Zeitschrift fur Ernahrungswissenschaft最新文献

The study was conducted to evaluate if the recovery of lactitol and its cleavage products varied when different doses of this disaccharide sugar alcohol (150 and 1,200 mg/kg body weight, respectively) were given by gastric gavage to unadapted male rats. Phenol red added to the test solution as marker dye served to determine the intestinal transit and distribution areas. Marker transit revealed that the test substance did not reach the cecum in all series. Gastric emptying was more retarded after the high dose. Administration of low doses did not alter intestinal transit and luminal volume as compared to control animals. But a much larger luminal volume was found in the third intestinal quarter after the high doses, although the marker transit through this segment was equal under all experimental conditions. The total gastrointestinal recovery of lactitol at 63.2 (+/- 3.9) and 75.5 (+/- 4.5)% was significantly different (p < 0.001) 1 hour after administration of 150 mg and 1200 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Only free sorbitol was detected in the gastrointestinal contents in both dosage groups. Based on these results and correcting the values for marker recovery (85% in both groups), it is reasonable to assume that the maximum amount of lactitol that can be hydrolyzed and absorbed by the small intestine is 11.2 and 25.2%, respectively, and not zero. In conclusion, the caloric availability of lactitol is dose-dependent and should be determined under normal conditions in which the laxative threshold is not exceeded.

Health effects of fermented milks have been associated with the metabolic activity of lactic acid bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. It has been proposed that an increased excretion of urea nitrogen via microbial protein may decrease the workload on kidneys and liver. Therefore, a study was carried out in healthy elderly human subjects to investigate the incorporation of [15N2]urea nitrogen into plasma and fecal proteins and amino acids. Over a period of 10 d 13 healthy elderly subjects ingested daily a freeze-dried microbial preparation which contained different genera of lactic acid bacteria and is used to produce fermented milk products. One of the strains was originally isolated from stool samples of elderly people from the Caucasus region (Lactobacillus plantarum). No stimulation of fecal protein-nitrogen excretion and no increase in 15N-abundances in fecal protein was measured following the administration of the viable microbial preparation and a [15N2]urea bolus. Tentatively, it was concluded that this may have been caused by the inability of the microbial culture to survive the gastro-intestinal passage and (or) by the absence of additional fermentable carbohydrates in the diet as energy source for bacterial protein synthesis in the large intestine. However, using a highly sensitive GC-C-IRMS method we observed a significant incorporation of 15N into plasma protein amino acids. 15N-Enrichments in single amino acids were found according to their participation in transamination reactions. The slight enrichment of lysine which is not transaminated in mammalian tissues may indicate a microbial synthesis and absorption of bacterial lysine.

Survey data on contemporary supplement intake in Germany are scarce, and the contribution of supplements to nutrient intake is especially unclear. In the MONICA Project Augsburg a dietary survey using 7-day weighed records was carried out in a subsample of 607 eligible men aged 45-64 years from the city of Augsburg (participation 430 men = 71%) in 1994/95. Participants also reported their intake of supplements. The German national food data base BLS (version 2.1), which was used to code the records and calculate the nutrients, had to be complemented by nutrient data of supplements and fortified foods. On a group level the maximum mean percentage contribution of supplements to the intake of a micro nutrient was 4.0% (vitamin C). On an individual level, however, up to 4.0% of the men were found to receive more than 50% of their intake of selected micronutrients from supplements. It is, therefore, recommended to ask for supplement intake in future dietary surveys within Germany.

In a duplicate study during 1987-1991, 478 24-h duplicate samples from 14 homes for elderly people and 10 homes for youth were investigated for their contents of selected harmful substances. The analyses covered 45 active substances of pesticides, 17 PCB-congeners as well as lead, cadmium, and nitrate contents. Pesticides could be detected only in 15% of the investigated samples. The pesticide contents reached max. 8% of the respective FAO/WHO-limits. As the mean intake of the three most important PCB-congeners (sum of the congeners 138, 153, and 180) values of 0.9 and 1.1 micrograms per day and ration or person, respectively, were found. Also in the worst case the daily PCB intake was below the recommended ADI value of the FDA of 1 microgram/kg of body weight. The daily nutritional intake of lead and cadmium via the investigated daily rations reached about 5.6% and 20% of the Provisionally Tolerably Weekly Intake values of the FAO/WHO. The mean nitrate content of the duplicate portions was 101 mg per day and person (median: 79 mg per day and person). Referred to the median value the WHO limit (3.65 mg/kg body weight and day) was exhausted to about 36%.

