Zeitschrift fur Ernahrungswissenschaft最新文献

A total metabolism trial was conducted in eight adult sows to compare the energetic utilization, nitrogen balance, and passage rate of retrograded starch (RGS) with that of pregelatinized wheat starch (PWS). The starch was added at levels of 12 and 24 g/kg W0.75 to a basal ration that covered the maintenance requirement. Each animal received all four treatment combinations in a change-over design. At the start and end of the trial all sows were fed the basal ration alone. Feeding took place twice daily. During each 3-week metabolism period a complete balance measurement was performed for all animals, with 6 daily collections of feces and urine and a 48-h gas exchange measurement in a respiration chamber. The sows' heat production and energy retention were calculated by the carbon-nitrogen balance method and the RQ method. Digestibility and metabolizability of energy and energy retention were lower in the basal ration with RGS supplement than in the PWS supplemented ration. With regard to N exchange, sows supplemented with RGS excreted more N in the feces and less N in the urine, whereas N retention was equal with both rations. The production of CH4 was higher with RGS than after feeding pregelatinized wheat starch. When compared with the nonsupplemented basal ration, the fecal volume was unchanged with PWS but significantly increased with RGS. The feed passage, measured as the mean retention time of a marker in the digestive tract, was 86 h on the basal diet, falling to 75 h with PWS supplementation and 65 h with RGS. The utilization of the supplemented energy was 12% lower for RGS compared with PWS. This difference was due to a reduction in the digestibility and intermediate utilization of the energy. The amount of metabolizable energy was calculated as 16 kJ/g and the net energy as 12.5 kJ/g RGS. The results of the trial underline the importance of retrograded starch as a fiber type nutrient and the associated advantages for the bowel function. The energetic utilization on the other hand is only slightly lower than that of non-resistant starch; unlike pure fibrous feed materials, RGS can therefore not be regarded as a "low energy" substance.

Athletes especially experience a significant decrease in plasma choline concentrations during exercise which can be compensated in part by consumption of lecithin, a natural source of choline. In addition, the effect of lecithin on plasma choline concentrations in humans is obviously considerably greater and more prolonged than that of an equivalent amount of choline salts. Serum choline acts as a precursor for the synthesis of acetylcholine, which, in turn, acts as a neurotransmitter. The effect of dietary choline derived from either choline chloride or lecithin on the diurnal pattern of free choline concentrations in serum was studied using the pig as a potential model for humans. Six barrows, average initial body weight 120 kg, were fitted with permanent catheters in the jugular vein to determine the diurnal pattern of serum choline concentrations as affected by dietary choline or lecithin intake. The pigs were fed two semi-purified diets twice daily (1,500 g each meal) that contained corn, casein and a mineral-vitamin premix supplemented with equal amounts of choline (480 mg/kg) from either choline chloride or lecithin (BIOFOSFATIN). The diets supplemented with choline were fed at 08.00 h in the morning and the experiment was carried out according to a 3 x 2 cross-over design. All pigs received the basal diet that contained 450 mg/kg choline at the evening feeding (20.00 h). Following an adaptation period of 6 d, blood was collected on d 7; 0.5 h before the morning feeding and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h postprandially. The determination of serum choline concentrations was carried out by tandem-mass spectroscopy. There were no differences (p > 0.05) between the two diurnal patterns of the serum choline concentrations. Both diurnal patterns showed a postprandial peak at 0.5 h (2.71 mg/l for choline chloride and 2.35 mg/l for lecithin supplementation) and decreased after 2 h postprandially to the preprandial concentrations. In conclusion, there were no differences (p > 0.05) in the diurnal patterns of serum choline concentrations in pigs after consumption of dietary choline chloride or lecithin, which is in contrast to corresponding studies in humans.

