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Dr. Terry L. Maple. 特里-L-枫树博士
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21826
Jacqueline Ogden
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引用次数: 0
The effects of anthropogenic noise on frogs housed on exhibit at a public aquarium. 人为噪音对公共水族馆展出青蛙的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21827
Colette Angel, Michael Romano, Charles R Knapp

Anuran behavior and reproduction are dominated by vocalizations, rendering them vulnerable to the effects of signal masking. For anurans on display in zoos and aquaria, a major source of ambient noise is visitors, which pose a unique source of potential anthropogenic signal masking. Call characteristics (total call duration, and minimum and maximum call frequencies) of three populations of dendrobatids (Dendrobates leucomelas, Epipedobates tricolor, and Ranitomeya imitator) on public display were investigated at time periods of increasing visitor-related noise (closed, off-peak, and peak aquarium visiting hours) to determine if there were changes in call characteristics that correlated with changes in visitor noise levels. The data revealed that call length increased with more visitor noise for D. leucomelas and E. tricolor, with their longest calls during peak hours, and all three species had their shortest calls during closed hours. Both minimum and maximum call frequencies increased with more visitor noise for E. tricolor and R. imitator, with their highest frequencies during peak hours, and lowest frequencies during closed hours. This study found evidence that anurans on public display adjust their vocalizations in the presence of visitor noise. These findings support expanded monitoring of ambient noise for animals on public display to determine if noise poses significant effects that might influence well-being or reproduction.

有尾类动物的行为和繁殖主要以发声为主,因此很容易受到信号掩蔽的影响。对于在动物园和水族馆展出的无尾类动物来说,环境噪声的一个主要来源是游客,这构成了潜在人为信号掩蔽的一个独特来源。研究人员在游客相关噪声增加的时段(水族馆闭馆时段、非高峰时段和高峰时段)对公开展示的三个石斛类种群(Dendrobates leucomelas、Epipedobates tricolor和Ranitomeya imitator)的叫声特征(总叫声持续时间、最小和最大叫声频率)进行了调查,以确定叫声特征的变化是否与游客噪声水平的变化相关。数据显示,随着游客噪音的增加,D. leucomelas 和 E. tricolor 的叫声长度也会增加,高峰时段的叫声最长,而在闭馆时段,所有三个物种的叫声都最短。随着游客噪音的增加,E. tricolor和R. imitator的最低和最高叫声频率都会增加,高峰时段的频率最高,而闭馆时段的频率最低。这项研究发现,有证据表明,在公共场合展示的无尾熊类动物会在游客噪音的影响下调整它们的叫声。这些研究结果支持扩大对公开展示动物的环境噪声监测,以确定噪声是否会对动物的健康或繁殖造成重大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Agonistic interactions and social behaviors in the Saharan Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas neglecta): Using social network analysis to evaluate relationships and social structure in captive male groups. 撒哈拉多喀羚(Gazella dorcas neglecta)的雌雄互动和社会行为:利用社会网络分析评估圈养雄性群体的关系和社会结构。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21824
Blanca Cortés, Ana Fidalgo, Sergio Díaz, Teresa Abáigar

Social interactions, including agonistic behavior, are very important for the management and welfare of individuals forming groups in captivity. One of the main concerns for the stability and durability of adult male groups is a noticeable level of intraspecific aggression. This study comprises a Social Network Analysis to illustrate social structure in different groups of captive Saharan Dorcas gazelles (Gazella dorcas neglecta). Our main objectives were to examine the relationship between agonistic, affiliative, and association networks and their reciprocity, assessing also whether the agonistic networks can conform to a linear dominance hierarchy. For these purposes, we recorded the behavior of 23 adult males organized in five herds, three composed only of Saharan Dorcas gazelle males and two mixed herds in which there were also Mhorr gazelle males (Nanger dama mohor). Observations were carried out during 295 h through scan sampling. We found no correlation between the affiliative and association networks in any group, although there was a significant correlation between the agonistic and association networks in mixed-species groups which was not present in single-species groups. Overall, there was no consistent reciprocity in either affiliative nor agonistic networks and none of the agonistic networks showed a linear structure. These results indicate that affiliative behavior in Saharan Dorcas gazelles offers distinctive and valuable information about the bonds between individuals, however, their dominance structure is far more complex than previously thought. As information provided by affiliative and proximity behaviors is different in this species, we suggest considering affiliative interactions to stablish affinity between individuals. Evaluating different social behaviors and not only agonistic interactions in later studies, is also recommended to develop a more accurately daily management in zoos that guarantee group stability and individuals' welfare, which will improve the conservation of captive populations.

