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Male elephant management in AZA institutions: Current status and priorities for the future AZA 机构的公象管理:现状和未来的优先事项
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21835
Chase A. LaDue, Maura Davis, Rachel Emory, Rebecca J. Snyder
Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) populations collectively managed by ex‐situ facilities accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) face sustainability challenges. Among the priorities to strengthen animal wellbeing and population sustainability is male elephant management. We conducted a survey of AZA facilities currently housing male elephants to assess the status, challenges, and priorities in three areas of male elephant management: musth, socialization, and semen collection. Surveys were administered to elephant care teams at AZA‐accredited institutions between November 2022 and February 2023, and we received responses from 34 institutions (91.9% of AZA‐accredited facilities holding adult male elephants), housing 32 adult male Asians and 26 adult male Africans. Most facilities prioritized breeding and male socialization over musth management and semen collection (although most facilities acknowledged that all these efforts are important), citing leadership support and staffing as most important to achieve male management goals. Behaviors most commonly accompanying musth included reduced appetite, difficulty training or shifting, human‐directed aggression, and interest in females. Musth timing was variable between males and facilities. Most males were well‐socialized with females and/or other males, though elephant compatibility and facility design were limiting factors in managing socialization. Although 60.6% of facilities collected semen or were training for semen collection, very few male elephants could reliably provide viable semen samples, challenging assisted reproductive efforts that could bolster population sustainability in both species. Together, our results provide a better understanding of the state of male elephant management, offering specific areas deserving of research and development to enhance wellbeing and sustainability.
亚洲象(Elephas maximus)和非洲草原象(Loxodonta africana)种群由动物园和水族馆协会(AZA)认可的异地设施集体管理,面临着可持续发展的挑战。加强动物福利和种群可持续性的优先事项之一是雄象管理。我们对目前饲养公象的 AZA 设施进行了一项调查,以评估公象管理的三个方面的现状、挑战和优先事项:野化、社会化和精液采集。我们在2022年11月至2023年2月期间对AZA认证机构的大象护理团队进行了调查,收到了34家机构(占AZA认证机构中饲养成年雄象的91.9%)的回复,这些机构饲养了32头成年亚洲雄象和26头成年非洲雄象。大多数机构将繁殖和雄象社会化放在首位,而不是胡须管理和精液采集(尽管大多数机构承认所有这些工作都很重要),并认为领导支持和人员配备对于实现雄象管理目标最为重要。最常见的伴随发情的行为包括食欲下降、训练或转移困难、人类引导的攻击行为以及对雌性感兴趣。不同雄性和不同设施的雄性犬的发情时间各不相同。虽然大象兼容性和设施设计是管理社会化的限制因素,但大多数雄性大象都能很好地与雌性大象和/或其他雄性大象进行社会化。虽然有 60.6% 的设施收集了精液或正在进行精液收集培训,但只有极少数雄象能可靠地提供有活力的精液样本,这对辅助繁殖工作提出了挑战,而辅助繁殖工作可以促进这两个物种的种群可持续性。总之,我们的研究结果让我们更好地了解了公象管理的现状,并提供了值得研究和开发的具体领域,以提高公象的福利和可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
An insight into vitamin E and lipid nutrition of the plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus. 洞察平原漫步者 Pedionomus torquatus 的维生素 E 和脂质营养。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21815
Angela K Jarman, Michelle E Shaw, Sonia Y Liu, Catherine E Grueber

Vitamin E, as α-tocopherol, is an essential antioxidant protecting the body from free radicals. The vitamin E requirement of managed wildlife species is known to be greater than their wild counterparts, predominantly due to higher dietary lipid content and potentially stressful environments. The plains-wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus, Family Pedionomidae [monotypical]) is a critically endangered, superficially quail-like bird that is the focus of an ongoing captive breeding programme in Australia. It is estimated that plains-wanderers have a high vitamin E requirement (compared with domestic poultry species) to offset a high lipid diet and their naturally flighty temperament. This study therefore aims to gain a greater understanding of the nutritional status and vitamin E requirements of plains-wanderers in managed environments. Total lipid and α-tocopherol intake were quantified for 26 zoo-managed plains-wanderers over a series of diet intake trials in addition to measurement of plasma α-tocopherol and cholesterol concentrations. Plains-wanderers that consumed higher portions of dietary fat had significantly lower circulating α-tocopherol concentrations than birds that consumed lower total dietary fat (p < .001). Additionally, plasma cholesterol concentrations of managed plains-wanderers were found to be significantly greater than all other bird species reviewed, irrespective of Family or feeding type. We also present the first published data quantifying the nutritional makeup of stomach contents of a wild plains-wanderer for use as a potential guide for diet formulation. This study forms a vital foundational insight into the nutritional management of plains-wanderers, but further research is required to understand their dietary habits and cholesterol metabolism.

