Zeitschrift fur Ernahrungswissenschaft最新文献

Seven commercial salmon and six trout samples were investigated. Retinol and the carotenoids astaxanthin and canthaxanthin important for pigmentation of the muscle were determined by RP-HPLC. Vitamin A concentrations of raw salmon samples were 16-19 micrograms/100 g, of smoked salmon samples 9-19 micrograms/ 100 g; retinol values of salmon trout (raw) and trout (raw) reached 14-16 micrograms/100 g and 7-9 micrograms/100 g. Concentrations of astaxanthin the important carotenoid of pigmentation, ranged in samples of salmon from 310-465 micrograms/100 g. Samples of salmon trout showed astaxanthin values between 90 and 536 micrograms/100 g, trout samples only 67-85 micrograms/100 g. Concentrations of canthaxanthin were different in the examined samples and were not detectable in all samples. Highest values of canthaxanthin were found in salmon trout samples (113-226 micrograms/100 g), Irish smoked salmon and stremel-salmon (145-169 micrograms/100 g). Raw samples of salmon and of trout showed only low concentrations of canthaxanthin. Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin together reached values of 419-524 micrograms/100 g for salmon, 316-701 micrograms/100 g for salmon trout, and 72-91 micrograms/100 g for trout samples.

25 euthyroid volunteers were divided into two groups. Each participant of group A received 200 micrograms iodine in the form of diiodotyrosine per day for a period of eight weeks, i.e. 7 x 200 micrograms iodine/week. Each participant of group B received 1,500 micrograms iodide once a week for a period of eight weeks. In addition to the basal excretion of iodine with the collected urine, the excretion values in group A amounted to 67% of the applied dose in the eighth week. In group B, the excretion values amounted to 65% of the applied dose in the eighth week. Hence, no significant difference between both groups was found.

The authors examined the prevalence rates of binge-eating behavior, binge-eating disorder (BED), and bulimia nervosa in a female representative random sample in Tyrol. The data were collected ba telephone. Of the 1,000 women, 3 (0.3%) met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, 15 (1.5%) for bulimia nervosa, and 33 (3.3%) for binge-eating disorder. While bulimics were young and found in all weight groups, women with BED were mostly overweight or obese and found in all age groups. The findings show that restrained eating, dieting, and/or excessive exercise are risk factors for developing eating disorders.

Differences in dietary habits and lifestyle factors associated with a high dietary intake of fruit and vegetables are discussed and used to explain the disparity between results of observational epidemiologic studies consistently showing antioxidative vitamins to exert a protective effect on chronic diseases, and intervention studies so far not confirming this association. Within the scope of the "Brandenburger Ernährungs- und Krebsstudie", the East German contribution to the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), we examined whether study participants using supplements on a regular basis--minerals, vitamins, protein formulation, bran/linseed, fiber, yeast or garlic pills--differed from those who did not report use of supplements according to selected lifestyle factors and dietary intake of vitamins, minerals, fiber, cholesterol, and fat from food. The study sample consisted of 10,522 participants (4,500 men and 6,022 women) aged 35-65 years enrolled in the cohort from January 1995 to July 1996. Regular intake of one or more supplements during the past year was reported by 32.6% of women and 25.5% of men. Vitamin supplements were used by 18.8% of the women and 15.8% of the men. Figures for minerals were 14.2% for women and 8.6% for men, respectively. Garlic pills were taken regularly by 9.7% of men and 9.3% of women. Prevalence of supplement use was generally higher in women and was more pronounced in elderly participants. The most frequently used combinations were vitamin and mineral supplements, followed by a combination of garlic and either vitamin or mineral supplements. Increased use of supplements was significantly associated with higher level of education attained, regular engagement in sporting activities, health complaints, and dietary change during the previous year. No association between use of supplements and smoking status nor elevated alcohol consumption was observed. Body mass index above 30 was significantly related to increased intake of garlic pills, and in women to significantly increased use of vitamin and mineral supplements. For both men and women, age-adjusted consumption of fruit and vegetables and intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber from food was higher for participants using mineral but also vitamin supplements compared to those who did not use these supplements. For the cohort of the "Brandenburger Ernährungs- und Krebsstudie" we observed on the one hand that age, gender, and health-conscious lifestyle factors were related to supplement use. On the other hand presence of subjective health complaints was related to supplement use, especially for use of vitamins and minerals. Participants, who regularly consumed minerals and vitamins were also shown to have a higher intake of foods and nutrients considered to exert an antioxidative effect.