社会交往,包括争斗行为,对圈养中形成群体的个体的管理和福利非常重要。成年雄性群体的稳定性和持久性的主要问题之一是明显的种内攻击行为。本研究通过社会网络分析来说明圈养的撒哈拉多喀斯瞪羚(Gazella dorcas neglecta)不同群体的社会结构。我们的主要目的是研究激动型、从属型和关联型网络之间的关系及其互惠性,同时评估激动型网络是否符合线性支配等级制度。为此,我们记录了 23 只成年雄性瞪羚的行为,这些雄性瞪羚分为五个群,其中三个群仅由撒哈拉多尔卡瞪羚雄性组成,另外两个群为混合群,其中还有莫尔瞪羚雄性(Nanger dama mohor)。观察时间为 295 小时,采用扫描取样法。我们发现,在任何群体中,隶属网络和关联网络之间都不存在相关性,但在混群群体中,激动网络和关联网络之间存在显著相关性,而在单一物种群体中则不存在这种相关性。总体而言,无论是从属网络还是激动网络都不存在一致的互惠性,而且没有一个激动网络显示出线性结构。这些结果表明,撒哈拉多哥瞪羚的从属行为提供了关于个体间联系的独特而有价值的信息,然而,它们的支配结构远比以前认为的要复杂得多。由于该物种的从属行为和接近行为提供的信息不同,我们建议考虑用从属互动来建立个体间的亲和力。我们还建议在以后的研究中评估不同的社会行为,而不仅仅是激动式互动,以便在动物园中制定更准确的日常管理方法,保证群体的稳定和个体的福利,从而改善圈养种群的保护。
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引用次数: 0
Sex determination by ultrasonography prior to artificial breeding of the pufferfish Arothron manilensis (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae). 河豚人工繁殖前的超声波性别鉴定。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21822
Hiroyuki Doi, Shoki Murakami, Kazuyuki Momota, Hiroshi Obata, Harumi Sakai

Artificial breeding was induced in the pufferfish Arothron manilensis following ultrasonographic sex determination. Hormonal treatment of mature male and female specimens followed the collection (and measurement) of fully developed eggs by cannulation. Fertilized eggs (0.85 ± 0.02 mm diameter) were spherical, demersal and individually adhesive. Hatching occurred 5 days after fertilization, larvae being 2.23 ± 0.15 mm in total length and 2.08 ± 0.14 mm in notochord length. The larvae had all died within 14 days of hatching. To improve artificial breeding techniques for A. manilensis, it is necessary to determine more appropriate timing for hormone injection, as well as feeding nutrient-enhanced SS type Brachionus sp. to newly hatched larvae.

通过超声波性别鉴定诱导河豚人工繁殖。对成熟的雌雄标本进行激素处理后,通过插管收集(和测量)发育完全的卵。受精卵(直径为 0.85 ± 0.02 毫米)呈球形,底栖并单独粘附。受精后 5 天孵化,幼虫全长 2.23 ± 0.15 毫米,脊索长 2.08 ± 0.14 毫米。幼虫在孵化后 14 天内全部死亡。为了改进马尼拉金枪鱼的人工繁殖技术,有必要确定更合适的激素注射时间,以及给刚孵化的幼体喂食营养强化的 SS 型 Brachionus sp.。
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引用次数: 0
Sex identification of birds in Taipei Zoo. 台北动物园鸟类的性别鉴定。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21828
Cheng-Wei Liu, Hsuan-Yi Hou, Hsin-I Hsieh, Nian-Hong Jang-Liaw

