Applied Clay Science最新文献_第10页

Large-area hybrid silver/nickel-iron layer double hydroxide on metallic tube array for highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) application 金属管阵列上大面积混合银/镍铁层双氢氧化物用于高灵敏度表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.107986

Balasubramanian Sriram , Alfreda Krisna Altama , Elaiyappillai Elanthamilan , Yi-Le Liao , Sea-Fue Wang , Jinn P. Chu

This paper presented a novel method for the preparation of hybrid metallic tube arrays (MeTA) with Ag coated nickel‑iron layered double hydroxide (LDH) as highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for the detection of toxic dyes. Nickel‑iron LDH was used as a two-dimensional material with a brucite-like structure featured a large surface area and excellent adsorption capacity. This study leveraged the sharp edges of the array structures in conjunction with the plasmonic properties of silver (a noble metal) to amplify local electromagnetic fields to create plasmonic hot spots. A hybrid heterojunction composed of Ag and LDH on MeTA enhanced the capacity of the substrate to absorb target analytes such as rhodamine 6G (R6G) and malachite green (MG). The substrate demonstrated enhanced SERS performance, as indicated by high enhancement factors in the detection of R6G (2.6 × 10⁸) and MG (1.8 × 10⁶). The arrays exhibited a broad linear dynamic range (R6G: 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻¹⁴ mol L⁻¹; MG: 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻¹⁰ mol L⁻¹), exceeded the ranges reported in previous studies. The structure of the array also revealed good reproducibility and variability. In addition, the limit of detection for R6G was determined to be 6.0 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹ based on band height calibration and 2.57 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹ based on band height ratio calibration, respectively. These results underscored the importance of adsorption capacity in developing advanced SERS substrates.

本文提出了一种以镀银镍铁层状双氢氧化物（LDH）作为高灵敏度表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）底物制备杂化金属管阵列（MeTA）的新方法，用于检测有毒染料。镍铁LDH作为一种二维材料，具有类似水镁石的结构，具有较大的表面积和优异的吸附能力。这项研究利用阵列结构的尖锐边缘和银（一种贵金属）的等离子体特性来放大局部电磁场，从而产生等离子体热点。在MeTA上由Ag和LDH组成的杂化异质结增强了底物吸收目标分析物如罗丹明6G （R6G）和孔雀石绿（MG）的能力。通过检测R6G （2.6 × 108）和MG （1.8 × 106）的高增强因子，表明该底物具有增强的SERS性能。该阵列具有较宽的线性动态范围（R6G: 10−4 ~ 10−14 mol L−1;MG: 10−4 ~ 10−10 mol L−1），超出了以往研究的范围。该阵列的结构也显示出良好的再现性和可变性。此外，基于带高校正R6G的检出限为6.0 × 10−9 mol L−1，基于带高比校正R6G的检出限为2.57 × 10−9 mol L−1。这些结果强调了吸附能力在开发先进SERS底物中的重要性。

{"title":"Large-area hybrid silver/nickel-iron layer double hydroxide on metallic tube array for highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) application","authors":"Balasubramanian Sriram , Alfreda Krisna Altama , Elaiyappillai Elanthamilan , Yi-Le Liao , Sea-Fue Wang , Jinn P. Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presented a novel method for the preparation of hybrid metallic tube arrays (MeTA) with Ag coated nickel‑iron layered double hydroxide (LDH) as highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for the detection of toxic dyes. Nickel‑iron LDH was used as a two-dimensional material with a brucite-like structure featured a large surface area and excellent adsorption capacity. This study leveraged the sharp edges of the array structures in conjunction with the plasmonic properties of silver (a noble metal) to amplify local electromagnetic fields to create plasmonic hot spots. A hybrid heterojunction composed of Ag and LDH on MeTA enhanced the capacity of the substrate to absorb target analytes such as rhodamine 6G (R6G) and malachite green (MG). The substrate demonstrated enhanced SERS performance, as indicated by high enhancement factors in the detection of R6G (2.6 × 10<sup>8</sup>) and MG (1.8 × 10<sup>6</sup>). The arrays exhibited a broad linear dynamic range (R6G: 10<sup>−4</sup> to 10<sup>−14</sup> mol L<sup>−1</sup>; MG: 10<sup>−4</sup> to 10<sup>−10</sup> mol L<sup>−1</sup>), exceeded the ranges reported in previous studies. The structure of the array also revealed good reproducibility and variability. In addition, the limit of detection for R6G was determined to be 6.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> mol L<sup>−1</sup> based on band height calibration and 2.57 × 10<sup>−9</sup> mol L<sup>−1</sup> based on band height ratio calibration, respectively. These results underscored the importance of adsorption capacity in developing advanced SERS substrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 107986"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Author's response to “Discussion on ‘Design of acid-geopolymers based on clays by-products for methylene blue removal from wastewater’ [Applied Clay Science 245 (2023) 107126]” and corrigendum to our recent paper [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.107126] 作者对“基于粘土副产物的酸性地聚合物设计用于去除废水中亚甲基蓝的讨论”的回应[应用粘土科学245(2023)107126]和我们最近论文的更正[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.107126]]

