Applied Clay Science最新文献_第3页

The roles of diffuse double layer development and ion exchange in cation adsorption onto bentonite in aqueous system 膨润土在阳离子吸附中的扩散双层发育和离子交换作用

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2026.108123

Rongguang Yu, Atsushi Takai, Tomohiro Kato, Takeshi Katsumi

This study investigates the coupled roles of diffuse double layer (DDL) development and ion exchange in cation adsorption onto Na-bentonite. Batch adsorption tests and free swell tests were conducted over a wide range of initial CaCl₂ molarities (0–1000 mmol/L), and both Ca²⁺ adsorption and Na⁺ release were quantified. The ion exchange dominated the Ca²⁺ adsorption when the equilibrium bulk Ca²⁺ molarity (C_e) was below 1 mmol/L, whereas the majority of Ca²⁺ adsorption was associated with DDL development. The measured adsorbed molality (q_eCa, mmol/g) exhibited a non-monotonic trend with respect to C_e. When q_eCa was normalized to adsorbed molarity (C_in, mmol/L) by accounting for the experimentally evaluated volume of DDL domain, the resulting molar adsorption isotherm exhibited a Langmuir-type correlation, indicating that the adsorption equilibrium was dependent on Langmuir equilibrium constant K_L. This result emphasized that the DDL constituted a dynamic spatial domain governing cation adsorption process, while the adsorption equilibrium was governed by the correlation between C_e and C_in. This framework provides a physically consistent interpretation of DDL development and ion exchange to the cation adsorption onto bentonite, thereby advancing the mechanistic understanding of clay-water interactions relevant to bentonite-based barrier systems in geoenvironmental engineering.

研究了钠基膨润土在阳离子吸附过程中扩散双层（DDL）发育与离子交换的耦合作用。在较宽的初始CaCl2摩尔浓度范围内（0-1000 mmol/L）进行了批量吸附试验和自由膨胀试验，并对Ca2+吸附和Na+释放进行了量化。当平衡体积Ca2+摩尔浓度（Ce）低于1 mmol/L时，Ca2+吸附以离子交换为主，而大部分Ca2+吸附与DDL的发生有关。吸附质量摩尔浓度（qeCa, mmol/g）随Ce的变化呈非单调趋势。考虑DDL结构域的体积，将qeCa归一化为吸附量（Cin, mmol/L），得到的摩尔吸附等温线呈现Langmuir型相关关系，表明吸附平衡依赖于Langmuir平衡常数KL，这一结果强调了DDL构成控制阳离子吸附过程的动态空间域，而吸附平衡受Ce和Cin之间的相关性支配。该框架提供了DDL发育和离子交换到阳离子吸附在膨润土上的物理一致解释，从而促进了对地球环境工程中与膨润土屏障系统相关的粘土-水相互作用的机理理解。

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引用次数: 0

CuO-decorated metakaolin-based geopolymer foams for catalytic degradation of tetracycline 过氧化氢修饰的偏高岭土聚合物泡沫用于四环素的催化降解

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2026.108126

Chengying Bai , Jingwa Gao , Hongxue Chen , Ting Zheng , Xiaodong Wang , Xinyu Li , Hongqiang Li , Paolo Colombo , Bin Wang

This study utilized polyurethane foam as a template to prepare a metakaolin-based geopolymer matrix with highly interconnected porosity via the replica template method. Subsequently, nano-CuO was successfully deposited onto the porous geopolymer (PG) through a direct precipitation (DP) method. The resulting CuO/geopolymer catalyst (CG) was employed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) under UV light irradiation for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). The CG-DP catalyst achieved a degradation efficiency of up to 94.80% within 1 h while maintaining sufficient mechanical strength for easy recovery. Moreover, the composite catalyst demonstrated excellent stability and broad applicability under various conditions, particularly reaching a degradation rate of 99.40% at pH = 9. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and radical quenching experiments revealed that reactive species, including SO₄•⁻, •OH, ¹O₂, O₂•⁻ and h⁺, collectively contributed to TCH degradation. Recycling experiments further confirmed the satisfactory reusability of the CG-DP catalyst. Nano-CuO catalysts supported on metakaolin-based geopolymer foam provide a simple, eco-friendly method for wastewater treatment.

本研究以聚氨酯泡沫为模板，通过复制模板法制备了高连通孔隙度的偏高岭土聚合物基质。随后，通过直接沉淀法（DP）成功地将纳米cuo沉积在多孔地聚合物（PG）上。采用CuO/地聚合物催化剂（CG）在紫外光照射下活化过氧单硫酸根（PMS）降解盐酸四环素（TCH）。CG-DP催化剂在1 h内的降解效率高达94.80%，同时保持了足够的机械强度，易于回收。此外，复合催化剂在各种条件下都表现出优异的稳定性和广泛的适用性，特别是在pH = 9时，降解率达到99.40%。电子顺磁共振（EPR）和自由基猝灭实验表明，SO4•−、•OH、1O2、O2•−和h+等活性物质共同促进了TCH的降解。回收实验进一步证实了CG-DP催化剂具有良好的可重复使用性。偏高岭土聚合物泡沫支撑的纳米cuo催化剂为废水处理提供了一种简单、环保的方法。

