Zeitschrift fur Ernahrungswissenschaft最新文献

A respiration trial was conducted in 14 adult sows to investigate the energetic effects of a high carbohydrate and a high fat diet over a period of 21 weeks. The basal ration was mainly based on barley and soybean meal and covered 60% of the maintenance requirement for energy. The addition of starch (50% wheat starch, 50% maize starch) or fats (25% lard, 25% soybean oil, 50% olive oil) was 173 kJ/kgW0.75. All rations were calculated with reference to the initial weight of the sows and remained constant throughout the experiment. The animals were fed twice daily. Feces and urine were collected during the first and last part of the experiment over six days each. Forty eight hour measurements of the gas exchange were recorded five times in the course of the trial. Energy balances were calculated using an indirect calorimetry technique (RQ method) as well as the carbon nitrogen balance technique. All components of the energy balance (feces energy, urine energy, metabolizable energy, energy retention) showed no significant difference between the two treatments. The heat production of the animals was 413 +/- 31 with the starch diet and 412 +/- 36 kJ/kg W0.75 when the fat diet was fed. The mean weekly body weights of both treatment groups coincided in all phases of the experiment. Calculation of nutrient oxidation performed for diets and for animal metabolism revealed that only the carbohydrate balance was achieved, whereas the fat balance showed unrealistic results. The sensitivity of the nutrient balance method to measurement errors of the gas exchange has been discussed. The current results indicate that an equal supply of starch or fat energy acts identically in the long-term on body weight regulation and energy balance when overfeeding is not present.

Flavonoids are non-nutritive compounds of plants that have been intensively investigated during the past years due to their possible protective effects against chronic diseases. In vitro studies were able to demonstrate for flavonols, flavones, and most recently also for anthocyanins a considerable antioxidative activity, mainly based on scavenging of oxygen radicals. Flavonols and anthocyanins are commonly found in European fruits and vegetables. In addition, black tea and red wine may have a high content of these compounds. Those food items are the main sources of flavonol consumption each contributing to a different degree to the overall intake. The absorption of aglycones has been established before. However, only recently could the absorption of flavonolglycosides be demonstrated. The mean intake of flavonols of the German population was calculated using data from the National German Food Consumption Survey. According to this analysis, the daily per capita intake was about 11.5 mg flavonols, mainly derived from fruits and vegetables, but also from black tea and red wine. Epidemiological studies have been directed to investigate the association between flavonol consumption and diseae risk. An inverse association between flavonol intake and mortality from myocardial infarction was observed. According to one of three studies, the flavonoid intake can be inversely correlated with cancer risk. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the occurrence, intake, bioavailability, and antioxidative properties of flavonols, flavones, and anthocyanins as well as the associations between flavonol intake and disease risks. Possible health related effects especially of flavonols are critically reflected, and the necessity of further research in outlined.

Phenolic acids, essentially hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids, are secondary plant products and commonly found in plant derived foodstuff. The antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties of phenolic acids could be one of the facts to explain the inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and the incidence of coronary heart disease and cancer, respectively, as found in epidemiologic studies. Phenolic acids are rarely listed in food composition tables and there are no dietary intake data available. Consequently, a data base containing the phenolic acid content of foods (literatur data) was built and 7-d dietary protocols of 63 women and 56 men of a Bavarian subpopulation (age 19-49 years) of the German National Food Consumption Survey (NVS) were evaluated. The average phenolic acid intake of men and women is 222 mg/d within a large range. The dominating one within all the phenolic acids is clearly caffeic acid (206 mg/d); the intake of the other phenolic acids amounts to 0.2 (gentisic acid) up to 5.2 mg/d (ellagic acid). The sum of hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids amounts to 11 mg/d and 211 mg/d, respectively. Significant sex differences are found for some of the phenolic acids. Especially, the average intake of caffeic acid of women (229 mg/d) is higher than that of men (179 mg/d) caused by the high amount of coffee consumption. The age group "25-49 years" is consuming more coffee than the age group "19-24 years" and, therefore, reveals a significantly higher intake of caffeic acid. The major sources of phenolic acids are coffee with 92% of the caffeic acid intake and fruits (including fruit products and juices) with 75% of the salycilic acid and 59% of the p-coumaric acid intake. Consequently, phenolic acids are consumed in considerable amounts with food. Since antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties of phenolic acids are already proven in in vitro as well as in animal experiments, epidemiologic studies will show whether a high phenolic acid intake goes ahead with a reduced risk for coronary heart disease or cancer in humans.

The composition of infant milk formula intends to mirror breast milk as close as possible. However, there are a variety of substances, like amino acids, fatty acids, polyamines, nucleotides, oligosaccharides, functional proteins, hormones, vitamins, and minerals, which are attributed effects in special situations. A concept is proposed to develop problem oriented "supplementation packages" for infant milk formula.

The level of antioxidant vitamins (C, A, E) and the activity of a selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase as indicators of antioxidant status and lipid peroxides as markers of oxidative damage were investigated in blood of 196 healthy middle-aged inhabitants of Bratislava region. The group consisted of 78 vegearians (32 men and 46 women) and 118 nonvegetarians (61 men and 57 women). The aim of the study was to compare the effect of the diet on the antioxidant status in vegetarians and nonvegetarians. The most important differences were found in the level of ascorbic acid and in the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase; the ascorbic acid in serum was significantly higher, while the selenium and the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase was lower both in plasma and erythrocytes of vegetarians.