Severe iron deficiency results in complex systemic disorders e.g., including metabolism of energy and minerals. To investigate whether also moderate iron depletion may alter the activities of citric cycle enzymes and the cytochrome oxidase, the trace element status, and serum enzymes indicative of cell damage, this experiment was carried out with rats supplied with sub-optimal iron (9, 13 and 18 mg iron per kg diet) over a total of 5 weeks. The study included 3 pair-fed groups and an ad libitum group, fed with 50 mg iron/kg diet. All iron-restricted rats were classified as iron-deficient on the basis of reduced iron concentrations in body and iron-depending blood parameters. Body weight gain and catalase activity in kidney were lowered in rats receiving the lowest dietary iron level, exclusively. Rats fed 9 and 13 mg iron per kg diet had nearly 6- and 3-fold, respectively higher platelet counts in blood than their corresponding pair-fed controls. The activities of transaminases ASAT and ALAT, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum which are indicative of cell damage were also markedly influenced by moderate dietary iron restriction, in which the enzyme levels in serum increased with intensifying iron depletion. Although, moderate iron restriction to young male rats was associated with marked alterations in iron status and serum enzymes, the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes including malic dehydrogenase, fumarase, and isocitric dehydrogenase as well as cytochrome oxidase in liver remained largely unaffected. Only hepatic aconitase showed a somewhat reduction with iron depletion. Moreover, iron restriction was also accompanied with an accumulation of copper in liver which was significant for rats fed 9 and 13 mg iron per kg diet, whereas zinc status remained completely unaffected by moderate iron deficiency. It can be concluded, that a short-term moderate iron deficiency with ranging hemoglobin concentrations from 66 and 121 g/L, was accompanied with altered platelet counts, serum enzyme activities indicative of cell damage, and hepatic copper concentrations, but the activities of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and cytochrome oxidase in liver remained largely unaffected.

Iodine deficiency still exists in many countries worldwide, to a certain degree this is also true for Germany. Food of animal origin can be a good source for iodine depending on the feed. To investigate the possible use of laying hen feed enriched with iodine, we conducted a feeding experiment with 40 laying hens receiving feed with different amounts of iodine either as KIO3 or in the form of seaweed. Iodine concentration in eggs increased significantly depending on iodine intake after a 2 week period. Seaweed could also be used as an iodine source by the hens. A subsequent consumption study with 24 volunteers showed that eggs enriched with iodine can increase human's iodine excretion and therefore improve human's iodine supply. This new strategy is thought to accompany salt iodization programs, not to replace them.

In a sample of 627 healthy German children and adolescents between the age of 1 and 18 years the intake of macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates) and their specific subgroups (animal protein, saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol, added sugars, dietary fiber) were assessed from 3d weighed diet records. The medians of the nutrient intake (% of energy) were 13% protein (2/3 animal), 38% fat, 49% carbohydrates, 17% SFA, 16% MUFA, 5% PUFA, 12% added sugars and (per MJ) 34 mg cholesterol, 1.9 g dietary fiber. The macronutrient patterns were almost uniform across the age and sex groups with the exception of lower fat, PUFA, and sugar intakes in the 1 year olds. The findings were almost in accordance with former and current dietary surveys in Germany and neighboring countries. Several findings, particularly the high SFA and low fiber intake, differed considerably from the diet for the prevention of the chronic diseases related to nutrition in western societies which is recommended for this age range. Based on the findings of this study, a preventive dietary concept for German children and adolescents was proposed.

Daily diet from 20 nursing homes for the elderly in the German state of Hessen were collected over a period of seven days. After weighing and protocoling, the components of the meals were combined to one sample per day. The homogenized samples were analyzed for the minerals sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, nickel, and chromium. For evaluation of the nutrient value the mineral contents were compared to the recommendations of the German Association for Nutrition (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung) for nutrient intake of the elderly. Whereas mean content of sodium and of calculated sodium chloride per day drastically exceeded the recommendation, the magnesium and chromium recommendations were not reached by far. Regarding high nutrient density requirements with respect to a lower energy demand, only a few diets could reach the recommendations for calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc density given for the elderly.

At the beginning of the 1990s Estonia was characterized by remarkable social and economic changes that also affected nutrition. An important step in the development of a Food and Nutrition policy was the adoption of a new 'Food Law' in February 1995. The publication of dietary recommendations followed recently. Scientific activities in Estonia are promoted by the 1993 established 'Estonian Society of Nutrition Researchers' (ESNS). The 'Ministry of Social Affairs' is of great importance for coordination of research into nutrition and it is making a great effort to connect Estonian nutrition research activities to European and international programs. An important field of scientific interest is concentrated on the nutrition of children and elderly people. With support of the 'Ministry of Social Affairs' a national health program for children and teenagers was established in which a school lunch project is integrated. Such a project has the aim to improve the quality of school lunches and to enable school teachers to conduct nutritional education. Within this national health program 1,900 schoolchildren were interviewed. This examination will also help to detect inequalities of the nutritional situation between social groups and to identify specific aims for a nutritional program in the different counties of Estonia. Health promoting units at schools will play an important role in realizing these aims. The nutritional supply and status of older persons will become an increasing problem. A survey of food supply with 429 subjects in social care facilities for older people was used to develop a new menu-planning system which meets the nutritional recommendations. Nutritional epidemiology is concentrated at the 'Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics' of the 'Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine' in Tallinn. This department is also running the cancer registry of Estonia which has international reputation. Nutritional research of Estonia should aim to continue with the development of a new Food and Nutrition Policy. Important areas of activities will be concentrated on the training of young scientists, development of a food and nutrient data base, regular national nutrition and health surveys, and etiological-epidemiological studies on the basis of the Estonian Cancer Registry. The main targets of the 'Estonian Society of Nutrition Researchers' are directed to improve the scientific basis for research into nutrition and health.