维生素 E(α-生育酚)是一种重要的抗氧化剂,可保护人体免受自由基的伤害。众所周知,人工饲养的野生动物对维生素 E 的需求量要高于野生动物,这主要是由于它们的食物中脂质含量较高,而且可能处于紧张的环境中。平原漫步者(Pedionomus torquatus,Pedionomidae科[单型])是一种极度濒危、表面上像鹌鹑的鸟类,是澳大利亚正在进行的人工繁殖计划的重点。据估计,平原漫步者对维生素 E 的需求量很高(与家禽物种相比),以抵消高脂饮食和它们天生爱飞的性格。因此,本研究旨在进一步了解平原漫步者在管理环境中的营养状况和维生素 E 需求。除了测量血浆中α-生育酚和胆固醇的浓度外,还对26只动物园管理的平原漫步者在一系列饮食摄入试验中的总脂质和α-生育酚摄入量进行了量化。与摄入较少膳食脂肪的鸟类相比,摄入较多膳食脂肪的平原漫步者的循环α-生育酚浓度明显较低(p
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引用次数: 0
Infant survival is significantly impacted by dam- and management-related factors in zoo-managed Eulemur populations. 在动物园管理的骡马种群中,与水坝和管理相关的因素会严重影响婴儿的存活率。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21823
Christopher Robinson, Monica M McDonald, Jodi Stirk, Peggy Hoppe, Gina M Ferrie

Due to their potential impact on population growth, many studies have investigated factors affecting infant survival in mammal populations under human care. Here we used more than 30 years of Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) studbook data and contraception data from the AZA Reproductive Management Center, along with logistic regression models, to investigate which factors affect infant survival in four Eulemur species managed as Species Survival Plans® in AZA. Across species, infant survival to 1 month ranged from 65% to 78%. Previous experience producing surviving offspring was positively correlated to infant survival in collared (Eulemur collaris), crowned (Eulemur coronatus), and mongoose (Eulemur mongoz) lemurs. Both dam age and previous use of contraception were negatively correlated to infant survival for collared lemurs, though our results suggest the latter may be confounded with other factors. Blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons) were affected by birth location, suggesting differences in husbandry that may affect infant survival. These results can be used to assist in reproductive planning or to anticipate the likelihood of breeding success. Population managers may also be able to focus their reproductive planning on younger dams or those with previous experience to predict successful births. Future studies should seek to determine what aspects of previous dam success are most important to infant survival, investigate sire-related factors, and examine factors related to cause of death in infants that may lead to differential survival. Our hope is to present a framework that may be useful for investigating infant survival in other mammal species' breeding programs.

由于对种群增长的潜在影响,许多研究都对影响人类照料下的哺乳动物种群的婴儿存活率的因素进行了调查。在这里,我们利用动物园和水族馆协会(AZA)30多年来的种群手册数据和AZA繁殖管理中心的避孕数据,以及逻辑回归模型,研究了哪些因素会影响AZA作为物种生存计划®管理的四个骡马物种的婴儿存活率。在所有物种中,婴儿1个月的存活率从65%到78%不等。在领猴(Eulemur collaris)、冠猴(Eulemur coronatus)和疣狐猴(Eulemur mongoz)中,以前生产存活后代的经验与婴儿存活率呈正相关。对于领狐猴来说,母猴年龄和以前是否避孕与婴儿存活率呈负相关,但我们的研究结果表明,后者可能与其他因素有关。蓝眼狐猴(Eulemur flavifrons)受到出生地的影响,这表明饲养方式的不同可能会影响婴儿的存活率。这些结果可用于帮助制定繁殖计划或预测繁殖成功的可能性。种群管理者也可以将繁殖计划的重点放在较年轻的母体或有过成功生育经验的母体上。未来的研究应设法确定以前的母系成功经验对婴儿存活率最重要的方面,调查与母系相关的因素,并研究可能导致不同存活率的婴儿死因相关因素。我们希望提出一个框架,该框架可能有助于调查其他哺乳动物物种繁殖计划中的婴儿存活率。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of anthropogenic noise on frogs housed on exhibit at a public aquarium. 人为噪音对公共水族馆展出青蛙的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21827
Colette Angel, Michael Romano, Charles R Knapp

