Veterinary Research Forum最新文献

Crude fiber (CF) is a vital component in poultry nutrition with a notable phytonutrient effectively indicating the presence of indigestible biomass in food due to the absence of digestive enzymes for CF in broilers. This study aimed to analyze the properties of a multi-enzyme cocktail (MEC) Bacillus sonorensis BD92 (BsBD92) comprised of xylanase, β-glucosidase, exo-glucanase, and endo-glucanase enzymes. Also, this study intended to look at the growth performance and intestinal histology of broilers in the starter and finisher phases by the addition of MEC BsBD92 to their diet. To evaluate the efficacy of MEC BsBD92, 140 one-day-old unsexed Cobb500 broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven groups receiving different diets. The characterization of exo-glucanase, xylanase, β-glucosidase, and endo-glucanase showed that their peak activities were observed at a temperature of 50.00 ˚C and a pH of 5.50. The 6.00% CF and 2.00 X MEC BsBD92 improved the intestinal morphology and feed conversion ratio, demonstrating a synergistic effect on growth performance. Whereas, increasing meat percentages to 61.06 and 65.09 g per 100 g body weight during the starter and finisher phases was also observed, respectively. The lipid profiles revealed significant variations in triglyceride and cholesterol levels. This study provides an innovative approach, considering not only lowering the feed cost using inexpensive fibrous feedstuffs but also improving the feed efficiency through supplementation of MEC BsBD92.

The most significant infectious disease that affects cats is thought to be feline panleukopenia, also known as Cat distemper. Despite its epidemiological status, few literatures are available regarding the clinic-pathological aspect of the disease and about the molecular epidemiology of the circulating feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) in India. This study gives a comprehensive insight into the prevalence, pathology and diagnosis of FPV in cat population of Mizoram. Twenty-six cats that died of clinical disease suspected of FPV were subjected to a thorough pathological examination followed by molecular diagnosis. The FPV infection was confirmed in 12 out of the 26 cats by polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the VP2 gene of FPV. The phylogenetic analysis based on the full VP2 gene of FPV has demonstrated close genetic affinity of FPV strains circulating in Mizoram with the isolates from Thailand (MW589472), Italy (MZ508524) and China (OR727315). The analysis of the VP2-deduced amino acid sequence revealed two distinct mutations, S179T and I401V, exclusively identified in isolates from this particular study.

Antioxidant potential of different milk types and thermal-treated milks may be of interest to milk processors, consumers, and nutritionists. The objectives of this study were comparison of the antioxidant potential of milk, defatted milk, whey, and deproteinized whey from cow, sheep, and goat, and also evaluation of the effect of thermal treatments (pasteurization and sterilization) on the antioxidant activity of the milk. The antioxidant potential of different milk samples and their fractions was examined using reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylenzothiazoline-6-sulphonicacid methods. The results showed that the antioxidant potential of sheep raw milk was significantly higher than that of cow milk and goat milk. The results also indicated that thermal processing increased the reducing power and antioxidant potential of milk, and increasing heating temperature significantly increased reducing power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity of milk, especially sheep milk and goat milk. Removing of whey proteins from whey of all animal species, particularly sheep, caused a significant decrease in the antioxidant potential of whey. The results of this study showed that sheep milk and its fractions are a good source of natural antioxidants, which may have higher health promotion effects on consumers from nutritional point of view.

Rhodococcus equi is an important bacterial pathogen and causes severe chronic granulomatous pneumonia in foals below 6 months of age. It has also become an opportunistic and emerging pathogen in immunocompromised humans. Vaccination is the most cost-effective strategy for controlling and preventing this infection. Although several potential virulence genes and candidate immunogens have been identified over the years, no effective vaccine is currently available to prevent R. equi disease in horses. Recently, bacterial vector vaccines have been shown to be promising for R. equi. In this study, the virulence-associated protein A (VapA) gene of R. equi was cloned into Protein Expression System small ubiquitin-related modifier (pET-SUMO) expression vectors and transferred into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Also, adjuvant significantly affects the efficacy of recombinant vaccines. Therefore, native VapA and recombinant VapA were formulated with Immunostimuling Microparticle System (IMS 3012) or PetGel A (recommended for horses) and subcutaneously administered to mice. The immunization effect of four different vaccines was determined by assaying antibody titers and survival rates. The antibody response was slightly higher in the PetGel A formulations than IMS 3012. Survival rates were lower in the PetGel A formulations than IMS 3012. Given these results, recombinant VapA adjuvanted with PetGel A represents a promising formulation for developing new-generation R. equi vaccines.

Cathelicidin-1, an antimicrobial peptide, has garnered attention for its potential role as a biomarker in detecting anestrus in cows, providing insights into bovine reproductive health. This study aimed to analyse cathelicidin-1 within the urinary proteome and evaluate its effectiveness as a diagnostic tool for anestrus in cows. The study employed tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry techniques to identify and characterize cathelicidin-1 in the context of anestrus in cows. The analysis confirmed the presence and distinct profile of cathelicidin-1, highlighting its significance in reflecting the physiological and pathophysiological states associated with anestrus. Cathelicidin-1 as a promising diagnostic biomarker for anestrus in cows could revolutionize bovine reproductive management by offering more precise and advanced detection methods compared to the traditional, time-consuming, and sometimes inaccurate approaches, like behavioral observation or hormonal assays. If cathelicidin-1 can be detected non-invasively, it would not only enhance early detection and timely intervention but also reduce the need for invasive procedures, thereby improving animal welfare.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an important pathogen in the poultry industry causing avian infectious bronchitis that is, an acute but highly contagious disease affecting the upper respiratory tract, kidneys and reproductive tract. The 3^rd passage of a polymerase chain reaction confirmed nephropathogenic IBV isolate was used for this study. Heat stability for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min at 56.00 ˚C, pH sensitivity at pH 3.00, 7.00, 9.00, and 11.00 ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for 10, 15, 20, and 30 min, and chloroform sensitivity were studied. The IBV isolate was found to be susceptible to a temperature of 56.00 ˚C for 5 min and above, UV irradiation within 10 min, chloroform treatment and to pH 11.00 while being resistant to pH 3.00 and 9.00. The second part of the study investigated in vitro effectiveness of the disinfection potential of several commercially used disinfectants in Pakistan against the IBV isolate. For this purpose, Virkon S, Bromosept, and Beloran were employed for the virus inactivation test. Following the IBV challenge for contact time of 1, 5, 10, and 30 min, we counted the number of embryos that died after incubation. Results showed that suitable dilution of disinfectant for the recommended contact period could kill the virus. The maximum susceptibility was seen in the case of Virkon S which killed the virus in just 1 min. Thus, IBV could be killed using commercially available Virkon S, Beloran, and Bromosept after being used in recommended concentrations for recommended contact time.