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引用次数: 0

MoS2 nanosheets assembly on Sb-SnO2 modified kaolinite nanoflakes for efficient catalytic hydrogenation Sb-SnO2改性高岭石纳米片上MoS2纳米片的高效催化加氢组装

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2026.108132

Xiaoyu Li , Wenqing Zhang , Kang Peng , Zheng Zhou , Yewei Dou , Jianguo Feng

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is promising for aqueous-phase catalytic hydrogenation due to its two-dimensional morphology and abundant catalytic active sites, but limited by poor conductivity and hydrophobicity. Herein, a ternary FK/ATO/MoS₂ composite was fabricated by growing MoS₂ nanosheets on an antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO)-modified hydrophilic kaolinite nanoflakes (FK) via simple coprecipitation-hydrothermal method. Evaluated by the aqueous hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), the optimal composite with 25% Sb doping in ATO and 50% MoS₂ loading (FK/ATO/MoS₂–50%) exhibits remarkably enhanced hydrogenation activities as compared to other catalysts, and the reaction rate constant is 0.0809 min⁻¹, 10 times higher than that of pure MoS₂ (0.0081 min⁻¹). The improved performances are due to the synergistic contributions from the exposed active sites of MoS₂, the conductivity of ATO, the hydrophilicity and dispersion of kaolinite. This work presents an efficient aqueous-phase hydrogenation catalyst and a general design strategy for synergistic “support–mediator–active component” catalytic systems.

二硫化钼（MoS2）由于其二维形态和丰富的催化活性位点，在水相催化加氢中具有广阔的应用前景，但受其导电性和疏水性差的限制。本文通过简单共沉淀法-水热法在掺锑氧化锡（ATO）修饰的亲水性高岭石纳米片（FK）上生长MoS2纳米片，制备了三元FK/ATO/MoS2复合材料。通过对4-硝基苯酚（4-NP）的水加氢评价，结果表明，与其他催化剂相比，在ATO中掺杂25% Sb，负载50% MoS2 （FK/ATO/MoS2 - 50%）的最佳复合材料的加氢活性显著增强，反应速率常数为0.0809 min−1，是纯MoS2 （0.0081 min−1）的10倍。性能的提高是由于MoS2暴露的活性位点、ATO的电导率、高岭石的亲水性和分散性的协同作用。这项工作提出了一种高效的水相加氢催化剂和协同“载体-介质-活性组分”催化系统的一般设计策略。

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引用次数: 0

Functionalized halloysite nanotube–alginate composites as clay based platforms for real-time adsorption and QCM detection of hydrophobic biomolecule 功能化高岭土纳米管-海藻酸盐复合材料在疏水生物分子实时吸附和QCM检测中的应用

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2026.108130

Mervenur Kirazoğlu , Birgül Benli

Hydrophobic biomolecules such as vitamin D₃ are difficult to detect in aqueous systems because of low solubility and weak affinity to hydrophilic surfaces. In this study, halloysite nanotube–alginate composites were functionalized and evaluated by Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) for real-time monitoring of vitamin D₃ adsorption. Two routes were compared: ball milling of halloysite (MBHA), generating fragmented surfaces with more active sites, and HTAB-assisted surfactant functionalization (MHHA), promoting hydrophobic interactions. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and AFM confirmed successful modification and morphological changes. The zeta potential shifted from −19.33 ± 1.25 mV (pristine HNTs) to 0.095 ± 0.12 mV after 3 h ball milling, while HTAB increased it to +29.44 ± 0.50 mV. QCM showed markedly improved sensing performance: at 75 ng/mL, the unmodified crystal exhibited 600 Hz (4.162 ng), while MBHA and MHHA reached 1100 Hz (7.631 ng) and 965 Hz (6.695 ng), respectively; MBHA thus provided an 83% higher signal than the unmodified crystal. Langmuir analysis indicated higher capacity for HTAB-modified HNTs (q_max = 5935.263) than ball-milled HNTs (5318.108), whereas ball milling showed stronger affinity (K_L = 0.48 vs 0.23). At higher vitamin D₃ levels, Avrami and PSO fits supported nucleation–growth and chemisorption, whereas at lower levels Boyd and intraparticle diffusion fits reflected diffusion-controlled uptake. Desorption was biphasic, with faster release for MBHA at higher loadings and more sustained release for MHHA under dilute conditions. Moreover, functionalized halloysite–alginate composites offer dual-functionality for real-time biosensing and controlled delivery of poorly soluble biomolecules in aqueous environments.

