The massive expansion of English in Germany over the past few decades has not challenged a robustly exonormative orientation, which still by and large recognises standardised British and American English as the most authentic and prestigious representations of the language. Attitudes to the use of English in the national context are diverse, ranging from enthusiastic embracement via grudging acceptance to active resistance. This diversity of opinion reflects the fact that English is currently transitioning from a foreign language (EFL) to a lingua franca (ELF). On the national scale, ELF use is promoted in business, academia and, more generally, among young and well‐educated Germans with an international orientation, but deeply resented by sectors of society. This paper argues that English (in its lingua franca function) has become the only language other than German that has open prestige. The task ahead will be to develop strategies of intelligent multilingualism that will help to ‘domesticate’ English in the national sociolinguistic context.
{"title":"English in Germany as a foreign language and as a lingua franca","authors":"Christian Mair","doi":"10.1111/weng.12641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12641","url":null,"abstract":"The massive expansion of English in Germany over the past few decades has not challenged a robustly exonormative orientation, which still by and large recognises standardised British and American English as the most authentic and prestigious representations of the language. Attitudes to the use of English in the national context are diverse, ranging from enthusiastic embracement via grudging acceptance to active resistance. This diversity of opinion reflects the fact that English is currently transitioning from a foreign language (EFL) to a lingua franca (ELF). On the national scale, ELF use is promoted in business, academia and, more generally, among young and well‐educated Germans with an international orientation, but deeply resented by sectors of society. This paper argues that English (in its lingua franca function) has become the only language other than German that has open prestige. The task ahead will be to develop strategies of intelligent multilingualism that will help to ‘domesticate’ English in the national sociolinguistic context.","PeriodicalId":23780,"journal":{"name":"World Englishes","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140592020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European Union, with slightly >1% of the population having English as a mother tongue, is experiencing a surge in the importance of English as an additional language among its citizenries. This has economic, pedagogical, political as well as sociocultural implications. In this special issue on Europe, with reporting on the current state of the English language in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and Sweden, as well as Switzerland, which is not an EU member, there is deliberation on differing national approaches to the dissemination of English. The issue also includes a discussion of Europe with reference to applied linguistics and European identity. What is commonly shared among all the nations of Europe, and reported on in these articles, is that the acquisition and use of English across numerous domains continues to expand throughout the whole of the European Union.
{"title":"Introduction: English in Europe","authors":"Marko Modiano","doi":"10.1111/weng.12647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12647","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union, with slightly >1% of the population having English as a mother tongue, is experiencing a surge in the importance of English as an additional language among its citizenries. This has economic, pedagogical, political as well as sociocultural implications. In this special issue on Europe, with reporting on the current state of the English language in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and Sweden, as well as Switzerland, which is not an EU member, there is deliberation on differing national approaches to the dissemination of English. The issue also includes a discussion of Europe with reference to applied linguistics and European identity. What is commonly shared among all the nations of Europe, and reported on in these articles, is that the acquisition and use of English across numerous domains continues to expand throughout the whole of the European Union.","PeriodicalId":23780,"journal":{"name":"World Englishes","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140592007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports the first large-scale corpus study of double modal usage in Australian and New Zealand Englishes, based on a multi-million-word corpus of geolocated automatic speech recognition transcripts from YouTube. Double modals are considered rare grammatical features of English, which have long been extremely difficult to observe in natural language due to low frequencies, non-standardness, and restriction to oral speech registers. In addition, it has generally been assumed that they make up small sets of diachronically related forms, whose geographical distribution is mainly restricted to the Southern US and the North of the UK. Our results challenge these long-standing assumptions by presenting the first inventory of double modals observed outside of these regions, thanks to computational sociolinguistic methods. Overall, we identify and map 474 double modal tokens distributed in 51 types, an unexpectedly large collection of forms used with varying frequencies across Australia and New Zealand. We consider the relevance of our results for three specific new claims concerning the diversity, complexity, and origins of double modals in English world-wide.
