existing legislation to increase the efficiency of the detention tanks and, thus, reduce urban flooding and adapt to climate change. The proposed methodology can be applied elsewhere to guide detention tank design.","PeriodicalId":23773,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85084682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgios Vosinakis, E. Maltezos, Maria Krommyda, E. Ouzounoglou, A. Amditis
Timely and reliable information is critical to organizations managing water resources. Drinking water is one main source of risk when its safety and security is not ensured. Early prediction and mitigation of such risks relies on prediction models that depend on live and historical data. Such data are quite heterogenous in nature, including sensor measurements, satellite imagery and radar readings, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images and videos as well as results of prediction algorithms (flood risk, oil spills etc). AQUA3S is an EU funded project which combines novel technologies in water safety and security, aiming to standardize existing sensor technologies complemented by state-of-the-art detection mechanisms. Sensor networks are deployed in water supply networks and sources, supported by complex sensors for enhanced detection. Sensor measurements are supported by videos from UAVs, satellite images and social media observations from the citizens that report low-quality water in their area also creating social awareness and an interactive knowledge transfer. Semantic representation and data fusion provides intelligent decision support system (DSS) alerts and messages to the public through first responders’ mediums. This study presents the data ingestion, integration and harmonization platform that was developed to support the systems of the project, consisting of the necessary APIs, to ingest data, a harmonization layer and a data store layer The data is harmonized and indexed using the NGSI-LD model to make sure information can be indexed and served both is real time through a live context broker, as well as in the form of historical time series through a dedicated historical data service. The data store layer includes provisions for the storage of annotated binary files (images, videos, etc.) as well as georeferenced map layers following OGC protocols such as web feature service (WFS), web map service (WMS), and web coverage service (WCS).
及时可靠的信息对管理水资源的组织至关重要。当饮用水的安全和保障得不到保证时，饮用水是一个主要的风险来源。早期预测和减轻此类风险依赖于依赖于实时和历史数据的预测模型。这些数据本质上是异构的，包括传感器测量、卫星图像和雷达读数、无人机(UAV)图像和视频以及预测算法的结果(洪水风险、石油泄漏等)。AQUA3S是欧盟资助的项目，结合了水安全和安保方面的新技术，旨在标准化现有的传感器技术，并辅以最先进的检测机制。传感器网络部署在供水网络和水源中，由复杂传感器支持，以增强检测。传感器测量得到无人机视频、卫星图像和来自公民的社交媒体观察的支持，这些公民报告了他们所在地区的低质量水，这也创造了社会意识和互动知识转移。语义表示和数据融合通过第一响应者媒介向公众提供智能决策支持系统(DSS)警报和消息。本研究提出了为支持该项目系统而开发的数据摄取、集成和协调平台，该平台由必要的api组成，用于摄取数据、协调层和数据存储层。使用NGSI-LD模型对数据进行协调和索引，以确保信息既可以通过实时上下文代理实时索引，也可以通过专用的历史数据服务以历史时间序列的形式进行索引和服务。数据存储层包括用于存储带注释的二进制文件(图像、视频等)的规定，以及遵循OGC协议的地理参考地图层，如web feature service (WFS)、web map service (WMS)和web coverage service (WCS)。
{"title":"DATA INTEGRATION, HARMONIZATION AND PROVISION TOOLKIT FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND PREDICTION SUPPORT","authors":"Georgios Vosinakis, E. Maltezos, Maria Krommyda, E. Ouzounoglou, A. Amditis","doi":"10.2495/friar220071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/friar220071","url":null,"abstract":"Timely and reliable information is critical to organizations managing water resources. Drinking water is one main source of risk when its safety and security is not ensured. Early prediction and mitigation of such risks relies on prediction models that depend on live and historical data. Such data are quite heterogenous in nature, including sensor measurements, satellite imagery and radar readings, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images and videos as well as results of prediction algorithms (flood risk, oil spills etc). AQUA3S is an EU funded project which combines novel technologies in water safety and security, aiming to standardize existing sensor technologies complemented by state-of-the-art detection mechanisms. Sensor networks are deployed in water supply networks and sources, supported by complex sensors for enhanced detection. Sensor measurements are supported by videos from UAVs, satellite images and social media observations from the citizens that report low-quality water in their area also creating social awareness and an interactive knowledge transfer. Semantic representation and data fusion provides intelligent decision support system (DSS) alerts and messages to the public through first responders’ mediums. This study presents the data ingestion, integration and harmonization platform that was developed to support the systems of the project, consisting of the necessary APIs, to ingest data, a harmonization layer and a data store layer The data is harmonized and indexed using the NGSI-LD model to make sure information can be indexed and served both is real time through a live context broker, as well as in the form of historical time series through a dedicated historical data service. The data store layer includes provisions for the storage of annotated binary files (images, videos, etc.) as well as georeferenced map layers following OGC protocols such as web feature service (WFS), web map service (WMS), and web coverage service (WCS).","PeriodicalId":23773,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80831336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jussara Socorro CURY MACIEL, Luna Gripp Simões Alves, Bernardo Oliveira, Renato Cruz Senna, Vinicius dos Santos Albuquerque
