The use of business rules technologies to develop information systems has been advocated as a good strategy to provide more flexibility and keeping systems up to date. However, designing an architecture that allows systems to be rapidly adapted as business rules change over time remains a challenging activity. Based on the publish-subscribe pattern, we propose a flexible, scalable and loose-coupled architecture that accommodates implementations of business rules in information systems. Given the business rules of a system (defined using the Semantic of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR)), we provide a method to automatically analyze and extract some data to guide the implementation of interactions with business rules engines, using the proposed architecture. Moreover, we analyzed the proposed architecture, using the architecture trade off analysis method (ATAM), in the light of certain features required by the business rules approach. This analysis demonstrated that the proposed architecture fulfills some key elements expected in the business rules implementations.
{"title":"An Architectural Pattern to Implement Business Rules in Information Systems","authors":"J. S. D. Jesus, A. Melo","doi":"10.1109/CBI.2015.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2015.35","url":null,"abstract":"The use of business rules technologies to develop information systems has been advocated as a good strategy to provide more flexibility and keeping systems up to date. However, designing an architecture that allows systems to be rapidly adapted as business rules change over time remains a challenging activity. Based on the publish-subscribe pattern, we propose a flexible, scalable and loose-coupled architecture that accommodates implementations of business rules in information systems. Given the business rules of a system (defined using the Semantic of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR)), we provide a method to automatically analyze and extract some data to guide the implementation of interactions with business rules engines, using the proposed architecture. Moreover, we analyzed the proposed architecture, using the architecture trade off analysis method (ATAM), in the light of certain features required by the business rules approach. This analysis demonstrated that the proposed architecture fulfills some key elements expected in the business rules implementations.","PeriodicalId":238097,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics","volume":"42 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120902624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The business environment is changing faster than ever before. Successful navigation in these treacherous waters requires both business agility and capability to govern strategy-driven business transformation. Enterprise Architecture (EA) is an approach providing insight and overview to manage the complexity of an organization and to aid strategic decision-making. Studies have tried to bridge the gap between EA and strategy, but very few empirical studies have been published on the subject. In this exploratory case study, we provide an empirical view of how EA can be connected to the strategic planning process and bring value to an organization. The findings are based on 13 interviews conducted in a large Nordic financial services group. This study strengthens the view that although EA could provide significant value in the strategy formulation phase it is still mainly a tool for translating the strategy into actions. EA can thus provide the most value in the strategy implementation phase of the strategic planning process.
{"title":"Connecting Enterprise Architecture with Strategic Planning Processes: Case Study of a Large Nordic Finance Organization","authors":"Sixten Blomqvist, Marco Halen, M. Helenius","doi":"10.1109/CBI.2015.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2015.39","url":null,"abstract":"The business environment is changing faster than ever before. Successful navigation in these treacherous waters requires both business agility and capability to govern strategy-driven business transformation. Enterprise Architecture (EA) is an approach providing insight and overview to manage the complexity of an organization and to aid strategic decision-making. Studies have tried to bridge the gap between EA and strategy, but very few empirical studies have been published on the subject. In this exploratory case study, we provide an empirical view of how EA can be connected to the strategic planning process and bring value to an organization. The findings are based on 13 interviews conducted in a large Nordic financial services group. This study strengthens the view that although EA could provide significant value in the strategy formulation phase it is still mainly a tool for translating the strategy into actions. EA can thus provide the most value in the strategy implementation phase of the strategic planning process.","PeriodicalId":238097,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128623454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Process Performance Management (PPM) supports companies in planning, monitoring, and improving process performance. Many PPM tools are available, but often companies choose not to utilize these tools. Instead they implement and use proprietary in-house PPM solutions. A possible explanation for not using a standard tool can either be seen in the tools' incomplete support of the functional requirements of the individual company's business context and needs, or in the missing knowledge of decision makers concerning a proper tool evaluation and selection. These two questions are addressed by this paper. We identified the most relevant functional requirements of a PPM-tool by conducting multiple literature reviews. The functional requirements were operationalized by evaluation criteria from literature. We performed an evaluation of ten selected PPM-tools to validate the applicability of the evaluation criteria. This evaluation let us describe the average criteria coverage for each of the functional requirements and for each tool to elaborate the main differences. Additionally, we analyze tool support of the functional requirements and deduct evaluation recommendations for certain business contexts.