{"title":"Double modals in Australian and New Zealand English","authors":"Cameron Morin, Steven Coats","doi":"10.1111/weng.12639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12639","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the first large-scale corpus study of double modal usage in Australian and New Zealand Englishes, based on a multi-million-word corpus of geolocated automatic speech recognition transcripts from YouTube. Double modals are considered rare grammatical features of English, which have long been extremely difficult to observe in natural language due to low frequencies, non-standardness, and restriction to oral speech registers. In addition, it has generally been assumed that they make up small sets of diachronically related forms, whose geographical distribution is mainly restricted to the Southern US and the North of the UK. Our results challenge these long-standing assumptions by presenting the first inventory of double modals observed outside of these regions, thanks to computational sociolinguistic methods. Overall, we identify and map 474 double modal tokens distributed in 51 types, an unexpectedly large collection of forms used with varying frequencies across Australia and New Zealand. We consider the relevance of our results for three specific new claims concerning the diversity, complexity, and origins of double modals in English world-wide.","PeriodicalId":23780,"journal":{"name":"World Englishes","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139027858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reports the findings of a study of negation across varieties of English worldwide, with data derived from the Global Web-Based Corpus of English. Three general categories are explored: negative polarity-sensitive expressions (lexical verbs such as bother, and idioms such as give a damn); negators (idioms such as be not half bad, boilerplate no-collocations such as no worries, and implicit negators such as bugger all); and non-standardised features such as invariant don't and multiple negation. The findings provide support for the Inner Circle versus Outer Circle distinction, with results ascribable to such factors as evolutionary status, SLA phenomena, colloquiality, and tolerance of vulgarity. Further areal findings are suggestive of linguistic epicentrality.
本文报告了一项基于全球网络英语语料库的全球英语否定研究的结果。研究了三大类:负极性敏感表达(词汇动词如bother和习语如give a damn);否定词(习语，如“not half bad”，样板式的“no-collocations”，如“no worries”，以及隐含的否定词，如“bugger all”);非标准化的特征，如不变量don't和多重否定。研究结果为内圈和外圈的区分提供了支持，并将其归因于进化状态、二语习得现象、口语化和对粗俗的容忍度等因素。进一步的实地调查结果暗示了语言震中性。
{"title":"Variation in world Englishes through the lens of negation","authors":"Peter Collins","doi":"10.1111/weng.12638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12638","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports the findings of a study of negation across varieties of English worldwide, with data derived from the Global Web-Based Corpus of English. Three general categories are explored: negative polarity-sensitive expressions (lexical verbs such as <i>bother</i>, and idioms such as <i>give a damn</i>); negators (idioms such as <i>be not half bad</i>, boilerplate <i>no</i>-collocations such as <i>no worries</i>, and implicit negators such as <i>bugger all</i>); and non-standardised features such as invariant <i>don't</i> and multiple negation. The findings provide support for the Inner Circle versus Outer Circle distinction, with results ascribable to such factors as evolutionary status, SLA phenomena, colloquiality, and tolerance of vulgarity. Further areal findings are suggestive of linguistic epicentrality.","PeriodicalId":23780,"journal":{"name":"World Englishes","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138508851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article discusses some key functions and features of English in participatory popular culture and social media in Nepal. Analytical attention is paid to how English use in rap battles is entangled with other local languages and semiotic modes to create translingual practices and how online metapragmatic comments about the rap battles give rise to diverse language ideologies. The study shows that by creating their social life offline and online, Nepali young adults project themselves as individuals who have access to niche Englishes via popular culture. English use by Nepali youth functions not only as an instrument to understand Western popular culture but also as a symbolic resource to index a range of such social identities as ‘educated’, ‘civilized’ and ‘competent’. The article concludes by arguing that Nepali young adults create new subjectivities that are often suggestive of social transformation.