Flood and ebb processes are common events in any hydrological system. In some cases, due to natural or anthropogenic conditions, such events can take place in an extreme manner, causing a lot of damage to the population. In 2021, in several municipalities in the Amazon basin, rivers reached levels higher than the maximum observed until then, making this year the biggest flood in the entire history of monitoring. Most Amazonian rivers have a high annual pulse of floods, as a result of the precipitation period in the upper part of their large basins. Most of the floodplains located in the central region of Amazonia become inundated from May to July, from which the water drains into the river systems slowly over the drought time. In the Amazon Basin, extreme events are mainly related to El Niño or La Niña events, resulting in some big floods and a long rainfall period. In 2021, the Negro river level exceeded the maximum level observed in the entire 119-year historical series of monitoring. On 30 May 2021, the previous record of 29.97 m observed in 2012 was equaled. The river continued to rise until reaching the level of 30.02 m on 16 June 2021. Other stations monitored by Geological Survey of Brazil, which were accomplished through bulletins, reached historical records in the same year, such as São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Barcelos and Manaus (Negro river), Manacapuru (Solimões river), Careiro da Várzea (Amazon river basin), Itacoatiara and Parintins (Amazon river), all located in the state of Amazonas. This study analyzes the conditions that favored the event of the greatest flood recorded in the Rio Negro in 2021. Some factors contribute to the flooding event, such as the rainfall regime distributed throughout the basin and how the main river and its various tributaries behave during the flooding period.
涨潮和退潮过程在任何水文系统中都是常见的事件。在某些情况下，由于自然或人为条件，这些事件可能以极端的方式发生，对人口造成很大的损害。2021年，在亚马逊流域的几个城市，河流水位超过了此前观测到的最高水位，使今年成为整个监测历史上最大的洪水。由于大流域上部的降水期，大多数亚马逊河每年都有很高的洪水脉冲。位于亚马逊中部地区的大部分洪泛区从5月到7月被淹没，在干旱期间，水从这里慢慢流入河流系统。在亚马逊流域，极端事件主要与El Niño或La Niña事件有关，造成了一些大洪水和较长的降雨周期。2021年，内格罗河的水位超过了整个119年历史监测系列中观测到的最高水位。2021年5月30日，与2012年观测到的29.97米的记录持平。河水继续上涨，直到2021年6月16日达到30.02米的水位。巴西地质调查局通过公告完成的其他监测站，如位于亚马逊州的s o Gabriel da Cachoeira、Barcelos和Manaus(内格罗河)、Manacapuru (Solimões河)、Careiro da Várzea(亚马逊河流域)、Itacoatiara和Parintins(亚马逊河)，都在同一年达到了历史记录。本研究分析了促成2021年里奥内格罗发生有史以来最大洪水的条件。洪水发生的原因包括整个流域的降雨状况以及主河及其各支流在洪水期间的表现。
{"title":"WHAT HAPPENED IN 2021? ANALYZING THE BIGGEST NEGRO RIVER FLOOD IN MANAUS, BRAZIL","authors":"Jussara Socorro CURY MACIEL, Luna Gripp Simões Alves, Bernardo Oliveira, Renato Cruz Senna, Vinicius dos Santos Albuquerque","doi":"10.2495/friar220011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/friar220011","url":null,"abstract":"Flood and ebb processes are common events in any hydrological system. In some cases, due to natural or anthropogenic conditions, such events can take place in an extreme manner, causing a lot of damage to the population. In 2021, in several municipalities in the Amazon basin, rivers reached levels higher than the maximum observed until then, making this year the biggest flood in the entire history of monitoring. Most Amazonian rivers have a high annual pulse of floods, as a result of the precipitation period in the upper part of their large basins. Most of the floodplains located in the central region of Amazonia become inundated from May to July, from which the water drains into the river systems slowly over the drought time. In the Amazon Basin, extreme events are mainly related to El Niño or La Niña events, resulting in some big floods and a long rainfall period. In 2021, the Negro river level exceeded the maximum level observed in the entire 119-year historical series of monitoring. On 30 May 2021, the previous record of 29.97 m observed in 2012 was equaled. The river continued to rise until reaching the level of 30.02 m on 16 June 2021. Other stations monitored by Geological Survey of Brazil, which were accomplished through bulletins, reached historical records in the same year, such as São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Barcelos and Manaus (Negro river), Manacapuru (Solimões river), Careiro da Várzea (Amazon river basin), Itacoatiara and Parintins (Amazon river), all located in the state of Amazonas. This study analyzes the conditions that favored the event of the greatest flood recorded in the Rio Negro in 2021. Some factors contribute to the flooding event, such as the rainfall regime distributed throughout the basin and how the main river and its various tributaries behave during the flooding period.","PeriodicalId":23773,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88430958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adelina Cristina AUGUSTO CHAVES, Brendo Benedito DE SOUZA, Jussara Socorro CURY MACIEL
