Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research最新文献

Objective: To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of vitamins A, D and E in dishes by two-dimensional liquid chromatography.

Methods: The samples were saponified and extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and n-hexane(3∶2, V/V)under the protection of antioxidants, and determined by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. The baseline separation of retinol, α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and α-tocotrienols was achieved by using Alphasil pentafluorophenyl column(PFP, 150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) as the one-dimensional column, and using water and methanol as mobile phases for gradient elution under the fluorescence detector. The separation detection of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol from other impurities was achieved on the UV detector by Alphasil VC-C_(18) column(150 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) as the two-dimensional column.

Results: The baseline separation detection of retinol, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol and five tocopherols was achieved. The compounds were linearly correlated within the set range, and the correlation coefficients were >0.999. The recovery rate of the method was between 85.4% and 106.4%. The detection limit of all-trans retinol was 0.7 μg/100 g, and the limit of quantitation was 2.4 μg/100 g. The limits of detection and quantification of tocopherols ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 μg/100 g and 3.6 to 8.3 μg/100 g. The detection limit of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol was 0.3 μg/100 g, and the limit of quantification was 1.0 μg/100 g. In the end, finished dishes such as dry fried hairtail, braised mushroom, steamed egg with soy sauce, sweet and sour ribs were repeatedly measured by this method for six times, and the relative standard deviation was less than 10%.

Conclusion: The method has the characteristics of simple operation, good repeatability, high accuracy and friendly to operators and ecological environment. It can realize the simultaneous typing detection of vitamins A, D and E in finished dishes.

Objective: To investigate the dietary consumption of branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs)intake status of middle-aged and elderly people 50 years and older in China, and to analyze the distribution differences between different ages, genders and regions.

Methods: The research sample was derived from the 2015 Chinese adult chronic disease and nutrition monitoring data. The survey adopts the stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling method, and selects 298 monitoring points from 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities), a total of 44 218 people aged 50 years and over were sampled. Condiment weighing method, 24-hour dietary review method, and weighing method were used to obtain individual dietary data, and the dietary BCAAs intake of middle-aged and elderly people was calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table.

Results: In 2015, the dietary BCAAs of middle-aged and elderly people in China accounted for 45.1% of leucine, 29.8% of valine and 25.1% of isoleucine. The top six dietary sources were cereals, red meat, vegetables, fish and seafood, beans and eggs. There were differences in the intake of three branched-chain amino acids(F=1926.67, P<0.01), the intake of leucine was greater than that of valine, and the intake of valine was greater than isoleucine. There were statistically significant differences in dietary BCAAs intake between different age groups, genders, urban and rural areas and regions(P<0.01), among which men were greater than women(t=12.89, P<0.01), and the south was greater than the north(t=-6.36, P<0.01), the eastern part was larger than the central part, and the central part was larger than the western part(F=82.42, P<0.01). The intake of BCAAs decreased with the increase of age groups(F=22.69, P<0.01), and there was no significant difference in age groups over 70 years old. The dietary intake of BCAAs was higher in the eastern coastal areas and Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet.

Conclusion: There were gender, age and geographical differences in dietary BCAAs intake among middle-aged and elderly people in China, and the contribution of various foods to dietary BCAAs was also different.

Objective: To explore the relationship between red meat intake and the prevalence of diabetes.

Methods: Using the data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015 and 2018, 1154 people aged 18-75 years were included, and age, gender, urban and rural, education, marital status, income, occupational physical activity, total energy intake, fat energy ratio, smoking, drinking, body mass index and hypertension were adjusted. The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to calculate diabetes hazard ratio(HR) and corresponding 95%CI.