{"title":"Translingual Englishes, participatory hip‐hop and social media in Nepal","authors":"Bal Krishna Sharma","doi":"10.1111/weng.12636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12636","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article discusses some key functions and features of English in participatory popular culture and social media in Nepal. Analytical attention is paid to how English use in rap battles is entangled with other local languages and semiotic modes to create translingual practices and how online metapragmatic comments about the rap battles give rise to diverse language ideologies. The study shows that by creating their social life offline and online, Nepali young adults project themselves as individuals who have access to niche Englishes via popular culture. English use by Nepali youth functions not only as an instrument to understand Western popular culture but also as a symbolic resource to index a range of such social identities as ‘educated’, ‘civilized’ and ‘competent’. The article concludes by arguing that Nepali young adults create new subjectivities that are often suggestive of social transformation.","PeriodicalId":23780,"journal":{"name":"World Englishes","volume":"37 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135270912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study investigates acoustic properties of the monophthongal vowels of English as spoken by 20 Assamese speakers in North East India, based on their medium of education being English or Assamese. Research suggests that English in India may be converging to a more homogenous standard, at least among educated speakers, despite common first language (L1) differences (Maxwell & Fletcher, 2009; Sirsa & Redford, 2013; Wiltshire, 2020). Assamese, a member of the Indo‐Aryan language family, shares phonological characteristics with surrounding languages from the Tibeto‐Burman family. We find that the vowels of Assamese Indian English speakers maintain characteristics reflecting their L1, especially those similar to local Englishes spoken by L1 Tibeto‐Burman speakers. However, English‐medium educated speakers do more closely approximate the norms of the central Indian standard, suggesting that although North East Indian English norms diverge from those of central India, there is some convergence across India among English‐medium educated speakers, regardless of L1s.
{"title":"Acoustic properties of the monophthongs of Assamese Indian English speakers","authors":"Priyankoo Sarmah, Caroline R. Wiltshire","doi":"10.1111/weng.12637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12637","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates acoustic properties of the monophthongal vowels of English as spoken by 20 Assamese speakers in North East India, based on their medium of education being English or Assamese. Research suggests that English in India may be converging to a more homogenous standard, at least among educated speakers, despite common first language (L1) differences (Maxwell & Fletcher, 2009; Sirsa & Redford, 2013; Wiltshire, 2020). Assamese, a member of the Indo‐Aryan language family, shares phonological characteristics with surrounding languages from the Tibeto‐Burman family. We find that the vowels of Assamese Indian English speakers maintain characteristics reflecting their L1, especially those similar to local Englishes spoken by L1 Tibeto‐Burman speakers. However, English‐medium educated speakers do more closely approximate the norms of the central Indian standard, suggesting that although North East Indian English norms diverge from those of central India, there is some convergence across India among English‐medium educated speakers, regardless of L1s.","PeriodicalId":23780,"journal":{"name":"World Englishes","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Political instability has been a mainstay in Libya since the Italian occupation in 1911. In the intervening years, the shifting political landscape has had an undeniable influence on the presence of English in the country. In this paper, I argue that Libya presents an ideal case study for Kachru's Concentric Circles of English, where ‘linguistic ammunition’ (Kachru, 1986: 121) is used to manipulate and control the masses and spread anti‐Western sentiment in this expanding circle country. To provide a much‐needed socio‐historical context for a country whose English language and linguistic history remains understudied (Hillman et al., 2020), this paper touches on key events in Libya's political history that have influenced the status of English and language use; from the Italian colonization, to Qaddafi's decade‐long ban of English, to the 2011 Revolution, and beyond. This paper is divided into six sections: (1) critical approaches to language policy (Tollefson, 1991) and Foucault's governmentality approach (1991); (2) demographic and geographic description of Libya; (3) historical and political overview; (4) educational language policy and the development of the education system; (5) English language policy in Libya (the ban on use of English in 1986 following the 1969 coup that brought Qaddafi to power and the reintroduction of English in the mid‐1990s); and will conclude with (6) English language in post‐Qaddafi Libya. Understanding these key moments in Libyan political history will provide the context needed to understand how a generation of Libyans found themselves without the linguistic skills necessary to compete in the global economy.