The effect of the frequency of administration of synthetic human parathyroid hormone fragment 1-38 [hPTH-(1-38)] on bone formation and on the balance of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium was investigated in 32 9-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, using a randomly complete block design. Rats received subcutaneously during 14 days either the vehicle solution once a day or 50 micrograms hPTH-(1-38)/kg BW once a day at 8:00 a.m., twice a day at 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. or three times a day at 8:00 a.m., 0:30 p.m., and 5:00 p.m. The balance study was performed during the last 48 h of the hPTH-(1-38) treatment schedule after which femora, tibiae, and lumbar vertebrae were removed for the determination of the dry weight, volume, and contents of Ca, P, Mg, hydroxyproline, and DNA. PTH treatment was associated with a significant increase of the apparent intestinal absorption of Ca, P, and Mg. Mean urinary Ca excretion augmented with the increase of the frequency of dosing. Urinary Ca excretion correlated negatively with the Ca apparent intestinal absorption and with the Ca content of the tibiae in the 2 groups with the highest frequency of dosing. The mean Ca, P, and Mg balances, the mean contents of bone Ca, P, and Mg and the mean bone dry weights were significantly increased with PTH treatment. In contrast to the mean volume of tibiae which was not affected by the PTH administration, the mean volume of the fifth lumbar vertebrae increased with the treatment. With the 2 times and 3 times daily treatments, mean hydroxyproline concentrations in the femora were significantly higher than the control values. An increase of the mean hydroxyproline content of the third lumbar vertebrae was evidenced with the 1 time and 2 times daily treatment, but the mean of the highest frequency of dosing was not different from that of the control group. The DNA content of femoral and of the fourth lumbar vertebrae significantly decreased with the frequency of dosing.

The intake of vitamin and mineral supplements was examined in a southern German population. Analyses are based on data from the 3rd survey of the MONICA Project Augsburg which took place from 1994 to 1995. The study population were 4,856 persons aged 25 to 74 years of a representative sample (net response 74.9%). During a standardized interview, participants were asked about their intake of vitamin or mineral supplments in the previous week (information available from 4,854 persons). To evaluate this information, a database on vitamin and mineral contents of about 500 supplements was established. The prevalence of supplement users is significantly higher among women than among men: more than a quarter of women (27.5%) versus nearly a fifth of men (18.1%). With increasing age women take supplements more frequently, especially minerals. Male supplement usage increases up to the age group 35-44 years and then remains constant. Vitamin C (women 12.8%, men 9.4%), magnesium (women 12.4%, men 8.7%), vitamin E (women 9.8%, men 7.8%), and calcium (women 10.7%, men 4.9%) are the vitamins and minerals supplemented most often. Among supplement users, 46.5% of women and 52.1% of men reported taking vitamin C. The median daily intake of vitamins--except biotin and niacin in men and folic acid and biotin in women--is at least 100% of the recommendations of the German Society for Nutrition for both men and women. All of the median intake values for minerals were less or equal than 100% of the recommendations.

During the process of deep fat frying the fat or oil undergoes several chemical and physical changes. To guarantee an effective quality control for used frying fats simple and rapid methods for the measurement of heat abuse are needed. Therefore several frying oils were heated with and without foodstuff and the change of polar parts, acid number, colour acid number, specific absorption and dielectric properties with prolonged heating time were determined. It could be shown that under usual frying conditions acid number and colour acid number, which are often used in praxis, as well as the specific absorption are not unrestrictedly useful to characterise heated frying fats. It turned out, however, that the determination of the dielectric properties with a foodoil-sensor is a useful tool to investigate heat abuse of frying fats and oils in routine analysis.

Data relating to 422 men and 315 women aged 20 to 64 years were collected in 1991/92 using 3-day weighed records. The national German food composition file BLS 2.1 was used for food coding and calculation of nutrients. Age adjusted mean daily intakes were presented. Food intake habits of smokers and non-smokers showed distinct differences: for instance, non-smokers of both genders are more fresh fruit (m: 166 g vs. 119 g, p = 0.0001; f: 180 g vs. 147 g, p = 0.0009), more milk and milk products (m: 195 g vs. 121 g, p = 0.0108; f: 176 g vs. 136 g, p = 0.0004), and drank less coffee (m: 401 g vs. 457 g, p = 0.0103; f: 387 g vs. 491 g, p = 0.0003). As a result, intakes of various nutrients also differed. For example, smokers had lower intakes of fibre, selected vitamins, and minerals. The tendency toward an unhealthier dietary pattern in smokers was in accordance with findings from various industrialized Western countries.

99 individually kept, fattening pigs (castrated males) were divided into 3 groups. 33 animals each were supplemented with 0, 0.5 or 1.0 g alpha-tocopheryl acetate per day last 21 days before slaughtering. Samples from blood, liver, bacon, and muscle were taken to determine vitamin E content by HPLC depending on time of storing. TBARS values of muscle and bacon, induction-time of bacon ("Rancimat"), pH, drip loss, and color of muscle were determined as further criterions of quality. The Vitamin E supply increased significantly the vitamin E content of all samples (e.g., serum: 1.5, 2.4, and 2.7 mg/kg; liver: 3.8, 5.6, and 7.0 mg/kg for 0, 0.5, or 1.0 g per animal per day, respectively). Vitamin E content of pork decreased depending on time of storing (3.9, 6.2, and 7.8 mg/kg vers. 1.9, 4.1, and 5.0 mg/kg after 29 weeks of freeze storing). Storing time had no significant influence on vitamin E content of bacon. Vitamin E supply (esp. 1.0 g daily) decreased TBARS values, increased time of induction and improved meat color, but did not influence pH and drip loss of porc significantly.