Within the EPIC study (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) a calibration approach is applied to compare dietary data obtained by food frequency questionnaires from 9 European countries. A software for 24-h recalls was developed as the calibration instrument by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in collaboration with all national EPIC centers. This computer program, called EPIC-SOFT, is an interview-based dietary assessment instrument that allows one to obtain a very detailed description and quantification of foods, recipes, and supplements consumed in the course of the preceding day. Probing questions and entering consumed foods in chronological order support the respondent's memory. The standardized structure prescribes--on the food group level--possibilities of description and quantification of food items to choose from. Quantification of consumed foods is supported by the EPIC-SOFT picture book that comprises colored photographs of foods in different portion sizes. The software provides an automatic coding of food items and recipe ingredients as well as calculation of nutrient intake. EPIC-SOFT is characterized by the obtained standardization of dietary data within Europe, a large number of available foods and recipes, and a very detailed description of consumed foods. Currently, EPIC-SOFT is one of the few dietary instruments providing comparable nutritional data within Europe.

It is generally accepted that self-reported food intakes underestimate habitual energy intake (underreporting). Underreporting is often addressed by computing the ratio of measured energy intake to predicted basal metabolic rate (EI:BMR). We used this ratio to study differences between not plausible records (NPR) and plausible records (PR) according to recalculated cut-off values for EI:BMR ratios (< 0.97 to 1.07; age- and sex-dependent) in cross-sectional data of 1,032 3d weighed diet records of 1 to 18 year old children and adolescents. Underreporting (in 5% of total subjects) was age and sex dependent: about 1% in the 1 to 5 year old children, 2% (3%) in the 6 to 13 year old males (females) and 12% (20%) in the adolescent males (females), respectively. To analyse differences between subgroups with PR vs. NPR we therefore concentrated on the 14 to 18 year olds. Male (female) subjects with NPR vs. PR had a 40% lower total EI: 7.4 MJ/d (5.3 MJ/d) vs. 11.5 MJ/d (8.0 MJ/d), respectively. In both sexes with NPR vs. PR, EI per meal was lower. Females with NPR vs. PR had a higher body mass index (kg:m2), recorded fewer meals per day, and had a shorter time span between the first and last meal per day. Furthermore, females with NPR vs. PR had higher intakes per MJ of water, protein, fiber, sodium, iron, niacin, zinc, and protein in percent of total EI, but a lower intake of added sugars per MJ. Males with NPR vs. PR answered significantly more often that they usually eat more, had a higher water intake per MJ, and a higher Ca:P. The observed differences between groups with PR and NPR indicate different food habits or dietary recording behavior. Therefore, validity in dietary studies cannot be achieved by simply excluding underreporters.

Our study aimed to test the validity of a short, qualitative food frequency list (FFL) used in several German large scale surveys. In the surveys of the MONICA project Augsburg, the FFL was used in randomly selected adults. In 1984/85, a dietary survey with 7-day records (DR) was conducted within the subsample of men aged 45 to 64 (response 70%). The 899 DR were used to validate the FFL. Mean weekly food intake frequency and mean daily food intake were compared and Spearman rank order correlation coefficients and classification into tertiles with values of the statistic Kappa were calculated. Spearman correlations range between 0.15 for the item "Other sweets (candies, compote)" and 0.60 for the items "Curds, yoghurt, sour milk", "Milk including butter milk" and "Mineral water"; values for statistic Kappa vary between 0.04 ("White bread, brown bread, crispbread") and 0.41 ("Flaked oats, muesli, cornflakes" and "milk including butter milk"). With the exception of two items, FFL data can be used for analysis on group level. Analysis on individual level should be done with caution. It seems, as if some food groups are generally easier to ask for in FFL than others.