As a conservation and breeding institution for birds, Taipei Zoo plays an important role in restoring endangered species. As approximately half of all bird species are monomorphic, precisely confirming the sex of individuals is critical for the management of ex-situ conservation breeding populations, as well as for understanding the sex ratio of those in the wild. Generally, PCR is used more reliably for sex determination versus traditional methods such as plumage, behavior or hormone levels. Nevertheless, the various primer sets and annealing temperatures vary between species, and so inaccurate sexing can occasionally happen due to inadequate PCR conditions. To reduce the probability of misidentification, and to establish a PCR condition database for sex determination across the diverse range of avian taxa, we tested multiple primer sets and annealing temperatures for amplification of the bird sex-specific gene fragments (CHD1) for each captive or rescued avian species held at Taipei Zoo since 2014. A total of 162 species across 22 orders were tested using one or two primer sets. One hundred and fifty-five species were successfully sexed by the primer set 2550F/2718R and the success rate of sex typing reached over 90% of species tested in each order. Most species have suitable PCR annealing temperatures between 45°C and 55°C, and the species in the same avian taxa showed similar results in temperature. This indicates that it is possible to select the annealing temperature of other species in the same family when the species had not been tested before. We expect this study will improve the success rate of identifying sex by using applicable PCR conditions and reduce the time for searching references every time before attempts to PCR sex birds.

作为鸟类保护和繁殖机构,台北动物园在恢复濒危物种方面发挥着重要作用。由于约有一半的鸟类物种是单形的,因此精确确认个体的性别对于管理异地保护繁殖种群以及了解野生鸟类的性别比例至关重要。一般来说,与羽色、行为或激素水平等传统方法相比,利用 PCR 进行性别鉴定更为可靠。然而,不同物种的引物组和退火温度各不相同,因此偶尔会出现因 PCR 条件不足而导致性别鉴定不准确的情况。为了降低错误鉴定的概率,并建立一个PCR条件数据库,用于对不同种类的鸟类进行性别鉴定,我们测试了多种引物组和退火温度,用于扩增台北动物园自2014年以来饲养或救助的每种鸟类的鸟类性别特异性基因片段(CHD1)。使用一组或两组引物对 22 个目共计 162 个物种进行了测试。通过引物组2550F/2718R,有155个物种成功进行了性别鉴定,各目物种的性别鉴定成功率达到90%以上。大多数物种的适宜 PCR 退火温度在 45°C 至 55°C 之间,同一鸟类类群的物种在温度方面表现出相似的结果。这表明,当同一科中的其他物种之前未进行过测试时,选择该物种的退火温度是可能的。我们希望这项研究能通过使用适用的 PCR 条件来提高鉴定性别的成功率,并减少每次尝试对鸟类进行 PCR 性别鉴定前查找参考文献的时间。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on population management in AZA. COVID-19 大流行对 AZA 种群管理的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21825
Rachel A Bladow, Kendra A Strohmayer, Hana K Johnstone, Kristine Schad Eebes, Candice L Dorsey, John E Andrews

Soon after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, almost all Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) facilities closed to the public. Resulting cost-saving and safety measures led some facilities to temporarily cease or reduce animal breeding and/or transfers. We surveyed AZA facilities and Species Survival Plan® (SSP) Coordinators for AZA's cooperative population management programs to evaluate how widespread these decisions were, if impacts varied by taxa, and how the AZA community navigated related challenges during the pandemic. We found that 60% of responding facilities did not suspend breeding and 22% did not suspend transfers. About 50% of responding zoos increased their reliance on ground transportation to move animals, while aquariums reported no change to transportation methods. SSP Coordinators reported the main reason why breeding decreased, regardless of taxa, was due to canceled or delayed transfers. The reasons transfers decreased differed by taxa, such as limited financial resources and lack of access to air transportation. The majority of respondents for both surveys stated transfers were the greatest challenge they faced. To address this, facilities utilized alternative transportation methods and worked closely with nearby zoos and aquariums for the movement of animals, while SSP Coordinators issued alternative transfer recommendations. If another pandemic or other widespread facility closure occurs, our research highlights the importance of communication, collaboration, and flexibility to fulfill breeding and transfer recommendations to maintain sustainable zoo and aquarium populations.