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.107984

Salma En-naji , Sara Ghazi , Hanaa Mabroum , Safaa Mabroum , Khalid Khatib , Yassine Taha , Inés García Lodeiro , Rachid Hakkou

引用次数: 0

Insight into the spiral growth of disordered kaolinite nanocrystals 无序高岭石纳米晶体螺旋生长的深入研究

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.107981

Yongjie Yang , Long Chen , Jiale Pu , Qiang Luo , Maguy Jaber , Christelle Souprayen , Ning Wang , Qinfu Liu

Structural disorder in kaolinite critically shapes its reactivity and performance across environmental and industrial contexts. Insights into spiral growth offer a mechanistic framework to decode the structural disorder of kaolinite and advance our understanding of its formation and properties. We identified a distinct expansion of the (001) interlayer spacing, from ∼7.16 Å in well-ordered kaolinite to ∼7.21 Å in disordered samples, along with selective enhancement of the (020) reflection in disordered nanocrystals. This structural disorder is closely linked to Al(4)-for-Si(4) substitution, with a high Al(4)/Al total ratio (∼2.83 %). The ionic radius ratio of

R_{{Al}^{III} (4)}

_:

R_{O^{2 -}}

=0.438 substantially exceeds that of ideal tetrahedral packing, compared to

R_{{Si}^{IV} (4)}

_:

R_{O^{2 -}}

=0.331, generating internal stress that exceeds the structural tolerance of triclinic kaolinite. When this stress exceeds a critical threshold, it likely promotes the formation of screw dislocations, which initiate spiral growth and generating stacking faults and in-plane lattice rotations (∼5°), as evidenced by Moiré fringe patterns and SAED. Spiral growth thus acts as a stress-adaptive mechanism, enabling the crystal to accommodate structural instability while maintaining long-range order and anisotropic deformation. These findings recast disorder as a stress-regulated growth strategy and offer a mechanistic blueprint for tuning structure in low-dimensional layered materials.

高岭石的结构紊乱严重影响其在环境和工业背景下的反应性和性能。对螺旋生长的深入了解提供了一个机制框架来解读高岭石的结构紊乱，并促进我们对其形成和性质的理解。我们发现（001）层间距明显扩大，从有序高岭石中的~ 7.16 Å到无序样品中的~ 7.21 Å，同时无序纳米晶体中的（020）反射选择性增强。这种结构紊乱与Al(4)-for-Si(4)取代密切相关，具有高Al(4)/Al总比（~ 2.83%）。与RSiIV4:RO2−=0.331相比，RAlIII4:RO2−=0.438的离子半径比大大超过了理想四面体填料，产生的内应力超出了三斜高岭石的结构承受能力。当该应力超过临界阈值时，它可能促进螺旋位错的形成，螺旋位错启动螺旋生长并产生层错和面内晶格旋转（~ 5°），正如莫尔条纹图和SAED所证明的那样。因此，螺旋生长作为一种应力适应机制，使晶体能够适应结构不稳定性，同时保持长程有序和各向异性变形。这些发现将无序重新定义为应力调节的生长策略，并为低维层状材料的结构调整提供了机制蓝图。

{"title":"Insight into the spiral growth of disordered kaolinite nanocrystals","authors":"Yongjie Yang , Long Chen , Jiale Pu , Qiang Luo , Maguy Jaber , Christelle Souprayen , Ning Wang , Qinfu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural disorder in kaolinite critically shapes its reactivity and performance across environmental and industrial contexts. Insights into spiral growth offer a mechanistic framework to decode the structural disorder of kaolinite and advance our understanding of its formation and properties. We identified a distinct expansion of the (001) interlayer spacing, from ∼7.16 Å in well-ordered kaolinite to ∼7.21 Å in disordered samples, along with selective enhancement of the (020) reflection in disordered nanocrystals. This structural disorder is closely linked to Al(4)-for-Si(4) substitution, with a high Al(4)/Al total ratio (∼2.83 %). The ionic radius ratio of <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><msup><mi>Al</mi><mi>III</mi></msup><mfenced><mn>4</mn></mfenced></mrow></msub></math></span><sub>:</sub><span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><msup><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></msub></math></span>=0.438 substantially exceeds that of ideal tetrahedral packing, compared to <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><msup><mi>Si</mi><mi>IV</mi></msup><mfenced><mn>4</mn></mfenced></mrow></msub></math></span><sub>:</sub><span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><msup><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></msub></math></span>=0.331, generating internal stress that exceeds the structural tolerance of triclinic kaolinite. When this stress exceeds a critical threshold, it likely promotes the formation of screw dislocations, which initiate spiral growth and generating stacking faults and in-plane lattice rotations (∼5°), as evidenced by Moiré fringe patterns and SAED. Spiral growth thus acts as a stress-adaptive mechanism, enabling the crystal to accommodate structural instability while maintaining long-range order and anisotropic deformation. These findings recast disorder as a stress-regulated growth strategy and offer a mechanistic blueprint for tuning structure in low-dimensional layered materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 107981"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanochemical effect assisted oxidative whitening of black talc 机械化学效应辅助黑滑石氧化增白