自1911年意大利占领以来，政治不稳定一直是利比亚的主要问题。在其间的几年里，不断变化的政治格局对英语在该国的存在产生了不可否认的影响。在这篇论文中，我认为利比亚为卡赫鲁的英语同心圆提供了一个理想的案例研究，在这个不断扩大的同心圆国家，“语言弹药”（Kacru，1986:121）被用来操纵和控制大众，传播反西方情绪。为了为一个英语和语言历史研究不足的国家提供急需的社会历史背景（Hillman et al.，2020），本文涉及利比亚政治史上影响英语和语言使用状况的关键事件；从意大利殖民，到卡扎菲长达十年的英语禁令，再到2011年的革命，等等。本文分为六个部分：（1）语言政策的批判方法（Tollefson，1991）和福柯的治理方法（1991）；（2） 利比亚的人口和地理描述；（3） 历史和政治概览；（4） 教育语言政策和教育系统的发展；（5） 利比亚的英语政策（1969年卡扎菲上台政变后，1986年禁止使用英语，20世纪90年代中期重新引入英语）；并将以（6）后卡扎菲时代的利比亚的英语结尾。了解利比亚政治史上的这些关键时刻，将为了解一代利比亚人如何发现自己缺乏在全球经济中竞争所需的语言技能提供必要的背景。
{"title":"A socio‐historical analysis of English in Libya","authors":"Ghada Gherwash","doi":"10.1111/weng.12632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12632","url":null,"abstract":"Political instability has been a mainstay in Libya since the Italian occupation in 1911. In the intervening years, the shifting political landscape has had an undeniable influence on the presence of English in the country. In this paper, I argue that Libya presents an ideal case study for Kachru's Concentric Circles of English, where ‘linguistic ammunition’ (Kachru, 1986: 121) is used to manipulate and control the masses and spread anti‐Western sentiment in this expanding circle country. To provide a much‐needed socio‐historical context for a country whose English language and linguistic history remains understudied (Hillman et al., 2020), this paper touches on key events in Libya's political history that have influenced the status of English and language use; from the Italian colonization, to Qaddafi's decade‐long ban of English, to the 2011 Revolution, and beyond. This paper is divided into six sections: (1) critical approaches to language policy (Tollefson, 1991) and Foucault's governmentality approach (1991); (2) demographic and geographic description of Libya; (3) historical and political overview; (4) educational language policy and the development of the education system; (5) English language policy in Libya (the ban on use of English in 1986 following the 1969 coup that brought Qaddafi to power and the reintroduction of English in the mid‐1990s); and will conclude with (6) English language in post‐Qaddafi Libya. Understanding these key moments in Libyan political history will provide the context needed to understand how a generation of Libyans found themselves without the linguistic skills necessary to compete in the global economy.","PeriodicalId":23780,"journal":{"name":"World Englishes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43750951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the world Englishes literature, ‘indigenization’ is shorthand for the localization of Outer Circle Englishes in former exploitation colonies like Ghana. However, the localization of Ghanaian English has been continually reversed by ‘corrective’ realignment with world standard English through institutional regimes. By contrast, the localization of Ghanaian Pidgin English has proceeded unhampered by standardization. This article provides a first analysis of the copula system of Ghanaian Pidgin English, showing that it owes much to patterns found in Akan and other languages of southern Ghana. In this domain, Ghanaian Pidgin English has indigenized and differentiated itself from its sister languages. I propose a consistent and expansive definition of indigenization as ‘the areal alignment of a latecomer with a linguistic ecology, causing its divergence from related varieties elsewhere.’ This study of indigenization shifts the focus from standardized Englishes to contact Englishes. The latter remain unfettered by institutional intervention and are therefore better suited to illustrating the natural dynamics of indigenization than standardized Englishes.
{"title":"The indigenization of Ghanaian Pidgin English","authors":"K. Yakpo","doi":"10.1111/weng.12635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12635","url":null,"abstract":"In the world Englishes literature, ‘indigenization’ is shorthand for the localization of Outer Circle Englishes in former exploitation colonies like Ghana. However, the localization of Ghanaian English has been continually reversed by ‘corrective’ realignment with world standard English through institutional regimes. By contrast, the localization of Ghanaian Pidgin English has proceeded unhampered by standardization. This article provides a first analysis of the copula system of Ghanaian Pidgin English, showing that it owes much to patterns found in Akan and other languages of southern Ghana. In this domain, Ghanaian Pidgin English has indigenized and differentiated itself from its sister languages. I propose a consistent and expansive definition of indigenization as ‘the areal alignment of a latecomer with a linguistic ecology, causing its divergence from related varieties elsewhere.’ This study of indigenization shifts the focus from standardized Englishes to contact Englishes. The latter remain unfettered by institutional intervention and are therefore better suited to illustrating the natural dynamics of indigenization than standardized Englishes.","PeriodicalId":23780,"journal":{"name":"World Englishes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42225842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Future‐time reference in world Englishes","authors":"A. Bohmann","doi":"10.1111/weng.12634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12634","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23780,"journal":{"name":"World Englishes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46118131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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