Climatic issues have drawn the attention of researchers to the Amazon, referring above all to environmental sustainability and the preservation of the largest tropical forest in the world. However, urban environmental degradation is related to the stagnation of watersheds by canalization; rectification of watercourses and urban spaces occupation disorderly, impacted by social inequalities, compromise socio-environmental and cultural sustainability. Avoiding or mitigating such degradation is generally attributed to the sphere of public policies, whose insufficiency and/or absence aggravate urban problems, whether water and sewage, atmospheric pollution, solid and/or industrial waste. Manaus, the largest financial, corporate, and commercial point in the north of Brazil is embedded in the heart of the Amazon Forest, endowed with a set of hydrographic basins, whose numerous streams permeate all areas of the city, coexists each year with the recurring Negro River floods. In 2021, the Rio Negro flood reached 30.02 m, a historic record in 119 years. The official data indicate that in that year 15 districts suffered flooding, impacting the lives of approximately 24,000 people. The Educandos district, one of the oldest and with the greatest urban concentration, whose history is intertwined with the history of Manaus, located in the middle-south of the city, was very affected by the flood. The mainsprings of the watershed that permeates Educandos are the Educandos, Mestre Chico, and Quarenta streams, which flow into the Negro River. This work, based on the successful experience of a Mindu section basin renaturalization and the creation of the Mindu National Park, studies the important and urgent need for the Quarenta stream renaturalization, to prevent and minimize floods in Manaus, while proposing the creation of a historical site of stilts and the floating city, preserving the culture and respect for the native people.
{"title":"QUARENTA STREAM RENATURALIZATION: HARMONY BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORICAL PRESERVATION IN BRAZIL","authors":"Adelina Cristina AUGUSTO CHAVES, Brendo Benedito DE SOUZA, Jussara Socorro CURY MACIEL","doi":"10.2495/friar220041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/friar220041","url":null,"abstract":"Climatic issues have drawn the attention of researchers to the Amazon, referring above all to environmental sustainability and the preservation of the largest tropical forest in the world. However, urban environmental degradation is related to the stagnation of watersheds by canalization; rectification of watercourses and urban spaces occupation disorderly, impacted by social inequalities, compromise socio-environmental and cultural sustainability. Avoiding or mitigating such degradation is generally attributed to the sphere of public policies, whose insufficiency and/or absence aggravate urban problems, whether water and sewage, atmospheric pollution, solid and/or industrial waste. Manaus, the largest financial, corporate, and commercial point in the north of Brazil is embedded in the heart of the Amazon Forest, endowed with a set of hydrographic basins, whose numerous streams permeate all areas of the city, coexists each year with the recurring Negro River floods. In 2021, the Rio Negro flood reached 30.02 m, a historic record in 119 years. The official data indicate that in that year 15 districts suffered flooding, impacting the lives of approximately 24,000 people. The Educandos district, one of the oldest and with the greatest urban concentration, whose history is intertwined with the history of Manaus, located in the middle-south of the city, was very affected by the flood. The mainsprings of the watershed that permeates Educandos are the Educandos, Mestre Chico, and Quarenta streams, which flow into the Negro River. This work, based on the successful experience of a Mindu section basin renaturalization and the creation of the Mindu National Park, studies the important and urgent need for the Quarenta stream renaturalization, to prevent and minimize floods in Manaus, while proposing the creation of a historical site of stilts and the floating city, preserving the culture and respect for the native people.","PeriodicalId":23773,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85793817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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