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.107961

Huan Shuai , Xianrong Yang , Xi Xu , Gaoxiang Du , Jiao Wang

Black talc, a carbon-intercalated phyllosilicate mineral, is significantly limited in industrial applications due to its intrinsic low whiteness. Conventional whitening methods relying on high-temperature calcination inevitably compromise its layered crystalline structure through thermal decomposition. This study presents a mechanochemically assisted oxidative strategy that achieves effective whitening while preserving structural integrity. By combining mechanical exfoliation with oxidative activation, the interlayer graphite carbon domains in black talc were selectively oxidized, thus significantly increasing the whiteness. Compared with mechanical treatment alone (whiteness 25.7) or chemical treatment alone (whiteness 52.4), the synergistic coupling of mechanical activation and oxidant (whiteness 75.7) increased the whitening efficiency by 626 % and 299 %, respectively. Systematic characterization via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed a synergistic mechanism: (i) mechanical delamination exposing encapsulated carbon layers and (ii) surface activation promoting oxidative radical generation for carbon removal. Notably, the layered framework remained intact post-treatment, as evidenced by maintained interlayer spacing and absence of phase transformation, contrasting sharply with the structural collapse observed in calcination-based approaches. Although current exploration focuses on carbonaceous minerals, this mechanochemical paradigm establishes a versatile platform for high-value utilization of heat-sensitive mineral resources, particularly in applications demanding structural preservation, such as functional composites and precision ceramics manufacturing.

黑滑石是一种碳插层层状硅酸盐矿物，由于其固有的低白度，在工业应用中受到很大限制。传统的依靠高温煅烧的增白方法不可避免地会因热分解而破坏其层状晶体结构。本研究提出了一种机械化学辅助氧化策略，在保持结构完整性的同时实现有效的美白。通过机械剥离和氧化活化相结合的方法，对黑色滑石层间石墨碳畴进行了选择性氧化，从而显著提高了白度。与机械单独处理（白度25.7）或化学单独处理（白度52.4）相比，机械活化与氧化剂协同耦合（白度75.7）的增白效率分别提高了626%和299%。通过x射线光电子能谱（XPS）和热重分析（TGA）的系统表征揭示了协同机制：(i)机械分层暴露包裹的碳层；（ii）表面活化促进氧化自由基生成以去除碳。值得注意的是，层状框架在处理后保持完整，层间间距保持不变，没有发生相变，这与基于煅烧的方法观察到的结构崩塌形成鲜明对比。虽然目前的勘探主要集中在碳质矿物上，但这种机械化学模式为热敏性矿产资源的高价值利用建立了一个多功能平台，特别是在要求结构保存的应用中，如功能复合材料和精密陶瓷制造。

{"title":"Mechanochemical effect assisted oxidative whitening of black talc","authors":"Huan Shuai , Xianrong Yang , Xi Xu , Gaoxiang Du , Jiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black talc, a carbon-intercalated phyllosilicate mineral, is significantly limited in industrial applications due to its intrinsic low whiteness. Conventional whitening methods relying on high-temperature calcination inevitably compromise its layered crystalline structure through thermal decomposition. This study presents a mechanochemically assisted oxidative strategy that achieves effective whitening while preserving structural integrity. By combining mechanical exfoliation with oxidative activation, the interlayer graphite carbon domains in black talc were selectively oxidized, thus significantly increasing the whiteness. Compared with mechanical treatment alone (whiteness 25.7) or chemical treatment alone (whiteness 52.4), the synergistic coupling of mechanical activation and oxidant (whiteness 75.7) increased the whitening efficiency by 626 % and 299 %, respectively. Systematic characterization via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed a synergistic mechanism: (i) mechanical delamination exposing encapsulated carbon layers and (ii) surface activation promoting oxidative radical generation for carbon removal. Notably, the layered framework remained intact post-treatment, as evidenced by maintained interlayer spacing and absence of phase transformation, contrasting sharply with the structural collapse observed in calcination-based approaches. Although current exploration focuses on carbonaceous minerals, this mechanochemical paradigm establishes a versatile platform for high-value utilization of heat-sensitive mineral resources, particularly in applications demanding structural preservation, such as functional composites and precision ceramics manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 107961"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thiol functionalized kaolin pellets: Development and optimization for mercury ion removal from aqueous solutions 硫醇功能化高岭土颗粒：开发和优化从水溶液中去除汞离子

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.107983

Awal Adava Abdulsalam , Madina Pirman , Dilnaz Begenova , George Z. Kyzas , Dehua Xia , Tri Thanh Pham , Boris Golman , Stavros G. Poulopoulos