COVID-19 大流行后不久,几乎所有的动物园和水族馆协会(AZA)设施都对公众关闭。由于采取了节约成本和安全措施,一些设施暂时停止或减少了动物繁殖和/或转移。我们对 AZA 设施和 AZA 合作种群管理计划的物种生存计划 (SSP) 协调员进行了调查,以评估这些决定的普遍性,不同类群所受影响是否不同,以及 AZA 社区在大流行期间如何应对相关挑战。我们发现,60%做出回应的动物园没有暂停繁殖,22%没有暂停转移。约有 50%的动物园增加了对地面运输方式的依赖,而水族馆则表示没有改变运输方式。SSP 协调员报告称,无论哪个类群,繁殖量减少的主要原因都是转移被取消或延迟。转运次数减少的原因因分类群而异,如财政资源有限和缺乏航空运输。两次调查的大多数受访者都表示,转移是他们面临的最大挑战。为解决这一问题,动物园采用了其他运输方式,并与附近的动物园和水族馆密切合作,以调运动物,而 SSP 协调员则提出了其他调运建议。如果再次发生大流行病或其他大范围的设施关闭,我们的研究强调了沟通、合作和灵活性的重要性,以实现繁殖和转移建议,维持动物园和水族馆种群的可持续发展。
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引用次数: 0
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and termites (Blattodea: Termitoidae) in the diet of wild white‐bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) in forest‐savanna habitats of Cameroon 喀麦隆森林-热带草原栖息地野生白腹穿山甲(Phataginus tricuspis)食物中的蚂蚁(膜翅目:蚁科)和白蚁(蜚蠊科:白蚁属)成分
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21834
Ghislain F. Difouo, Franklin T. Simo, Sévilor Kekeunou, Oscar R. Fokou, Lyiong Giscard Ndoh, David Olson
The white‐bellied pangolin Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque 1821) is a semiarboreal species occurring in tropical sub‐Saharan Africa. It is the world's most trafficked African pangolin species based on volumes recorded in seizures. Reintroduction of confiscated live pangolins and ex‐situ rearing are being explored worldwide as a conservation action. However, the husbandry of seized animals is challenging as the diet of the white‐bellied pangolin is poorly known and little studied. We analyzed the stomach contents of dead white‐bellied pangolins from two forest‐savanna protected areas. Stomach content samples from 13 white‐bellied pangolin specimens contained ~165,000 Arthropoda, mostly Hymenoptera (60.34%) and Blattodea (39.66%). Overall, we identified 39 termite and 105 ant species consumed as prey by pangolins. Individual pangolins examined had fed on a maximum of 31 ant species and 13 termite species. The termite and ant species richness varied significantly across the pangolins' last consumed meal. We recorded 24 ant genera dominated by Crematogaster (relative importance [RI] = 17.28). Out of 18 termite genera recorded, the genus Pseudacanthotermes (RI = 17.21) was the most important prey. Ten ant species were preferentially eaten by white‐bellied pangolin, with Crematogaster acis being the most common prey species. Four species of termite were most frequently eaten with Pseudacanthotermes militaris being the most abundant. The mean abundance of ants and termites varied among pangolin individuals. The season did not influence the mean abundance of termites eaten by pangolin individuals. However, ant abundance in stomach contents was significantly higher in the dry season. An improved understanding of pangolin feeding behavior and prey selection may help inform conservation husbandry efforts. For example, nutritional analysis of the food eaten by wild pangolins can guide the development of nutritional diets for captive pangolins.
白腹穿山甲 Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque 1821) 是撒哈拉以南非洲热带地区的一种半地栖物种。根据缉获量记录,它是世界上被贩运最多的非洲穿山甲物种。作为一种保护行动,全世界都在探索重新引进没收的活体穿山甲和异地饲养穿山甲。然而,由于对白腹穿山甲的食性知之甚少,研究也不多,因此饲养缴获的动物具有挑战性。我们分析了两个森林-热带草原保护区的白腹穿山甲尸体的胃内容物。13 只白腹穿山甲标本的胃内容物样本含有约 165,000 个节肢动物,其中大部分是膜翅目(60.34%)和蜚蠊目(39.66%)。总体而言,我们确定了穿山甲捕食的 39 种白蚁和 105 种蚂蚁。受检的穿山甲个体最多捕食了31种蚂蚁和13种白蚁。在穿山甲最后一次进食的食物中,白蚁和蚂蚁物种的丰富程度差异很大。我们记录了24个蚂蚁属,其中以Crematogaster(相对重要性[RI] = 17.28)为主。在记录的 18 个白蚁属中,伪白蚁属(RI = 17.21)是最重要的猎物。白腹穿山甲最喜欢捕食的蚂蚁有 10 种,其中最常见的猎物是白蚁。有四种白蚁最常被白腹穿山甲吃掉,其中以假白蚁数量最多。蚂蚁和白蚁的平均数量因穿山甲个体而异。季节并不影响穿山甲个体所吃白蚁的平均数量。然而,旱季胃内容物中蚂蚁的数量明显较多。加深对穿山甲摄食行为和猎物选择的了解有助于为保护工作提供依据。例如,对野生穿山甲所吃食物的营养分析可以指导圈养穿山甲营养饮食的开发。
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引用次数: 0
Keeper effect: Animals are more active in the presence of their caretakers 饲养者效应:动物在看护者面前更活跃
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21833
Eridia Pacheco, Bethany L. Krebs, Jason V. Watters
Zookeepers are the primary caretakers of animals, providing daily care through frequent and close interactions. From the animal's perspective, most of these daily interactions are likely to have positive outcomes. With consistent and reliable interactions, a human–animal relationship is expected to develop. Our aim of this study was to investigate if the presence of the primary keeper in the public viewing area of zoo exhibits impacts the behavior of animals. We observed the behavior of 15 individuals of six species in the presence and absence of their primary keeper. Overall, we observed animals being more active in their keeper's presence than when the keeper was not present. When we considered if the keeper was nearby around times of offered opportunities to animals (e.g., feeding, enrichment, and training), our results showed that animals were equally as active when the keeper was present before an opportunity and when no opportunity was offered. These equal activity levels imply that the keeper is a cue for a forthcoming event to the animals, which reflects anticipatory behavior. Overall, we demonstrate that keeper presence is an environmental context in which animals behave differently than in keeper absence.
动物园管理员是动物的主要照料者,他们通过频繁而密切的互动为动物提供日常照料。从动物的角度来看,大多数日常互动都可能产生积极的结果。通过持续可靠的互动,人与动物之间的关系有望得到发展。本研究的目的是调查在动物园展品的公众观赏区,主要饲养员的存在是否会影响动物的行为。我们观察了六种动物的 15 个个体在主要饲养员在场和不在场时的行为。总体而言,我们观察到动物在饲养员在场时比饲养员不在场时更加活跃。当我们考虑到饲养员是否在给动物提供机会(如喂食、强化训练和训练)时就在附近时,我们的结果显示,当饲养员在提供机会之前和没有提供机会时,动物的活动同样活跃。这些相同的活动水平意味着饲养员对动物来说是一个即将发生事件的提示,这反映了动物的预期行为。总之,我们证明了在饲养员在场的环境中,动物的行为与饲养员不在场时不同。
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引用次数: 0
Venous blood gas and lactate values in adult giraffe trained for voluntary jugular phlebotomy 经过自愿颈静脉抽血训练的成年长颈鹿的静脉血气和乳酸值
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21831
Jordan Elias Cole, Liza Dadone, Sangeeta Rao, Priya Bapodra‐Villaverde, Amy Schilz, Matthew Johnston
Blood gas analyses have previously been performed for giraffe under anesthesia and with physical restraint in a chute; however, reference values for giraffe that are trained to participate in venipuncture without chemical or physical restraint have not previously been described. Using a point‐of‐care blood gas and lactate analyzer and 20 giraffe trained for voluntary phlebotomy, values were determined for venous blood gasses and plasma lactate concentration. Ninety‐five percent confidence in the mean values for venous pH (7.34–7.46), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2; 28.5–37.8 mmHg), partial pressure of oxygen (PO2; 56–102 mmHg), bicarbonate (HCO3; 18.9–21.0 mmol/L), base excess (BE; −6.0 to −3.6 mmol/L), total carbon dioxide (TCO2; 19.9–22.0 mmol/L), and lactate (0.32–0.56 mmol/L) were calculated. This is the first report on venous blood gas analysis values for giraffe without chemical or physical restraint. These data will provide a reference for clinical interpretation of venous blood gas and lactate values in giraffe and demonstrate some of the potential diagnostic benefits to training giraffe and other zoo species for voluntary medical procedures.
以前曾对麻醉状态下和在滑槽中受到物理约束的长颈鹿进行过血气分析;但是,以前没有描述过经过训练可以在没有化学或物理约束的情况下参与静脉穿刺的长颈鹿的参考值。通过使用护理点血气和乳酸分析仪以及 20 只经过自愿抽血训练的长颈鹿,确定了静脉血气和血浆乳酸浓度的数值。静脉血 pH 值(7.34-7.46)、二氧化碳分压(PCO2;28.5-37.8 mmHg)、氧分压(PO2;56-102 mmHg)、碳酸氢盐(HCO3-;18.9-21.0毫摩尔/升)、碱过量(BE;-6.0至-3.6毫摩尔/升)、总二氧化碳(TCO2;19.9-22.0毫摩尔/升)和乳酸(0.32-0.56毫摩尔/升)。这是首次报道长颈鹿在没有化学或物理约束的情况下的静脉血气分析值。这些数据将为长颈鹿静脉血气和乳酸值的临床解释提供参考,并证明了训练长颈鹿和其他动物园物种进行自愿医疗程序的一些潜在诊断益处。
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引用次数: 0
Behavior of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) cubs post-den emergence at the Detroit Zoo. 底特律动物园北极熊(Ursus maritimus)幼崽出窝后的行为。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21814
Kylen N Gartland, Mary Humbyrd, Tami Brightrall, Betsie Meister, Grace Fuller