Results: In the study population, the per capita intake of red meat increased from 40.59 g/d in 1997 to 73.91 g/d in 2018, and the prevalence of diabetes rose from 6.14% in 2009 to 7.00% in 2018. In the early adjustment model, compared with the control group, the red meat intake HR of 1-39 g/d group was 0.92(95% CI 0.51-1.68), and the HR of 40-74 g/d group was 0.86(95% CI 0.47-1.58), and the HR of the group ≥75 g/d was 1.02(95% CI 0.62-1.68). In model 2, compared with the control group, the red meat intake HR of 1-39 g/d group was 0.71(95% CI 0.37-1.35), and the HR of 40-74 g/d group was 0.71(95% CI 0.38-1.35), the HR of ≥75 g/d group was 1.06(95% CI 0.69-1.87). In the fully adjusted model, compared with the control group, the red meat intake HR of 1-39 g/d group was 0.75(95% CI 0.61-1.55), the HR of 40-74 g/d group was 0.66(95% CI 0.57-1.43), and the HR of ≥75 g/d group was 1.27(95% CI 0.87-2.04).

Conclusion: With the increase of red meat intake, the prevalence of diabetes was also increasing, but there was no statistically significant association.

Objective: To select the nutrient-rich food(NRF) index applicable to the food characteristics of Chinese residents through population-based dietary quality validation.

Methods: Sixteen NRF indices were constructed based on the Chinese Food Composition Table and the Chinese Food Labelling Nutrient Reference Values, using 100 g as the base amount of food for calculation. The NRF indices were validated by the China Prime Diet Quality Score(CPDQS), a dietary quality assessment index, using food intake data collected from 14 068 adult residents in 15 provinces in 2018 under the China Health and Nutrition Survey. The CPDQS was used as the dependent variable and the dietary NRF index score was used as the independent variable. The multiple linear regression models were performed after adjusting the covariates and the NRF index with the largest coefficient of determination R~2 was used as the most appropriate index.

Results: Regression analysis showed that the R~2 of NRF8.2 index was the largest, which was 0.16. Dried legumes, fungi and algae, nuts, vegetables, eggs and aquatic products scored higher on the NRF8.2 index. The high scoring subgroups had higher average daily intakes of cereals and potatoes, vegetables, fruits, soybeans and nuts, dairy, eggs and aquatic products, as well as lower consumption of livestock and poultry meat, beverages, salt and cooking oil, compared to the low scoring subgroup on the Dietary NRF8.2 Index. In terms of nutrient intake, the medium and high NRF8.2 subgroups had relatively high intakes of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals and relatively low intakes of fat and sodium.

Conclusion: The NRF8.2 index explains the maximum variation in CPDQS and is a relatively suitable NRF index for the Chinese population.

Objective: To conduct a Meta-analysis of the effects of whole grains on insulin resistance in overweight and obese adults in randomize controlled trials.

Methods: Data were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI and other databases from the database establishment to August 9, 2021. Randomize controlled trials of the effects of whole grains on insulin resistance in overweight and obese adults were screened out. Data extraction and quality evaluation were conducted for the literatures meeting the inclusion criteria. The Meta-analysis was conducted using R4.1.2 software.

Results: A total of 10 randomized controlled trials were included. Among the overweight and obese adults, the whole grains intake decreased their fasting plasma glucose(FPG)(MD=-0.08, 95%CI-0.12, -0.04), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)(MD=-0.37, 95%CI-0.60, -0.14) and quantitative insulin sensitivity index(QUICKI)(MD=0.006, 95%CI 0.005, 0.007). However, there were no statistically significant among fasting insulin(FINS), postprandial blood glucose(PG), postprandial insulin(PI), and triglycerides(TG) in overweight and obese adults. In subgroup analysis, FPG was statistically significant in German, quality score 4, 150-200 g intake of whole grain, and health subgroups of each population. There was no statistical significance of the QUICKI group. In sensitivity analysis and publication bias, FINS, PG, PI and TG became significant after one article was removed. However, HOMA-IR result were not statistically significant after the removal of one article. Meanwhile, the publication bias of each index was analyzed by Egger regression. Based on the results of subgroup analysis, a further dose-response analysis was conducted on the whole grains intake. The result showed that the FPG effects scale was better when the daily intake of whole grains was between 140 g and 160 g.