Mercury contamination in aqueous media poses a severe environmental and health risk due to its high toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. In this study, a novel thiol-grafted kaolin pellet adsorbent was developed for efficient Hg²⁺ remediation. The pellet production involved a combination of acid-base treatment, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane grafting, and extrusion with polyvinyl alcohol serving as a binder. Additionally, a novel approach was developed to assess biofilm formation on the produced pellets. Characterization results confirmed the successful grafting of thiol groups, providing high-affinity binding sites for Hg²⁺ ions. Optimal operating conditions were identified using 2-mm pellets, 1.5 wt% PVA, 5 g/L dosage, and an initial solution pH of 5, achieving 74.2 % removal and adsorption capacities of up to 12.5 mg/g at 313 K. Kinetic studies revealed that Hg²⁺ uptake followed a pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.986), while isotherm studies indicated the Freundlich model (R² = 0.987, 0.993, and 0.997 for 293, 303, and 313 K, respectively) as the best model. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that raw and acid-base-treated kaolin pellets inhibited biofilm formation for E. coli (BL21), P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus, whereas thiol-grafted pellets promoted biofilm development, highlighting the need to balance adsorptive enhancement with potential microbial colonization. These findings confirm the potential of kaolin-based pellet adsorbents for Hg²⁺ remediation, offering a viable framework for scaling up into industrial applications.

水介质中的汞污染由于其高毒性和潜在的生物蓄积性，造成了严重的环境和健康风险。在这项研究中，开发了一种新型的硫醇接枝高岭土颗粒吸附剂，用于高效的Hg2+修复。球团的生产包括酸碱处理、3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷接枝和聚乙烯醇作为粘合剂的挤压。此外，还开发了一种新的方法来评估生产的颗粒上的生物膜形成。表征结果证实了巯基的成功接枝，为Hg2+离子提供了高亲和力的结合位点。确定了最佳操作条件：2 mm球团，1.5 wt% PVA， 5 g/L投加量，初始溶液pH为5，在313 K下达到74.2%的去除率和12.5 mg/g的吸附量。动力学研究表明，Hg2+吸收服从拟二阶模型（R2 = 0.986），等温线研究表明，Freundlich模型（在293、303和313 K下，R2分别= 0.987、0.993和0.997）是最佳模型。抗菌实验表明，未经处理和酸碱处理的高岭土颗粒抑制大肠杆菌（BL21）、铜绿假单胞菌、表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生物膜形成，而硫醇接枝的颗粒则促进了生物膜的形成，强调了平衡吸附增强与潜在微生物定植的必要性。这些发现证实了高岭土颗粒吸附剂修复Hg2+的潜力，为扩大到工业应用提供了可行的框架。

{"title":"Thiol functionalized kaolin pellets: Development and optimization for mercury ion removal from aqueous solutions","authors":"Awal Adava Abdulsalam , Madina Pirman , Dilnaz Begenova , George Z. Kyzas , Dehua Xia , Tri Thanh Pham , Boris Golman , Stavros G. Poulopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mercury contamination in aqueous media poses a severe environmental and health risk due to its high toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. In this study, a novel thiol-grafted kaolin pellet adsorbent was developed for efficient Hg<sup>2+</sup> remediation. The pellet production involved a combination of acid-base treatment, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane grafting, and extrusion with polyvinyl alcohol serving as a binder. Additionally, a novel approach was developed to assess biofilm formation on the produced pellets. Characterization results confirmed the successful grafting of thiol groups, providing high-affinity binding sites for Hg<sup>2+</sup> ions. Optimal operating conditions were identified using 2-mm pellets, 1.5 wt% PVA, 5 g/L dosage, and an initial solution pH of 5, achieving 74.2 % removal and adsorption capacities of up to 12.5 mg/g at 313 K. Kinetic studies revealed that Hg<sup>2+</sup> uptake followed a pseudo-second-order model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.986), while isotherm studies indicated the Freundlich model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.987, 0.993, and 0.997 for 293, 303, and 313 K, respectively) as the best model. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that raw and acid-base-treated kaolin pellets inhibited biofilm formation for <em>E. coli (BL21)</em>, <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, <em>S. epidermidis</em>, and <em>S. aureus</em>, whereas thiol-grafted pellets promoted biofilm development, highlighting the need to balance adsorptive enhancement with potential microbial colonization. These findings confirm the potential of kaolin-based pellet adsorbents for Hg<sup>2+</sup> remediation, offering a viable framework for scaling up into industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 107983"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144924968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In-situ transformation of a natural Xuyi palygorskite into nano-structured K-Ca-Fe-Mg/SAPO-34 zeolites for enhanced MTO catalytic performance 天然盱眙县坡高岭土原位转化为纳米结构K-Ca-Fe-Mg/SAPO-34分子筛以增强MTO催化性能