{"title":"Using Functional Requirements to Evaluate Process Performance Management Tools","authors":"Christian Ritter, Susanne Leist, Josef Blasini","doi":"10.1109/CBI.2015.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2015.14","url":null,"abstract":"Process Performance Management (PPM) supports companies in planning, monitoring, and improving process performance. Many PPM tools are available, but often companies choose not to utilize these tools. Instead they implement and use proprietary in-house PPM solutions. A possible explanation for not using a standard tool can either be seen in the tools' incomplete support of the functional requirements of the individual company's business context and needs, or in the missing knowledge of decision makers concerning a proper tool evaluation and selection. These two questions are addressed by this paper. We identified the most relevant functional requirements of a PPM-tool by conducting multiple literature reviews. The functional requirements were operationalized by evaluation criteria from literature. We performed an evaluation of ten selected PPM-tools to validate the applicability of the evaluation criteria. This evaluation let us describe the average criteria coverage for each of the functional requirements and for each tool to elaborate the main differences. Additionally, we analyze tool support of the functional requirements and deduct evaluation recommendations for certain business contexts.","PeriodicalId":238097,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125060091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of smart factories, a seamless information exchange between information systems on the same layer (horizontal integration) and between information system son different layers (vertical integration) is a key issue. For this purpose we aim for an integrated modeling framework spanning over production chains and value networks. In building this framework, we first concentrate on the layers realizing the business functions and the manufacturing control functions. Thereby, we build up on the Resource Event Agent (REA)business ontology (ISO/IEC 15944-4) to describe external activities requiring horizontal integration with business partners and internal activities serving as a hook for vertical integration within a manufacturing enterprise. Furthermore, we base our framework on the ISA-95 industry standard (ANSI/ISA-95, IEC62264) to describe the vertical integration within an enterprise. In this paper, we demonstrate how information given in REA models is transformed to corresponding ISA-95 skeletons. In other words, we show how a model describing the main business functions of an enterprise is used to derive essential concepts relevant to the manufacturing execution system.
{"title":"From Business Functions to Control Functions: Transforming REA to ISA-95","authors":"Alexandra Mazak, C. Huemer","doi":"10.1109/CBI.2015.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2015.50","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of smart factories, a seamless information exchange between information systems on the same layer (horizontal integration) and between information system son different layers (vertical integration) is a key issue. For this purpose we aim for an integrated modeling framework spanning over production chains and value networks. In building this framework, we first concentrate on the layers realizing the business functions and the manufacturing control functions. Thereby, we build up on the Resource Event Agent (REA)business ontology (ISO/IEC 15944-4) to describe external activities requiring horizontal integration with business partners and internal activities serving as a hook for vertical integration within a manufacturing enterprise. Furthermore, we base our framework on the ISA-95 industry standard (ANSI/ISA-95, IEC62264) to describe the vertical integration within an enterprise. In this paper, we demonstrate how information given in REA models is transformed to corresponding ISA-95 skeletons. In other words, we show how a model describing the main business functions of an enterprise is used to derive essential concepts relevant to the manufacturing execution system.","PeriodicalId":238097,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127575060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Development of big data analysis technologies has been highly competitive among companies and organizations. An artificial intelligence (AI) computer system, based on the basic idea of automating big-data analysis, called "H" is proposed and evaluated in this paper. It automates big-data analysis by creating hundreds of thousands of candidate features related to an outcome. It was applied for analyzing work-log data in a logistics company. The evaluation results confirm the effect of the system on the productivity of the company, namely, a 5.23% improvement in productivity.
{"title":"An Artificial Intelligence Computer System for Analysis of Social-Infrastructure Data","authors":"Fumiya Kudo, Tomoaki Akitomi, Norihiko Moriwaki","doi":"10.1109/CBI.2015.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2015.26","url":null,"abstract":"Development of big data analysis technologies has been highly competitive among companies and organizations. An artificial intelligence (AI) computer system, based on the basic idea of automating big-data analysis, called \"H\" is proposed and evaluated in this paper. It automates big-data analysis by creating hundreds of thousands of candidate features related to an outcome. It was applied for analyzing work-log data in a logistics company. The evaluation results confirm the effect of the system on the productivity of the company, namely, a 5.23% improvement in productivity.","PeriodicalId":238097,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128591551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subject matter of this paper is concerned with the coordination of message-based interactions within the context of business-to-business integration (B2Bi) that autonomous organizations - business partners - need to do in order to automate their business functions such as travel booking, order fulfilment and so forth. B2Bi solutions offered by vendors fall into two broad categories: hub-and-spoke (interaction between partners takes place through a central hub that acts as an intermediary), and peer-to-peer (interaction takes place directly between partners). An important coordination problem in B2Bi that needs addressing is how to ensure that business interactions between partners terminate in a consistent manner even in the presence of application level exceptions and software, hardware and network related problems commonly encountered in distributed systems. Solutions that have been developed so far and incorporated in SOA middleware are essentially based on OASIS WS-TX set of transaction standards, namely WS-coordination, WS-Atomic Transaction and WS-Business Activity. WS-TX based solutions require a central activity coordinator. The paper argues that although these solutions are quite suitable within a hub- and spoke B2Bi architecture, they sit awkwardly in peer-to-peer B2Bi settings, where a distributed approach, not requiring a central coordinator is more suitable. The paper develops such an approach, it focuses on the choreography of the business function and describes how to make the choreography atomic, ensuring consistent termination in the presence of application level exceptions and failures.