In the wild, female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) with cubs may spend extended periods of time within the den following initial emergence. As a result, studying behavioral development of cubs at the denning site has been difficult and unreliable. Although care staff at zoological institutions have easier access to animals, every effort is made to minimize intrusions to maternal groups, which presents research limitations. Detroit Zoological Society staff used audio-equipped cameras installed in behind-the-scenes spaces to conduct approximately 9 weeks of monitoring on two female polar bear cubs of the same litter, one of whom (Laerke) was hand-reared while the other (Astra) was mother-reared. Monitoring spanned ages 14-24 weeks and consisted of 12, 5-min focal observations per observation day timed to evenly cover the entire 24-h day. Using generalized linear mixed models, we examined relationships between behavior and time of day, hour, and age. We also conducted descriptive analyses and used these to draw comparisons between the two cubs where appropriate. Despite different rearing environments, both cubs had highly comparable patterns of inactive, locomotory, and independent play behaviors. Astra generally decreased time spent nursing and in proximity to Suka as she aged. Data presented here represent a continuation of previous neonatal observations conducted on Astra, adding to the minimal body of knowledge currently available on first year polar bear cub development. We also report successful mitigation of stereotypic behavior in Laerke. Further studies of captive maternal groups can provide insight into this critical developmental stage, supporting both captive-based breeding efforts and in situ conservation efforts.