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.107982

Haizhou Tian , Jianghui Tao , Zheng Wang

A nano-structured K-Ca-Fe-Mg/SAPO-34 (MeAPSO-34) composite catalyst was successfully synthesized through the in-situ transformation of palygorskite (Pal) under steam-assisted crystallization conditions. Pal served as a multifunctional precursor, providing inherent Si, Al, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca elements that were directly incorporated into the catalyst framework without the addition of external metal sources. This approach facilitated the formation of hierarchically porous SAPO-34 zeolites with a well-balanced distribution of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, as confirmed by comprehensive characterization techniques including XRD, SEM, BET, XPS, and NH₃-TPD. Complete methanol conversion was achieved over the MeAPSO-34 zeolite catalyst, with ethylene and propylene selectivities of 69.0 % and 27.4 %, respectively, at a reaction temperature of 410 °C, a methanol-to-water feed ratio of 1:6, and a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 1 h⁻¹. Notably, the synergistic interaction among the K, Ca, Fe, and Mg multi-metallic components significantly promoted the water-gas shift reaction and effectively suppressed coke deposition. Furthermore, the nanostructured morphology of the catalyst reduced the diffusion limitations by shortening the gas-phase transport pathways, thereby enhancing the overall catalytic performance of the SAPO-34 zeolite. This study presents a scalable strategy for designing high-performance methanol-to-olefin (MTO) catalysts through the direct transformation of clay minerals into nanostructured multifunctional materials.

在蒸汽辅助结晶条件下，通过坡菱板矿（Pal）的原位转化，成功合成了一种纳米结构的K-Ca-Fe-Mg/SAPO-34 （MeAPSO-34）复合催化剂。Pal作为多功能前驱体，提供了内在的Si， Al, Fe, Mg， K和Ca元素，这些元素直接结合到催化剂框架中，而无需添加外部金属源。通过XRD、SEM、BET、XPS和NH3-TPD等综合表征技术证实，该方法有助于形成具有Brønsted和Lewis酸位点分布良好的分层多孔SAPO-34分子筛。MeAPSO-34分子筛催化剂在反应温度410℃、甲醇-水进料比1:6、重量-小时空速（WHSV）为1 h−1的条件下，乙烯和丙烯的选择性分别为67.0%和27.4%，实现了甲醇的完全转化。值得注意的是，K、Ca、Fe和Mg多金属组分之间的协同作用显著促进了水煤气转移反应，有效抑制了焦炭沉积。此外，催化剂的纳米结构形态通过缩短气相传输途径减少了扩散限制，从而提高了SAPO-34沸石的整体催化性能。本研究提出了一种可扩展的策略，通过将粘土矿物直接转化为纳米结构多功能材料来设计高性能的甲醇制烯烃（MTO）催化剂。

{"title":"In-situ transformation of a natural Xuyi palygorskite into nano-structured K-Ca-Fe-Mg/SAPO-34 zeolites for enhanced MTO catalytic performance","authors":"Haizhou Tian , Jianghui Tao , Zheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A nano-structured K-Ca-Fe-Mg/SAPO-34 (MeAPSO-34) composite catalyst was successfully synthesized through the in-situ transformation of palygorskite (Pal) under steam-assisted crystallization conditions. Pal served as a multifunctional precursor, providing inherent Si, Al, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca elements that were directly incorporated into the catalyst framework without the addition of external metal sources. This approach facilitated the formation of hierarchically porous SAPO-34 zeolites with a well-balanced distribution of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, as confirmed by comprehensive characterization techniques including XRD, SEM, BET, XPS, and NH<sub>3</sub>-TPD. Complete methanol conversion was achieved over the MeAPSO-34 zeolite catalyst, with ethylene and propylene selectivities of 69.0 % and 27.4 %, respectively, at a reaction temperature of 410 °C, a methanol-to-water feed ratio of 1:6, and a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 1 h<sup>−1</sup>. Notably, the synergistic interaction among the K, Ca, Fe, and Mg multi-metallic components significantly promoted the water-gas shift reaction and effectively suppressed coke deposition. Furthermore, the nanostructured morphology of the catalyst reduced the diffusion limitations by shortening the gas-phase transport pathways, thereby enhancing the overall catalytic performance of the SAPO-34 zeolite. This study presents a scalable strategy for designing high-performance methanol-to-olefin (MTO) catalysts through the direct transformation of clay minerals into nanostructured multifunctional materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 107982"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144924966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A physics-based CatBoost model for water retention of compacted bentonite with global sensitivity analysis 基于物理的膨润土保水性CatBoost模型及全局敏感性分析

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.107948

Muntasir Shehab , Reza Taherdangkoo , Christoph Butscher

Bentonite is a recommended buffer material in high-level radioactive waste repositories to restrict the migration of radionuclides into the environment. Determining the soil water retention curve (SWRC) of bentonite is essential for predicting its hydraulic behaviour, including water flow dynamics and saturation time, which are critical for evaluating the performance of engineered barrier systems. This study compiled 46 experimental SWRCs from existing literature containing 311 data points of matric potential and corresponding water content. Key soil properties associated with these data points include specific gravity, montmorillonite content, initial dry density, initial water content, initial void ratio, and plasticity index. The Van Genuchten model parameters were optimized using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for each of the 46 SWRCs. To enrich the SWRC data, 20 additional data points of matric potential were generated, and the predicted water content from the optimized Van Genuchten models was then combined with the experimental data. A machine learning model was developed to predict the SWRC of bentonite using the CatBoost machine learning algorithm; and fine-tuned its hyper-parameters using the artificial gorilla troops optimizer. As input, the machine learning model used matric potential, key soil properties, and experimental conditions such as confined or unconfined states and drying or wetting paths. The machine learning model shows very good performance in estimating the water content at various matric potentials, offering an efficient method to determine the SWRC of bentonite based on key soil properties.