{"title":"Designing Atomic Business Functions with Distributed Control","authors":"S. Shrivastava, M. Little","doi":"10.1109/CBI.2015.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2015.17","url":null,"abstract":"The subject matter of this paper is concerned with the coordination of message-based interactions within the context of business-to-business integration (B2Bi) that autonomous organizations - business partners - need to do in order to automate their business functions such as travel booking, order fulfilment and so forth. B2Bi solutions offered by vendors fall into two broad categories: hub-and-spoke (interaction between partners takes place through a central hub that acts as an intermediary), and peer-to-peer (interaction takes place directly between partners). An important coordination problem in B2Bi that needs addressing is how to ensure that business interactions between partners terminate in a consistent manner even in the presence of application level exceptions and software, hardware and network related problems commonly encountered in distributed systems. Solutions that have been developed so far and incorporated in SOA middleware are essentially based on OASIS WS-TX set of transaction standards, namely WS-coordination, WS-Atomic Transaction and WS-Business Activity. WS-TX based solutions require a central activity coordinator. The paper argues that although these solutions are quite suitable within a hub- and spoke B2Bi architecture, they sit awkwardly in peer-to-peer B2Bi settings, where a distributed approach, not requiring a central coordinator is more suitable. The paper develops such an approach, it focuses on the choreography of the business function and describes how to make the choreography atomic, ensuring consistent termination in the presence of application level exceptions and failures.","PeriodicalId":238097,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117170442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Big data is a term used to describe data sets so large and/or complex that traditional data processing algorithms and applications are inadequate. There are numerous challenges when handling these data including analysis, capture, search, sharing, storage, transfer, visualization and privacy. A significant portion of big data is expected to be generated by special types of networks -- wireless sensor systems. In this paper we first introduce the concept of big data and then proceed describing the current state-of-the-art in potential sources of big that may appear in the coming future including electromagnetic THz and bacterial micro- and nanoscale networks. We summarize the recent progress in these systems highlighting the problems that should be solved to make them realistic and contribute to the large big data picture.
{"title":"Network Challenges of New Sources of Big Data","authors":"Mikhail M. Komarov","doi":"10.1109/CBI.2015.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2015.32","url":null,"abstract":"Big data is a term used to describe data sets so large and/or complex that traditional data processing algorithms and applications are inadequate. There are numerous challenges when handling these data including analysis, capture, search, sharing, storage, transfer, visualization and privacy. A significant portion of big data is expected to be generated by special types of networks -- wireless sensor systems. In this paper we first introduce the concept of big data and then proceed describing the current state-of-the-art in potential sources of big that may appear in the coming future including electromagnetic THz and bacterial micro- and nanoscale networks. We summarize the recent progress in these systems highlighting the problems that should be solved to make them realistic and contribute to the large big data picture.","PeriodicalId":238097,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132578806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A vast number of peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing and collaborative consumption (SCC) platforms has emerged over the last decade. These platforms allow private individuals to share their physical resources, such as vehicles, spaces, food, clothing, gear and even pets, with other private persons. The large number and diversity of the platforms make it difficult for potential peer-consumers and peer-providers to find an appropriate platform for their demands or offers. This research therefore designs an ontology-based web directory which facilitates an effective discovery of P2P SCC platforms. The paper includes three major contributions. First, we formalize concepts identified in the SCC literature by means of a description language. Second, we develop an ontology that provides a means to purposefully describe the domain of SCC platforms. Third, we describe the design of a web directory that uses the ontology to make discovering P2P SCC platforms more approachable.