Ochratoxins, of which ochratoxin A (OA) is the most prevalent, are secondary fungal metabolites of some toxigenic species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. OA has been shown to be nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive. The natural occurrence of OA in food and feed stuffs is widespread, especially in temperate areas such as Canada, Denmark, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom, and detectable amounts were even found in randomly collected human milk samples in Germany, Sweden and Italy. Of greatest concern in humans is its implicated role in an irreversible and fatal kidney disease referred to as Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. The mean dietary intake for humans in the European Union was found to be in the range of 1 to 2 ng/kg bw/day. Compared with the Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) proposed by the WHO of 16 ng OA/kg bw/day for humans, the average OA intake in Europe seems to be rather low. The main contributor to the OA intake in humans are cereals and cereal products, other possible contributors are coffee, beer, pork, products containing pig blood/plasma, pulses and spices. Only very few countries have regulations for OA in food and feed products. Based on the current literature, the mechanisms involved in the toxicity of OA indicate three major effects: (1) inhibition of mitochondrial respiration correlated with a depletion of ATP; (2) inhibition of tRNA-synthetase accompanied by a reduced protein synthesis; and (3) enhanced lipid peroxidation. Generation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation as an important mode of action of OA in vitro and in vivo is discussed in detail, as well as counteracting effects of dietary antioxidants.

Blood glucose kinetics and intestinal transit times were investigated in 12 adult volunteers aged 28 to 52 years after ingestion of a conventional morning meal made up of white flour rolls, butter, marmalade, and coffee with sugar as compared with an isocaloric Kollath-breakfast consisting of whole wheat flakes as a basis. For estimation of gastric emptying time the sodium-[13C]acetate breath test technique was used. Oro-coecal transit time and gastric emptying were determined by simultaneous administration of lactose-[13C]ureide and consecutive drawings of breath samples in intervals of 15, 30, and 60 min through 12 h. The 13CO2-excess of the breath test samples was measured by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The postprandial rise in blood glucose following the ingestion of the Kollath-breakfast was lower as compared with the conventional morning meal, showing significant differences between the 90 min values and the area below the blood glucose curve. The half time of gastric emptying was not different between the two breakfast versions (1.7 vs. 1.6 h). The oro-coecal transit time averaged out at 4.2 h after the Kollath-breakfast and 5.3 h following the conventional morning meal. Likewise, there were no significant differences in the coecal retention time nor in the cumulative percentage of 13CO2-exhalation between the two breakfast versions. Concerning the blood glucose kinetics the differences in the nutritional physiology between the breakfast based on whole wheat flakes and the conventional breakfast as claimed by Kollath were only detectable in outlines in our study. Gastric emptying time showed no differences between the two breakfast versions.

In a sample of 695 healthy well-nourished German children and adolescents covering the total age range from 1 to 18 years, 3d weighed diet records were collected and measurements of body height and weight were taken. 10% non-plausible records (reported energy intake (EI):estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR) < Cut off 1.06) were excluded from further analysis. The rate of non-plausible records was low in the childhood age groups (2-6%), higher in the male (10%), and highest in the female adolescents (30%). Recalculation of age and sex specific cut offs based on assumed light physical activity levels (PAL) reduced the exclusion rate to 6.5% (total) and 20% (female adolescents). The reported energy intake of the total sample based on plausible records (n = 627, EI:BMR > or = 1.06) was close to the new estimations of energy requirements assuming light physical activity which are proposed for the revision of the current FAO/WHO energy requirements. The sample was of normal height and weight compared to the Netherlands growth references. For a definite interpretation of the low reported energy intake in the context of health promoting physical activity patterns of children and adolescents more scientific evidence should be available.

The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of uncooked (RS2) and retrograded (RS3) resistant starch on the size and site of the apparent absorption of magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus in swine. In an experiment with a parallel design, three groups of six piglets each consumed for two weeks a diet containing either glucose, RS2 or RS3. The piglets were cannulated at the end of the ileum which allowed estimation of the ileal and colonic mineral absorption. Urine, feces, and ileal digesta were collected for measurement of magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. Dietary RS2, but not RS3, versus glucose reduced (p < 0.05) the total absorption of magnesium and calcium and the ileal absorption of phosphorus in the pig. Differences between species or in RS and/or mineral intake may explain why RS2 reduced the apparent absorption of magnesium and calcium in pigs in this study and raised it in rats in earlier studies.

Decreased plasma selenium (Se) levels are common in critically ill patients. Oxidative stress is regarded as one possible cause of the Se deficiency. We investigated in 20 critically ill patients with decreased plasma selenium concentrations the antioxidant metabolism during parenteral selenium supplementation (week 1: 2 x 500 micrograms; week 2:1 x 500 micrograms, week 3:3 x 100 micrograms sodium selenite). As marker of oxidative stress we measured the plasma malondialdehyde levels on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21. The content of reduced and oxidized glutathione as well as the leucocyte activity marker elastase were estimated on the same days. Initial plasma Se levels were considerably decreased (0.44 +/- 0.1 mumol/l, mean +/- SEM). After one day of supplementation Se concentrations were in the reference range. Plasma malondialdehyde levels and the ratio of oxidized and reduced glutathione were initially elevated and decreased beginning on day 3 of supplementation. The mean elastase level was 113 +/- 10 micrograms/l on day 0. On day 3 elastase values decreased significantly (85 +/- 13 micrograms/l, p < 0.05; day 21, 19 +/- 7 micrograms/l, p < 0.001). Antioxidant metabolism showed significant changes beginning after 72 hours of therapy. This latency may be explained with the induction of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. The lowered plasma Se concentrations measured in the critically ill patients and the significant effects on antioxidant metabolism during supplementation emphasized the importance of selenium administration in these patients.