膨润土是高放射性废物贮存库中推荐的缓冲材料，以限制放射性核素向环境中的迁移。确定膨润土的土壤保水曲线（SWRC）对于预测其水力特性至关重要，包括水流动力学和饱和时间，这对于评估工程屏障系统的性能至关重要。本研究从现有文献中整理了46个实验swrc，包含311个数据点的基质电位和相应的含水量。与这些数据点相关的关键土壤特性包括比重、蒙脱土含量、初始干密度、初始含水量、初始孔隙比和塑性指数。采用Levenberg-Marquardt算法对46个SWRCs的Van Genuchten模型参数进行了优化。为了丰富SWRC数据，增加了20个矩阵电位数据点，并将优化后的Van Genuchten模型预测的含水率与实验数据相结合。利用CatBoost机器学习算法建立了预测膨润土SWRC的机器学习模型；并使用人工大猩猩部队优化器对其超参数进行微调。作为输入，机器学习模型使用了基质电位、关键土壤特性和实验条件，如受限或无受限状态以及干燥或湿润路径。机器学习模型在估算不同基质电位下的含水量方面表现出很好的性能，为基于关键土壤性质确定膨润土的SWRC提供了一种有效的方法。

{"title":"A physics-based CatBoost model for water retention of compacted bentonite with global sensitivity analysis","authors":"Muntasir Shehab , Reza Taherdangkoo , Christoph Butscher","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bentonite is a recommended buffer material in high-level radioactive waste repositories to restrict the migration of radionuclides into the environment. Determining the soil water retention curve (SWRC) of bentonite is essential for predicting its hydraulic behaviour, including water flow dynamics and saturation time, which are critical for evaluating the performance of engineered barrier systems. This study compiled 46 experimental SWRCs from existing literature containing 311 data points of matric potential and corresponding water content. Key soil properties associated with these data points include specific gravity, montmorillonite content, initial dry density, initial water content, initial void ratio, and plasticity index. The Van Genuchten model parameters were optimized using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for each of the 46 SWRCs. To enrich the SWRC data, 20 additional data points of matric potential were generated, and the predicted water content from the optimized Van Genuchten models was then combined with the experimental data. A machine learning model was developed to predict the SWRC of bentonite using the CatBoost machine learning algorithm; and fine-tuned its hyper-parameters using the artificial gorilla troops optimizer. As input, the machine learning model used matric potential, key soil properties, and experimental conditions such as confined or unconfined states and drying or wetting paths. The machine learning model shows very good performance in estimating the water content at various matric potentials, offering an efficient method to determine the SWRC of bentonite based on key soil properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 107948"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Particle size evolution of granular bentonite in hydro-mechanical paths 粒状膨润土在水-力学路径中的粒度演化

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.107975

Hao Zeng , Laura Gonzalez-Blanco , Enrique Romero

Granular bentonite (GB) is a candidate material for engineered barriers in geological disposal of radioactive waste. Previous studies have focused on the hydro-mechanical (HM) behaviour of GB and the resulting evolution of pore size distribution, whereas this study additionally examines changes in its particle size distribution, which spans from micrometres to several millimetres. During wetting under unstressed conditions for pouring GB, coarse and high-density granules disaggregated, while fine grains aggregated, resulting in larger-sized and lower-density aggregates. Particle swelling upon wetting caused a significant decrease in the dry density of GB on pouring, indicating that wetter GB required greater compaction energy to achieve a specified dry density. Changes in particle size distribution after pouring and compaction also impacted the microstructure of the samples, directly influencing their subsequent HM behaviour, which was examined through the particle size evolution after different loading and wetting paths. The initial water content conditioned granule behaviour and its breakage upon loading. At low water content, stiff granules prompted breakage, thereby increasing sample compressibility. Conversely, aggregate sticking during loading at elevated water content protected the soft granules from breakage and reduced sample compression. The aggregation and expansion of aggregates dominated the HM response to further wetting, contributing to the swelling of samples even under high stress. These particle-scale insights into the evolution of the material's initial conditions and their influence on microstructural and HM behaviour are expected to help in guiding the evaluation of GB barriers' HM stability and permeability during service.