{"title":"Designing an Ontology-Based Web Directory for the Discovery of Sharing and Collaborative Consumption Platforms","authors":"M. Hoffen, Martin Matzner, Friedrich Chasin","doi":"10.1109/CBI.2015.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2015.37","url":null,"abstract":"A vast number of peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing and collaborative consumption (SCC) platforms has emerged over the last decade. These platforms allow private individuals to share their physical resources, such as vehicles, spaces, food, clothing, gear and even pets, with other private persons. The large number and diversity of the platforms make it difficult for potential peer-consumers and peer-providers to find an appropriate platform for their demands or offers. This research therefore designs an ontology-based web directory which facilitates an effective discovery of P2P SCC platforms. The paper includes three major contributions. First, we formalize concepts identified in the SCC literature by means of a description language. Second, we develop an ontology that provides a means to purposefully describe the domain of SCC platforms. Third, we describe the design of a web directory that uses the ontology to make discovering P2P SCC platforms more approachable.","PeriodicalId":238097,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123633964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The field of enterprise modeling (EM) is facing a number of challenges. Some of them result out of the application of informal or semi-formal modeling languages having usually semantics similar to object-oriented programming languages. The EM community has recognized ontologies as a promising way to address some of the existing problems. There is, however, a striking lack of consensus about understanding of ontology in the Information Systems domain. The multiplicity of different understandings leads to an increased diversity of proposed approaches. To contribute to a better understanding of the role of ontologies in the realm of EM and of requirements they would need to meet, we distinguish and discuss different categories of applications of ontologies in the EM field. Based on their analysis, we identify the main benefits resulting out of the application of ontologies and point to the main challenges hampering their adoption. This allows to assess the maturity of this field and to identify directions of future research.
{"title":"Categories of Ontologies' Applications in the Realm of Enterprise Modeling","authors":"M. Kaczmarek","doi":"10.1109/CBI.2015.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2015.47","url":null,"abstract":"The field of enterprise modeling (EM) is facing a number of challenges. Some of them result out of the application of informal or semi-formal modeling languages having usually semantics similar to object-oriented programming languages. The EM community has recognized ontologies as a promising way to address some of the existing problems. There is, however, a striking lack of consensus about understanding of ontology in the Information Systems domain. The multiplicity of different understandings leads to an increased diversity of proposed approaches. To contribute to a better understanding of the role of ontologies in the realm of EM and of requirements they would need to meet, we distinguish and discuss different categories of applications of ontologies in the EM field. Based on their analysis, we identify the main benefits resulting out of the application of ontologies and point to the main challenges hampering their adoption. This allows to assess the maturity of this field and to identify directions of future research.","PeriodicalId":238097,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124649553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Service resilience in the face of constant business change is an imperative and complex task for any service organization including those in financial services. Yet, due to its systemic complexity, service resilience as a practice in most organisations is performed in an ad-hoc and inefficient manner resulting in periodic disruptions to day-to-day business operations. Therefore, there is an urgent need for organisations to formulate an agile or adaptive capability for service resilience architecture design and implementation that meets their dynamic business needs. This paper presents one such agile or adaptive service resilience architecture (ASRA) design and implementation capability that has been developed using an adaptive enterprise service system meta-framework (a.k.a. The Gill Framework®). An action-design research method was employed in collaboration with a financial services organisation (FSO) for the establishment of a holistic ASRA design and implementation capability.
{"title":"An Agile Service Resilience Architecture Capability: Financial Services Case Study","authors":"A. Gill, E. Chew, Geoff Bird, David Kricker","doi":"10.1109/CBI.2015.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2015.36","url":null,"abstract":"Service resilience in the face of constant business change is an imperative and complex task for any service organization including those in financial services. Yet, due to its systemic complexity, service resilience as a practice in most organisations is performed in an ad-hoc and inefficient manner resulting in periodic disruptions to day-to-day business operations. Therefore, there is an urgent need for organisations to formulate an agile or adaptive capability for service resilience architecture design and implementation that meets their dynamic business needs. This paper presents one such agile or adaptive service resilience architecture (ASRA) design and implementation capability that has been developed using an adaptive enterprise service system meta-framework (a.k.a. The Gill Framework®). An action-design research method was employed in collaboration with a financial services organisation (FSO) for the establishment of a holistic ASRA design and implementation capability.","PeriodicalId":238097,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114712987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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