Anuran behavior and reproduction are dominated by vocalizations, rendering them vulnerable to the effects of signal masking. For anurans on display in zoos and aquaria, a major source of ambient noise is visitors, which pose a unique source of potential anthropogenic signal masking. Call characteristics (total call duration, and minimum and maximum call frequencies) of three populations of dendrobatids (Dendrobates leucomelas, Epipedobates tricolor, and Ranitomeya imitator) on public display were investigated at time periods of increasing visitor-related noise (closed, off-peak, and peak aquarium visiting hours) to determine if there were changes in call characteristics that correlated with changes in visitor noise levels. The data revealed that call length increased with more visitor noise for D. leucomelas and E. tricolor, with their longest calls during peak hours, and all three species had their shortest calls during closed hours. Both minimum and maximum call frequencies increased with more visitor noise for E. tricolor and R. imitator, with their highest frequencies during peak hours, and lowest frequencies during closed hours. This study found evidence that anurans on public display adjust their vocalizations in the presence of visitor noise. These findings support expanded monitoring of ambient noise for animals on public display to determine if noise poses significant effects that might influence well-being or reproduction.

有尾类动物的行为和繁殖主要以发声为主,因此很容易受到信号掩蔽的影响。对于在动物园和水族馆展出的无尾类动物来说,环境噪声的一个主要来源是游客,这构成了潜在人为信号掩蔽的一个独特来源。研究人员在游客相关噪声增加的时段(水族馆闭馆时段、非高峰时段和高峰时段)对公开展示的三个石斛类种群(Dendrobates leucomelas、Epipedobates tricolor和Ranitomeya imitator)的叫声特征(总叫声持续时间、最小和最大叫声频率)进行了调查,以确定叫声特征的变化是否与游客噪声水平的变化相关。数据显示,随着游客噪音的增加,D. leucomelas 和 E. tricolor 的叫声长度也会增加,高峰时段的叫声最长,而在闭馆时段,所有三个物种的叫声都最短。随着游客噪音的增加,E. tricolor和R. imitator的最低和最高叫声频率都会增加,高峰时段的频率最高,而闭馆时段的频率最低。这项研究发现,有证据表明,在公共场合展示的无尾熊类动物会在游客噪音的影响下调整它们的叫声。这些研究结果支持扩大对公开展示动物的环境噪声监测,以确定噪声是否会对动物的健康或繁殖造成重大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Dr. Terry L. Maple. 特里-L-枫树博士
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21826
Jacqueline Ogden
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引用次数: 0
Agonistic interactions and social behaviors in the Saharan Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas neglecta): Using social network analysis to evaluate relationships and social structure in captive male groups. 撒哈拉多喀羚(Gazella dorcas neglecta)的雌雄互动和社会行为:利用社会网络分析评估圈养雄性群体的关系和社会结构。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21824
Blanca Cortés, Ana Fidalgo, Sergio Díaz, Teresa Abáigar

Social interactions, including agonistic behavior, are very important for the management and welfare of individuals forming groups in captivity. One of the main concerns for the stability and durability of adult male groups is a noticeable level of intraspecific aggression. This study comprises a Social Network Analysis to illustrate social structure in different groups of captive Saharan Dorcas gazelles (Gazella dorcas neglecta). Our main objectives were to examine the relationship between agonistic, affiliative, and association networks and their reciprocity, assessing also whether the agonistic networks can conform to a linear dominance hierarchy. For these purposes, we recorded the behavior of 23 adult males organized in five herds, three composed only of Saharan Dorcas gazelle males and two mixed herds in which there were also Mhorr gazelle males (Nanger dama mohor). Observations were carried out during 295 h through scan sampling. We found no correlation between the affiliative and association networks in any group, although there was a significant correlation between the agonistic and association networks in mixed-species groups which was not present in single-species groups. Overall, there was no consistent reciprocity in either affiliative nor agonistic networks and none of the agonistic networks showed a linear structure. These results indicate that affiliative behavior in Saharan Dorcas gazelles offers distinctive and valuable information about the bonds between individuals, however, their dominance structure is far more complex than previously thought. As information provided by affiliative and proximity behaviors is different in this species, we suggest considering affiliative interactions to stablish affinity between individuals. Evaluating different social behaviors and not only agonistic interactions in later studies, is also recommended to develop a more accurately daily management in zoos that guarantee group stability and individuals' welfare, which will improve the conservation of captive populations.