粒状膨润土是放射性废物地质处置工程屏障的候选材料。以前的研究主要集中在GB的流体力学（HM）行为以及由此产生的孔径分布的演变，而本研究还研究了其粒径分布的变化，其范围从微米到几毫米。在无应力条件下浇筑GB的润湿过程中，粗颗粒和高密度颗粒发生分离，细颗粒发生团聚，形成粒径较大、密度较低的团聚体。颗粒润湿后膨胀导致GB浇筑时干密度显著降低，说明更湿的GB需要更大的压实能量才能达到规定的干密度。浇注和压实后粒径分布的变化也会影响样品的微观结构，直接影响其随后的HM行为，这通过不同加载和润湿路径后粒径的演变进行了研究。初始含水量决定了颗粒的行为及其在加载时的破坏。在低含水量时，刚性颗粒促进破碎，从而增加试样的压缩性。相反，在高含水量加载过程中，骨料粘附保护了软颗粒免受破坏并减少了样品压缩。聚集体的聚集和膨胀主导了HM对进一步润湿的响应，即使在高应力下也会导致样品的膨胀。这些对材料初始条件演变及其对微观结构和HM行为影响的颗粒级见解有望有助于指导GB屏障在使用期间HM稳定性和渗透性的评估。

{"title":"Particle size evolution of granular bentonite in hydro-mechanical paths","authors":"Hao Zeng , Laura Gonzalez-Blanco , Enrique Romero","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Granular bentonite (GB) is a candidate material for engineered barriers in geological disposal of radioactive waste. Previous studies have focused on the hydro-mechanical (HM) behaviour of GB and the resulting evolution of pore size distribution, whereas this study additionally examines changes in its particle size distribution, which spans from micrometres to several millimetres. During wetting under unstressed conditions for pouring GB, coarse and high-density granules disaggregated, while fine grains aggregated, resulting in larger-sized and lower-density aggregates. Particle swelling upon wetting caused a significant decrease in the dry density of GB on pouring, indicating that wetter GB required greater compaction energy to achieve a specified dry density. Changes in particle size distribution after pouring and compaction also impacted the microstructure of the samples, directly influencing their subsequent HM behaviour, which was examined through the particle size evolution after different loading and wetting paths. The initial water content conditioned granule behaviour and its breakage upon loading. At low water content, stiff granules prompted breakage, thereby increasing sample compressibility. Conversely, aggregate sticking during loading at elevated water content protected the soft granules from breakage and reduced sample compression. The aggregation and expansion of aggregates dominated the HM response to further wetting, contributing to the swelling of samples even under high stress. These particle-scale insights into the evolution of the material's initial conditions and their influence on microstructural and HM behaviour are expected to help in guiding the evaluation of GB barriers' HM stability and permeability during service.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 107975"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preparation and characterization of chitosan/palygorskite for the adsorption of ochratoxin A 壳聚糖/坡缕石吸附赭曲霉毒素A的制备及表征

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.107951

Jie Lei , Hongjuan Sun , Tongjiang Peng , Bo Liu , Saeed Rehman , Shize Chen

Mycotoxins represent a persistent global challenge, posing a significant threat to human health and food safety. However, the application of effective detoxification strategies for various mycotoxins, particularly non-polar ochratoxin A (OTA), remains highly scarce. In this work, a chitosan/palygorskite (C-A₁) was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal method, using palygorskite (Pal) as a template and chitosan (CS) as a modifying agent. The introduced functional groups (-OH and -NH₂) on the composite surface provided abundant active sites for OTA adsorption. The introduced functional groups (-OH and -NH₂) on the composite surface provided abundant active sites for OTA adsorption. The adsorption capacity for OTA increased from 0.94 mg/g in Pal raw ore to 1.94 mg/g. Meanwhile, C-A₁ demonstrated remarkable adsorption stability, with negligible desorption under simulated gastrointestinal pH conditions. Kinetic and isotherm adsorption studies were further conducted, indicating that the OTA adsorption by C-A₁ was primarily governed by hydrophobic interactions, partitioning effects, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model and a linear isotherm model, suggesting that chemical bonding played a dominant role. In conclusion, these findings highlight the good adsorption performance of C-A₁ toward OTA and establish its potential as an effective adsorbent for nonpolar mycotoxins in the adsorption system.

真菌毒素是一项持续存在的全球挑战，对人类健康和食品安全构成重大威胁。然而，对各种真菌毒素，特别是非极性赭曲霉毒素A （OTA）的有效解毒策略的应用仍然非常缺乏。本文以壳聚糖（CS）为改性剂，壳聚糖（Pal）为模板剂，通过水热法制备了壳聚糖/坡岭土（C-A1）。复合材料表面引入的官能团（-OH和-NH₂）为OTA吸附提供了丰富的活性位点。复合材料表面引入的官能团（-OH和-NH₂）为OTA吸附提供了丰富的活性位点。对钛酸盐的吸附量由Pal原矿的0.94 mg/g提高到1.94 mg/g。同时，C-A1表现出显著的吸附稳定性，在模拟胃肠道pH条件下解吸可以忽略不计。进一步进行了动力学和等温吸附研究，表明C-A1对OTA的吸附主要受疏水相互作用、分配效应、静电相互作用和氢键作用的支配。吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型和线性等温模型，表明化学键在吸附过程中起主导作用。综上所述，这些发现突出了C-A1对OTA的良好吸附性能，并确立了其作为吸附系统中非极性真菌毒素的有效吸附剂的潜力。