在野外,带着幼熊的雌性北极熊(Ursus maritimus)可能会在最初出现后的很长一段时间里待在巢穴中。因此,在穴居地研究幼熊的行为发展既困难又不可靠。虽然动物园的看护人员更容易接触到动物,但他们会尽力减少对母体群体的打扰,这就造成了研究的局限性。底特律动物学会的工作人员使用安装在幕后空间的音频摄像机,对同一窝的两只雌性北极熊幼崽进行了大约 9 周的监测,其中一只(Laerke)是人工饲养的,另一只(Astra)是由母亲饲养的。监测时间跨度为 14-24 周龄,包括每个观察日 12 次、每次 5 分钟的重点观察,每次观察的时间平均覆盖一天 24 小时。我们使用广义线性混合模型研究了行为与时间、小时和年龄之间的关系。我们还进行了描述性分析,并利用这些分析对两只幼熊进行了适当的比较。尽管饲养环境不同,但两只幼熊的不活动、运动和独立游戏行为模式非常相似。随着年龄的增长,阿斯特拉哺乳和靠近苏卡的时间普遍减少。本文提供的数据是之前对 Astra 进行的新生儿观察的延续,为目前关于第一年北极熊幼崽发育的最低限度的知识体系增添了新的内容。我们还报告了对 Laerke 刻板行为的成功缓解。对圈养母熊群体的进一步研究可为这一关键发育阶段提供深入见解,从而为圈养繁殖工作和原地保护工作提供支持。
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