社会交往,包括争斗行为,对圈养中形成群体的个体的管理和福利非常重要。成年雄性群体的稳定性和持久性的主要问题之一是明显的种内攻击行为。本研究通过社会网络分析来说明圈养的撒哈拉多喀斯瞪羚(Gazella dorcas neglecta)不同群体的社会结构。我们的主要目的是研究激动型、从属型和关联型网络之间的关系及其互惠性,同时评估激动型网络是否符合线性支配等级制度。为此,我们记录了 23 只成年雄性瞪羚的行为,这些雄性瞪羚分为五个群,其中三个群仅由撒哈拉多尔卡瞪羚雄性组成,另外两个群为混合群,其中还有莫尔瞪羚雄性(Nanger dama mohor)。观察时间为 295 小时,采用扫描取样法。我们发现,在任何群体中,隶属网络和关联网络之间都不存在相关性,但在混群群体中,激动网络和关联网络之间存在显著相关性,而在单一物种群体中则不存在这种相关性。总体而言,无论是从属网络还是激动网络都不存在一致的互惠性,而且没有一个激动网络显示出线性结构。这些结果表明,撒哈拉多哥瞪羚的从属行为提供了关于个体间联系的独特而有价值的信息,然而,它们的支配结构远比以前认为的要复杂得多。由于该物种的从属行为和接近行为提供的信息不同,我们建议考虑用从属互动来建立个体间的亲和力。我们还建议在以后的研究中评估不同的社会行为,而不仅仅是激动式互动,以便在动物园中制定更准确的日常管理方法,保证群体的稳定和个体的福利,从而改善圈养种群的保护。
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引用次数: 0
Sex determination by ultrasonography prior to artificial breeding of the pufferfish Arothron manilensis (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae). 河豚人工繁殖前的超声波性别鉴定。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21822
Hiroyuki Doi, Shoki Murakami, Kazuyuki Momota, Hiroshi Obata, Harumi Sakai

Artificial breeding was induced in the pufferfish Arothron manilensis following ultrasonographic sex determination. Hormonal treatment of mature male and female specimens followed the collection (and measurement) of fully developed eggs by cannulation. Fertilized eggs (0.85 ± 0.02 mm diameter) were spherical, demersal and individually adhesive. Hatching occurred 5 days after fertilization, larvae being 2.23 ± 0.15 mm in total length and 2.08 ± 0.14 mm in notochord length. The larvae had all died within 14 days of hatching. To improve artificial breeding techniques for A. manilensis, it is necessary to determine more appropriate timing for hormone injection, as well as feeding nutrient-enhanced SS type Brachionus sp. to newly hatched larvae.

通过超声波性别鉴定诱导河豚人工繁殖。对成熟的雌雄标本进行激素处理后,通过插管收集(和测量)发育完全的卵。受精卵(直径为 0.85 ± 0.02 毫米)呈球形,底栖并单独粘附。受精后 5 天孵化,幼虫全长 2.23 ± 0.15 毫米,脊索长 2.08 ± 0.14 毫米。幼虫在孵化后 14 天内全部死亡。为了改进马尼拉金枪鱼的人工繁殖技术,有必要确定更合适的激素注射时间,以及给刚孵化的幼体喂食营养强化的 SS 型 Brachionus sp.。
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引用次数: 0
Sex identification of birds in Taipei Zoo. 台北动物园鸟类的性别鉴定。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21828
Cheng-Wei Liu, Hsuan-Yi Hou, Hsin-I Hsieh, Nian-Hong Jang-Liaw