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of chitosan/palygorskite for the adsorption of ochratoxin A","authors":"Jie Lei , Hongjuan Sun , Tongjiang Peng , Bo Liu , Saeed Rehman , Shize Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mycotoxins represent a persistent global challenge, posing a significant threat to human health and food safety. However, the application of effective detoxification strategies for various mycotoxins, particularly non-polar ochratoxin A (OTA), remains highly scarce. In this work, a chitosan/palygorskite (C-A<sub>1</sub>) was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal method, using palygorskite (Pal) as a template and chitosan (CS) as a modifying agent. The introduced functional groups (-OH and -NH₂) on the composite surface provided abundant active sites for OTA adsorption. The introduced functional groups (-OH and -NH₂) on the composite surface provided abundant active sites for OTA adsorption. The adsorption capacity for OTA increased from 0.94 mg/g in Pal raw ore to 1.94 mg/g. Meanwhile, C-A<sub>1</sub> demonstrated remarkable adsorption stability, with negligible desorption under simulated gastrointestinal pH conditions. Kinetic and isotherm adsorption studies were further conducted, indicating that the OTA adsorption by C-A<sub>1</sub> was primarily governed by hydrophobic interactions, partitioning effects, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model and a linear isotherm model, suggesting that chemical bonding played a dominant role. In conclusion, these findings highlight the good adsorption performance of C-A<sub>1</sub> toward OTA and establish its potential as an effective adsorbent for nonpolar mycotoxins in the adsorption system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 107951"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual role of halloysite nanotubes in the synthesis of the complex with CoAl2O4 and tetracycline degradation 高岭土纳米管在与CoAl2O4配合物合成和四环素降解中的双重作用

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.107978

Yuqi Zhang , Yunan Zhong , Pengfei Zhang , Yang Zheng , Chunfang Du

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) served as the support and aluminum source for in-situ synthesizing CoAl₂O₄/HNTs (CAO/HNTs), which acted as an effective catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degrading tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). To achieve the optimal removal performance, various parameters were optimized. The final CAO/HNTs demonstrated a high degradation efficiency of 88 % toward TC within 40 min, which was 1.69 times as high as that of pure CAO. The existence of HNTs made CAO highly dispersed, increasing the number of exposed active sites and the contact opportunities between CAO and TC molecules, which enabled CAO to participate in the reaction more effectively and thus improved the degradation efficiency. Additionally, the formation of Co-O-Al bonds facilitated the growth of CAO into a three-dimensional (3D) spherical structure with more active sites other than the tetrahedral structure on HNTs. In the CAO/HNTs/PMS system, O₂^•– and ¹O₂ contributed mostly to the catalytic process. This work not only provides a novel catalyst for the treatment of antibiotic pollution, but also offers an innovative strategy for fabricating functional materials on the basis of chemical composition and morphology characteristics of natural minerals.

以高岭土纳米管（HNTs）为载体和铝源，原位合成了co2o4 /HNTs (CAO/HNTs)，并作为催化剂激活过氧单硫酸盐（PMS）降解盐酸四环素（TC）。为了达到最佳的去除效果，对各参数进行了优化。最终的CAO/HNTs在40 min内对TC的降解效率高达88%，是纯CAO的1.69倍。HNTs的存在使CAO高度分散，增加了暴露活性位点的数量，增加了CAO与TC分子接触的机会，使CAO更有效地参与反应，从而提高了降解效率。此外，Co-O-Al键的形成促进了CAO生长成具有更多活性位点的三维（3D）球形结构，而不是HNTs上的四面体结构。在CAO/HNTs/PMS体系中，O2•-和1O2对催化过程的贡献最大。这项工作不仅为抗生素污染的治理提供了一种新的催化剂，而且为基于天然矿物的化学成分和形态特征制造功能材料提供了一种创新的策略。

{"title":"Dual role of halloysite nanotubes in the synthesis of the complex with CoAl2O4 and tetracycline degradation","authors":"Yuqi Zhang , Yunan Zhong , Pengfei Zhang , Yang Zheng , Chunfang Du","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) served as the support and aluminum source for in-situ synthesizing CoAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/HNTs (CAO/HNTs), which acted as an effective catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degrading tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). To achieve the optimal removal performance, various parameters were optimized. The final CAO/HNTs demonstrated a high degradation efficiency of 88 % toward TC within 40 min, which was 1.69 times as high as that of pure CAO. The existence of HNTs made CAO highly dispersed, increasing the number of exposed active sites and the contact opportunities between CAO and TC molecules, which enabled CAO to participate in the reaction more effectively and thus improved the degradation efficiency. Additionally, the formation of Co-O-Al bonds facilitated the growth of CAO into a three-dimensional (3D) spherical structure with more active sites other than the tetrahedral structure on HNTs. In the CAO/HNTs/PMS system, O<sub>2</sub><sup>•–</sup> and <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> contributed mostly to the catalytic process. This work not only provides a novel catalyst for the treatment of antibiotic pollution, but also offers an innovative strategy for fabricating functional materials on the basis of chemical composition and morphology characteristics of natural minerals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 107978"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0