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a common congenital anomaly in large animals, but it is rarely documented in small ruminants. This report described a case involving a three-month-old male lamb of the Iranian Shall breed that was presented to a Veterinary Hospital of University of Tehran with nasal discharge and growth retardation. Clinical examination revealed a heart rate of 120 beats per min, a respiratory rate of 50 breaths per min, pale mucous membranes and a low-grade pansystolic murmur that was auscultated bilaterally in the thoracic region. Echocardio-graphy revealed a 10.00 mm defect between the right and left ventricles, located in the supraventricular region behind the aortic valve, along with evidence of left-to-right shunting. Imaging studies including echocardiography and radiography indicated increased cardiac volume particularly in the right ventricle. These findings were corroborated by necropsy. This case study aimed to elucidate the imaging findings associated with Ventricular septal defect in an Iranian Shall lamb.

Today, a combination of immunological and bioinformatics tools has become common for vaccine design, making vaccine production affordable. Considering the importance of recombinant protein purification for vaccine production in a cost-effective way, our study aimed to in silico design a fusion protein vaccine against egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV) with a higher isoelectric point for more affordable purification. The in silico design of fusion protein, including egg white lysozyme and fiber protein as an antigen from egg drop syndrome virus, was performed. In addition to isoelectric point changing, lysozyme probably helps the antigenicity by increasing the size of the antigen. Also, lysozyme can act as a preservative. The physicochemical characteristics, stability, secondary and tertiary structure, epitope prediction, antigenicity, and mRNA structure were analyzed using computational and bioinformatics tools. The results showed that the isoelectric point of the gene construct was 8.87, which can be purified by ion exchange chromatography. Validation of the Ramachandran plot showed that the predicted model was accurate and suitable. The tertiary structure of the fusion protein was modeled as well, and its trimer structure, being required for immunogenicity, was preserved. The antigenicity of the target construct was also suitable. Protein was stable and hydrophilic based on aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity, which can be a good candidate for a vaccine. After experimental studies, this fusion protein may be used as a vaccine against EDSV.

Male and female broiler chickens differ in performance and this will cause unwanted experimental errors in research. For this reason, single-sex or mixed-sex broilers are used in most studies. This study aimed to assess the performance differences between groups of chickens with varying male/female ratios to determine how sex ratio can affect performance criteria. Birds (N = 550) were separated by sex and placed in 11 groups (pens) according to the male/female ratios, including group 1 (10 males + 0 female), group 2 (9 males + 1 female), group 3 (8 males + 2 females), group 4 (7 males + 3 females), group 5 (6 males + 4 females), group 6 (5 males + 5 females), group 7 (4 males + 6 females), group 8 (3 males + 7 females), group 9 (2 males + 8 females), group 10 (1 male + 9 females), and group 11 (0 male + 10 females). The results showed that male broiler chickens had higher feed intake and body weight gain than female broiler chickens, but the feed conversion ratio was not affected by gender. The digestibility of phosphorus, bone strength, bone density, bone calcium and phosphorus, pH, and redness and water holding capacity of meat were higher in male broilers. The dripping loss was higher in female broilers. This study showed that male and female broiler chickens differed in most of the parameters examined in the research, and the use of separate breeding affected the research results.

Canine hemoprotozoan diseases viz. ehrlichiosis and babesiosis are mostly associated with critical anemia and thrombocytopenia with pancytopenic changes, leading to multi-organ failure. For faster recovery of patients with complicated hemoprotozoan diseases, whole blood transfusion or bone marrow stimulating agents to produce more red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets might be helpful. Unfortunately, canine specific transfusion procedures are expensive and even not available in many developing countries. Development of alternate therapeutic modality by bone marrow stimulation to augment the production of RBCs and platelets and thus, to treat the critical pancytopenic patients is and an urgent necessity. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), acts as a precursor of reduced glutathione and increases the production of bone marrow B cells. It also improves viability and self-renewal capacity of stem cells and thus, boosts hematopoietic differentiation by protecting induced pluripotent stem cells. This study envisaged to develop alternate therapeutic approach to combat pancytopenia secondary to canine hemoprotozoan diseases. Bone marrow mediated aplastic pancytopenia was induced experimentally by administration of cyclophosphamide in rats. Bone marrow stimulating property of NAC was compared with desmopressin, another bone marrow stimulator, which revealed better in terms of hematobiochemical and histopathological changes. Results of rat model study were extrapolated in clinical canine hemoprotozoan cases having pancytopenia. Dogs treated with hemoprotozoan disease specific therapy along with NAC rendered favorable changes by haltering the progression of critical anemia and thrombocytopenia. Study revealed that supplementation of NAC along with canine hemoprotozoan specific therapy is beneficial to alleviate pancytopenia.