The present investigation reevaluated the German National Food Consumption Survey in order to obtain data on sucrose intake and food sources of sucrose intake in Germany. Moreover, it focused on the effect of sucrose intake on nutrient intake. By means of the food composition data base Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel, version II.2, 7-days dietary records of a representative sample of 15,838 persons aged 4 years and older were analyzed. The relation between sucrose and nutrients intake was investigated by variance and regression analyses. Low, moderate, and high sucrose intake categories were defined by means of sucrose density quartiles and comparisons were made for the percentages of persons meeting the German nutrient intake recommendations. Mean daily sucrose intake ranges between 43.2 g/d (f, 51-64 years) and 82.3 g/d (m, 13-14 years). The mean contribution of sucrose to total energy intake is highest with 14% in young age (4-6 years) and decreases to 9% and 7% in 51-64 year old women and men, respectively. The food groups "table sugar", "confectionery and ice cream", "biscuits, cake and pastries", "preserves", "dairy products", and "non-alcoholic beverages" are the main sucrose sources with varying importance in different age groups. The average amount of naturally occurring sucrose in the Germans' diet is estimated to 15-25% of total sucrose intake. Sucrose contributes 80-90% to total disaccharides intake in Germany. With each gram of sucrose the intake of energy rises on the average by 12.5 kcal (52.4 kJ), of protein by 0.3 g (9% of the energy increase), of fat by 0.5 g (34%), and of carbohydrates by 1.8 g (57%). Consequently, the higher the sucrose content of a diet, the lower is the contribution of fat to total energy intake. In contrast, the energy-adjusted effect of sucrose was found to be negative for energy-providing nutrients (except mono- and disaccharides) as well as for all the selected micronutrients, except calcium, vitamin E, vitamin C, and dietary fiber. Accordingly, the comparison between moderate and high sucrose consumers revealed a lower percentage of persons meeting nutrient intake recommendations in the high sucrose category under the condition of a comparable energy intake. This unfavorable effect of high sucrose intake is most prominent in 4-6 year old boys and girls as the groups with the highest sucrose intake. Since from the present data no exact figure for a sucrose or sugars intake recommendation can be deduced, it is suggested to keep on the WHO recommendation for a moderate sugar intake of 10% of energy intake.

In 23 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), 23 patients on chronic intermittent hemodialysis treatment (DP), 22 patients after renal transplantation (RT) and 40 normal persons (NP), Biotin plasma levels and the urinary excretion were analysed and compared to the dietary Biotin intake. Unsupplemented DP had lower intake of Biotin than the CRF, RT, NP and DP with supplementation. DP excreted only 1.6-6.3% of the daily intake as compared to 39.7% in NP, 27.6% in CRF and 24.3% in RT. In unsupplemented DP patients, Biotin plasma levels were elevated by 4 times and in supplemented patients by 6 times compared to NP. During hemodialysis treatment, the Biotin plasma level dropped by about 30% in DP with and by 33% in DP without vitamine supplementation. However, after 44 hours, the initial concentration was reached again in those receiving vitamine supplementation (99% of basal level) and in DP without substitution (97% of basal level). Only in male DP significantly higher Biotin plasma levels before HD were detected irrespective of the supplementation dose as compared to female patients (30 micrograms and 300 micrograms Biotin after each dialysis session). Biotin plasma concentration did not vary with respect to the underlying renal disease, the serum creatinine concentration and the length and frequency of dialysis treatment, including the type of dialyzer (low- vs high flux) used and the blood flow rate (QB 180-260 vs 270-280 vs 300 ml/min). There were no major effects of the age of the patients (< 60 years vs > 60 years), the BMI, nicotine abuse, or alcohol intake on Biotin blood concentration. Our results showed normal Biotin plasma levels which reflect a normal functional status and exclude a functional deficit, therefore there is no reason for a regular Biotin supplementation in patients with chronic renal failure.

In nutritional epidemiological studies high consumption of fruits and vegetables was shown to be an important preventive measure to reduce the risk of cancer, coronary heart disease, and cataracts. These effects cannot be explained completely and in a sufficient way by the intake of beta-carotene and vitamin C. Other carotenoids differing in their antioxidative and biological properties are also provided with fruits and vegetables in significant amounts. Because data for other carotenoids than beta-carotene are not considered in computerized German food database and food composition tables, representative carotenoid intake calculations for the German population are missing. Therefore a carotenoid database, containing alpha- and beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and cryptoxanthin values for different fruits, vegetables, and other carotenoid-containing foods, was developed. With this database the carotenoid intake of the German population--stratified by sex and age--was evaluated on the basis of the German National Food Consumption Survey (NVS). The mean total carotenoid intake amounts to 5.33 mg/day. The average intake lutein was 1.91 mg/day, beta-carotene intake amounts to 1.81 mg/day, lycopene intake was 1.28 mg/day, alpha-carotene intake was 0.29 mg/day, and cryptoxanthin intake was 0.05 mg/day. Tomatoes and tomato products provide most of the lycopene. Green salads and vegetables are the most important contributors of lutein in Germany. Zeaxanthin is mainly consumed with maize but also with spinach and other vegetables like cabbage; alpha- and beta-carotene are mainly consumed with carrots. Peppers, oranges, and orange-juice are the most important cryptoxanthin sources.

The present study examined the prevalence of eating disorders in a male representative random sample in Tyrol. The data were collected by telephone. Of the 1000 men, 8 (0.8%) met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder. An additional 42 subjects (4.2%) exhibited a partial binge eating syndrome. These two otherwise widely identical groups of binge eaters were separated only by the DSM-IV frequency criterion. Five subjects (0.5%) met the DSM-IV criteria for the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, and 94 men (9.4%) reported recurrent overeating. Men with any eating disorder were mostly overweight or obese. The findings show that there is a significant difference in eating disorders between men and women, but certain eating disorders are frequent not only in women but also in men.