Conclusion: Daily intake of 140 g to 160 g of whole grains improves FPG levels in overweight and obese adults.

Objective: To establish a method for the determination of three furfural compounds in coffee and its products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Methods: The samples were extracted with ethanol water(1∶2, V∶V) solution, ultrasonic with 10% Na_2CO_3 solution for 5 min, purified with 100 mg C_(18), 50 mg Srong Cation exchang(SCX), 150 mg anhydrous MgSO_4, separated by HP-INNOWAX capillary column(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm), detected by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and quantified by isotope internal standard method.

Results: The correlation coefficients(r) of the three furfural compounds were all greater than 0.999, the limits of detection were 0.004-0.011 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.013-0.031 mg/kg. The average recoveries were 86.0%-112% and the relative standard deviations were 4.1%-10.6%(n=6), at 3 supplemental levels in 3 different coffee substrates. Nine samples of coffee beans, instant coffee and coffee drinks were tested, and all three components to be tested were detected.

Conclusion: The method is simple, rapid, sensitive, with good accuracy and precision. It is suitable for the determination of three furfural compounds in coffee and its products.

Objective: To update the Chinese diet balance index for pregnancy(DBI＿P), evaluate the dietary quality of pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy and analyze the influencing factors.

Methods: The DBI＿P was adjusted according to the recommended intake of various foods for pregnant women at different stages in the newly released Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents(2022) and and the balanced dietary pagoda for pregnant women. A total of 521 pregnant women in Taicang were investigated by questionnaire and 3-day food records method. Their basic information and food intake in the first, second and third trimester were collected. Low bound score(LBS), high bound score(HBS), diet quality distance(DQD) of DBI＿P were used to evaluate the dietary quality of each stage of pregnancy and multiple linear regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors of dietary quality.

Results: There was insufficient intake of cereals, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, soy nuts, aquatic products and food categories at all stages of pregnancy. The intake of eggs was sufficient at each stage of pregnancy. The intake of meat and poultry was excessive at all stages of pregnancy. The proportion of pregnant women with insufficient vegetable intake in the first, second and third trimester all exceeded 70%. The proportion with insufficient daily food categories in each term was more than 90%. The proportion with excessive intake of meat and poultry increased from 74.5% in the first trimester to 84.1% in the third trimester. The mean of LBS in each stage of pregnancy were 16.0, 15.5 and 15.1, and the proportion with moderate to severe insufficient intake were 14.2%, 12.2% and 9.2%, respectively. The mean of HBS in each stage of pregnancy were 4.3, 4.8 and 4.9, and the proportion with moderate to severe excessive intake were 4.3%, 5.4% and 4.5%, respectively. The mean of DQD in each stage of pregnancy were 20.3, 20.3 and 20.0, and the proportion with moderate to severe imbalanced intake were 26.9%, 26.1% and 21.7%, respectively. The proportion of pregnant women with low imbalanced intake or balanced diet during the whole pregnancy was 51.1%. Compared with pregnant women under 25 years of age, pregnant women ≥25 years of age had a lower degree of insufficient and unbalanced dietary intake(β=-0.99, 95%CI-1.94--0.03). With the increase of education level, the degree of insufficient and unbalanced dietary intake of pregnant women showed a downward trend, while the degree of excessive intake increased only in college graduates(β=0.66, 95%CI 0.11-1.22). Compared with pregnant women living in rural areas, pregnant women living in urban areas had a lower degree of excessive dietary intake(β=-0.59, 95%CI-0.97--0.21).

Conclusion: The dietary structure of pregnant women in Taicang is imbalanced, and the dietary quality is affected by sociodemographic characteristics.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of exercise on bone mineral content(BMC) in children and adolescents at different growth stages.