As a conservation and breeding institution for birds, Taipei Zoo plays an important role in restoring endangered species. As approximately half of all bird species are monomorphic, precisely confirming the sex of individuals is critical for the management of ex-situ conservation breeding populations, as well as for understanding the sex ratio of those in the wild. Generally, PCR is used more reliably for sex determination versus traditional methods such as plumage, behavior or hormone levels. Nevertheless, the various primer sets and annealing temperatures vary between species, and so inaccurate sexing can occasionally happen due to inadequate PCR conditions. To reduce the probability of misidentification, and to establish a PCR condition database for sex determination across the diverse range of avian taxa, we tested multiple primer sets and annealing temperatures for amplification of the bird sex-specific gene fragments (CHD1) for each captive or rescued avian species held at Taipei Zoo since 2014. A total of 162 species across 22 orders were tested using one or two primer sets. One hundred and fifty-five species were successfully sexed by the primer set 2550F/2718R and the success rate of sex typing reached over 90% of species tested in each order. Most species have suitable PCR annealing temperatures between 45°C and 55°C, and the species in the same avian taxa showed similar results in temperature. This indicates that it is possible to select the annealing temperature of other species in the same family when the species had not been tested before. We expect this study will improve the success rate of identifying sex by using applicable PCR conditions and reduce the time for searching references every time before attempts to PCR sex birds.

作为鸟类保护和繁殖机构,台北动物园在恢复濒危物种方面发挥着重要作用。由于约有一半的鸟类物种是单形的,因此精确确认个体的性别对于管理异地保护繁殖种群以及了解野生鸟类的性别比例至关重要。一般来说,与羽色、行为或激素水平等传统方法相比,利用 PCR 进行性别鉴定更为可靠。然而,不同物种的引物组和退火温度各不相同,因此偶尔会出现因 PCR 条件不足而导致性别鉴定不准确的情况。为了降低错误鉴定的概率,并建立一个PCR条件数据库,用于对不同种类的鸟类进行性别鉴定,我们测试了多种引物组和退火温度,用于扩增台北动物园自2014年以来饲养或救助的每种鸟类的鸟类性别特异性基因片段(CHD1)。使用一组或两组引物对 22 个目共计 162 个物种进行了测试。通过引物组2550F/2718R,有155个物种成功进行了性别鉴定,各目物种的性别鉴定成功率达到90%以上。大多数物种的适宜 PCR 退火温度在 45°C 至 55°C 之间,同一鸟类类群的物种在温度方面表现出相似的结果。这表明,当同一科中的其他物种之前未进行过测试时,选择该物种的退火温度是可能的。我们希望这项研究能通过使用适用的 PCR 条件来提高鉴定性别的成功率,并减少每次尝试对鸟类进行 PCR 性别鉴定前查找参考文献的时间。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on population management in AZA. COVID-19 大流行对 AZA 种群管理的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21825
Rachel A Bladow, Kendra A Strohmayer, Hana K Johnstone, Kristine Schad Eebes, Candice L Dorsey, John E Andrews

Soon after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, almost all Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) facilities closed to the public. Resulting cost-saving and safety measures led some facilities to temporarily cease or reduce animal breeding and/or transfers. We surveyed AZA facilities and Species Survival Plan® (SSP) Coordinators for AZA's cooperative population management programs to evaluate how widespread these decisions were, if impacts varied by taxa, and how the AZA community navigated related challenges during the pandemic. We found that 60% of responding facilities did not suspend breeding and 22% did not suspend transfers. About 50% of responding zoos increased their reliance on ground transportation to move animals, while aquariums reported no change to transportation methods. SSP Coordinators reported the main reason why breeding decreased, regardless of taxa, was due to canceled or delayed transfers. The reasons transfers decreased differed by taxa, such as limited financial resources and lack of access to air transportation. The majority of respondents for both surveys stated transfers were the greatest challenge they faced. To address this, facilities utilized alternative transportation methods and worked closely with nearby zoos and aquariums for the movement of animals, while SSP Coordinators issued alternative transfer recommendations. If another pandemic or other widespread facility closure occurs, our research highlights the importance of communication, collaboration, and flexibility to fulfill breeding and transfer recommendations to maintain sustainable zoo and aquarium populations.