Methods: EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP database and Wanfang database were searched. The randomized controlled trials(RCTS) published in Chinese and English on the effects of exercise on BMC in children and adolescents were collected using exercise, children, adolescents and BMC as search terms. Cochrane collaboration tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies, and RevMan5.4 software was used for Meta-analysis. The search time limit is from the establishment of the database to July 20, 2022.

Results: A total of 18 articles(22 RCTS) involving 1305 children and adolescents were included. The result of the Meta-analysis showed that: Compared with the control group, (1) exercise significantly improved spinal BMC(SMD=0.28, 95%CI 0.17-0.40, P<0.01) and femoral neck BMC(SMD=0.40, 95%CI 0.20-0.61, P<0.01), but not for systemic BMC(SMD=0.08, 95%CI-0.04-0.21, P=0.19). (2) Subgroup analysis showed that exercise significantly improved spinal BMC in the following stages: prepubertal(SMD=0.48, 95%CI 0.27-0.69, P<0.01)and early pubertal(SMD=0.22, 95%CI 0.05-0.39, P=0.01). The stages in which exercise significantly improved femoral neck BMC were as follows: prepubertal(SMD=0.60, 95%CI 0.05-1.16, P=0.03), early pubertal(SMD=0.22, 95%CI 0.01-0.43, P=0.04), middle and late pubertal(SMD=0.43, 95%CI 0.13-0.72, P<0.01).

Conclusion: Exercise significantly enhanced spinal BMC during preadolescence and early adolescence as well as femoral neck BMC throughout childhood and adolescence, especially with higher effect sizes during preadolescence.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in China and to provide references for formulating prevention strategies of foodborne diseases in China.

Methods: Collect the monitoring data reported in China's foodborne disease outbreak monitoring system from 2011 to 2020, and calculate relevant indicators.

Results: During 2011 and 2020 in 30 provinces(autonomous region, municipality), a total of 35 806 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported, which caused 266 968 illnesses. The western region had the largest number of reported incidents and the largest number of patients, Yunnan Province had the largest percentage of outbreaks(17.7%) and the largest percentage of cases(15.81%). Poisonous mushrooms and microorganisms are the main pathogenic factors. Poisonous mushrooms caused the largest percentage of foodborne disease outbreaks, accounting for 29.09% of the total. Microorganisms caused the largest percentage of cases, accounting for 35.69% of the total. Salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are the main pathogens. Catering service units were the main places of foodborne disease outbreaks, responsible for the largest percentage of outbreaks(49.31%) and cases(70.59%).

Conclusion: From 2011 to 2020, the number of reported incidents and the number of patients in foodborne disease outbreaks in China showed an upward trend.

Objective: To assess the plasma selenium(Se) level of child-bearing-aged women and discuss the influence factor for low-Se level.

Methods: Using the muti-stage stratified and population proportional cluster random sampling method, 1881 child-bearing-aged women aged 18 to 44 years were selected from China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance(2015) Data. The basic information of the subjects was collected by unified electronic questionnaires and equipments were used for field survey, measurement and record. Plasma Se concentration was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Plasma low-Se level were assessed using lower limit of plasma/serum Se established by the Mayo Clinic Laboratory and our laboratory, respectively. Influence factors of low-Se level were analyzed by the multivariate logistic regression model.

Results: The M(P25, P75) plasma Se concentration for Chinese child-bearing-aged women was 89.52(74.21, 105.03)μg/L. Nationality, location, urban-rural type and education level difference had influence on plasma Se level in this population(P<0.05). According to the lower limit of plasma/serum Se concentration established by the Mayo clinical laboratories(<70 μg/L) and our laboratories(<73.81 μg/L), the low-Se rate were 20.47% and 24.51%, respectively. There were significantly differences in low-Se rate among nationality, location, urban-rural type, education level and marital status(P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression model showed that location and urban-rural type had significant effects on low-Se rate of child-bearing-aged women(P<0.05).

Conclusion: The plasma low-Se rate of Chinese women of childbearing age is relatively high and higher prevalence low-Se was found in western and central regions and rural areas in China.