COVID-19 大流行后不久,几乎所有的动物园和水族馆协会(AZA)设施都对公众关闭。由于采取了节约成本和安全措施,一些设施暂时停止或减少了动物繁殖和/或转移。我们对 AZA 设施和 AZA 合作种群管理计划的物种生存计划 (SSP) 协调员进行了调查,以评估这些决定的普遍性,不同类群所受影响是否不同,以及 AZA 社区在大流行期间如何应对相关挑战。我们发现,60%做出回应的动物园没有暂停繁殖,22%没有暂停转移。约有 50%的动物园增加了对地面运输方式的依赖,而水族馆则表示没有改变运输方式。SSP 协调员报告称,无论哪个类群,繁殖量减少的主要原因都是转移被取消或延迟。转运次数减少的原因因分类群而异,如财政资源有限和缺乏航空运输。两次调查的大多数受访者都表示,转移是他们面临的最大挑战。为解决这一问题,动物园采用了其他运输方式,并与附近的动物园和水族馆密切合作,以调运动物,而 SSP 协调员则提出了其他调运建议。如果再次发生大流行病或其他大范围的设施关闭,我们的研究强调了沟通、合作和灵活性的重要性,以实现繁殖和转移建议,维持动物园和水族馆种群的可持续发展。
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引用次数: 0
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and termites (Blattodea: Termitoidae) in the diet of wild white‐bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) in forest‐savanna habitats of Cameroon 喀麦隆森林-热带草原栖息地野生白腹穿山甲(Phataginus tricuspis)食物中的蚂蚁(膜翅目:蚁科)和白蚁(蜚蠊科:白蚁属)成分
IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21834
Ghislain F. Difouo, Franklin T. Simo, Sévilor Kekeunou, Oscar R. Fokou, Lyiong Giscard Ndoh, David Olson
The white‐bellied pangolin Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque 1821) is a semiarboreal species occurring in tropical sub‐Saharan Africa. It is the world's most trafficked African pangolin species based on volumes recorded in seizures. Reintroduction of confiscated live pangolins and ex‐situ rearing are being explored worldwide as a conservation action. However, the husbandry of seized animals is challenging as the diet of the white‐bellied pangolin is poorly known and little studied. We analyzed the stomach contents of dead white‐bellied pangolins from two forest‐savanna protected areas. Stomach content samples from 13 white‐bellied pangolin specimens contained ~165,000 Arthropoda, mostly Hymenoptera (60.34%) and Blattodea (39.66%). Overall, we identified 39 termite and 105 ant species consumed as prey by pangolins. Individual pangolins examined had fed on a maximum of 31 ant species and 13 termite species. The termite and ant species richness varied significantly across the pangolins' last consumed meal. We recorded 24 ant genera dominated by Crematogaster (relative importance [RI] = 17.28). Out of 18 termite genera recorded, the genus Pseudacanthotermes (RI = 17.21) was the most important prey. Ten ant species were preferentially eaten by white‐bellied pangolin, with Crematogaster acis being the most common prey species. Four species of termite were most frequently eaten with Pseudacanthotermes militaris being the most abundant. The mean abundance of ants and termites varied among pangolin individuals. The season did not influence the mean abundance of termites eaten by pangolin individuals. However, ant abundance in stomach contents was significantly higher in the dry season. An improved understanding of pangolin feeding behavior and prey selection may help inform conservation husbandry efforts. For example, nutritional analysis of the food eaten by wild pangolins can guide the development of nutritional diets for captive pangolins.
白腹穿山甲 Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque 1821) 是撒哈拉以南非洲热带地区的一种半地栖物种。根据缉获量记录,它是世界上被贩运最多的非洲穿山甲物种。作为一种保护行动,全世界都在探索重新引进没收的活体穿山甲和异地饲养穿山甲。然而,由于对白腹穿山甲的食性知之甚少,研究也不多,因此饲养缴获的动物具有挑战性。我们分析了两个森林-热带草原保护区的白腹穿山甲尸体的胃内容物。13 只白腹穿山甲标本的胃内容物样本含有约 165,000 个节肢动物,其中大部分是膜翅目(60.34%)和蜚蠊目(39.66%)。总体而言,我们确定了穿山甲捕食的 39 种白蚁和 105 种蚂蚁。受检的穿山甲个体最多捕食了31种蚂蚁和13种白蚁。在穿山甲最后一次进食的食物中,白蚁和蚂蚁物种的丰富程度差异很大。我们记录了24个蚂蚁属,其中以Crematogaster(相对重要性[RI] = 17.28)为主。在记录的 18 个白蚁属中,伪白蚁属(RI = 17.21)是最重要的猎物。白腹穿山甲最喜欢捕食的蚂蚁有 10 种,其中最常见的猎物是白蚁。有四种白蚁最常被白腹穿山甲吃掉,其中以假白蚁数量最多。蚂蚁和白蚁的平均数量因穿山甲个体而异。季节并不影响穿山甲个体所吃白蚁的平均数量。然而,旱季胃内容物中蚂蚁的数量明显较多。加深对穿山甲摄食行为和猎物选择的了解有助于为保护工作提供依据。例如,对野生穿山甲所吃食物的营养分析可以指导圈养穿山甲营养饮食的开发。
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