像维生素D₃这样的疏水生物分子很难在水系统中检测到，因为它们的溶解度低，对亲水表面的亲和力弱。本研究采用石英晶体微平衡（QCM）对高岭土纳米管-海藻酸盐复合材料进行功能化和评价，实时监测其对维生素D3的吸附。比较了两种途径：高岭土球磨（MBHA），产生具有更多活性位点的碎片状表面，以及htab辅助表面活性剂功能化（MHHA），促进疏水相互作用。FTIR， XRD， SEM和AFM证实了成功的修饰和形态变化。经3 h球磨后，zeta电位由- 19.33±1.25 mV（原始HNTs）增加到0.095±0.12 mV，而HTAB使zeta电位增加到+29.44±0.50 mV。QCM在75 ng/mL时，未修饰的晶体表现为600 Hz (4.162 ng)，而MBHA和MHHA分别达到1100 Hz （7.631 ng）和965 Hz (6.695 ng)；因此，MBHA提供的信号比未修饰的晶体高83%。Langmuir分析表明，htaba修饰HNTs的qmax为5935.263，高于球磨HNTs(5318.108)，而球磨HNTs的KL为0.48比0.23。在较高的维生素D₃水平上，Avrami和PSO配合支持成核生长和化学吸附，而在较低水平上，Boyd和颗粒内扩散配合反映了扩散控制的摄取。解吸是双相的，在高负荷条件下，MBHA释放更快，在稀释条件下，MHHA释放更持久。此外，功能化的高岭土-海藻酸盐复合材料提供了双重功能，用于实时生物传感和水环境中难溶生物分子的控制递送。

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引用次数: 0

Preparation and characterization of oak tree acorn starch-based bioplastic composite films reinforced with halloysite nanotube and clove essential oil 高岭土纳米管和丁香精油增强橡子淀粉基生物塑料复合膜的制备与表征

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2026.108129

Tülin Gürkan Polat , Osman Duman , Selin Sağdıç , Şerife Çelik , Sibel Tunç

Here, new film materials (oak tree acorn starch-clove essential oil (CEO)-halloysite nanotube (HNT) films) were prepared for the first time using naturally abundant oak tree acorns and halloysite nanotube clay minerals, and a natural product (clove essential oil, CEO). The characterization of the fabricated film materials was performed by FTIR, opacity, water contact angle, color, water vapor permeability, mechanical analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis measurements. The presence of HNT or CEO within starch film matrix increased the opacity value of starch film with increasing HNT or CEO concentration. The improved water vapor barrier properties of starch film were achieved by using HNT and CEO in the film formulation. By using 5% HNT into the starch film matrix, the improvements of 87.5% in the maximum tensile stress and 108% in the Young's modulus of the starch film were obtained. In the preparation of starch-based film materials, the use of HNT improved the thermal stability of film material while CEO had an opposite effect. It was determined that instead of CEO, the use of CEO-encapsulated HNT in the preparation of starch-based antibacterial composite films caused a slower release of CEO from bioplastic film. Starch-based films containing CEO showed antibacterial property against both Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria. The experimental results revealed that low-cost and eco-friendly oak tree acorn starch- CEO- HNT bioplastic films are promising for the food packaging sector.

本文首次利用天然丰富的橡树橡子和高岭土纳米管粘土矿物以及天然产物（丁香精油，CEO）制备了橡树橡子淀粉-丁香精油-高岭土纳米管薄膜（HNT）。通过红外光谱（FTIR）、不透明度、水接触角、颜色、水蒸气渗透性、力学分析和热重分析对制备的薄膜材料进行表征。淀粉膜基质中存在HNT或CEO，随着HNT或CEO浓度的增加，淀粉膜的不透明度值增加。在淀粉膜配方中加入HNT和CEO，提高了淀粉膜的阻水性能。在淀粉膜基体中加入5%的HNT，淀粉膜的最大拉伸应力提高了87.5%，杨氏模量提高了108%。在淀粉基薄膜材料的制备中，HNT的使用提高了薄膜材料的热稳定性，而CEO的使用则相反。实验结果表明，在制备淀粉基抗菌复合膜时，用CEO包封的HNT代替CEO，会使CEO从生物塑料膜中释放得较慢。含有CEO的淀粉基薄膜对革兰氏阴性菌（大肠杆菌）和革兰氏阳性菌（金黄色葡萄球菌）均具有抗菌性能。实验结果表明，低成本、环保的橡子淀粉- CEO- HNT生物塑料薄膜在食品包装领域具有广阔的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Bridging mechanism of a hydrophobically associating cationic flocculant in kaolinite settling during two-step flocculation 两步絮凝过程中疏水缔合型阳离子絮凝剂在高岭石沉降中的桥接机理

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2026.108122

Bao Ren , Yafei Tan , Fanfei Min , Mengyu Li , Mingkang Xu , Chunfu Liu

The hydration characteristics of fine tailings particles constrain settling and dewatering efficiency. While the two-step flocculation process is a promising approach to overcome this bottleneck, optimization is impeded by the unclear microscopic mechanism underlying sequence effects. Combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and kaolinite sedimentation tests, this study reveals how the dosing sequence of hydrophobic associative cationic flocculant (PAMT) with conventional flocculants (CPAM, APAM, NPAM) affects flocculation mechanisms. Results demonstrated that dosing PAMT first effectively controls particle aggregation and the interfacial microenvironment. Employing the sequence of PAMT followed by APAM (P + A combination) reduced turbidity to 31.50 NTU and increased initial settling rate to 92.88 m/h, thereby overcoming the functional limitations of single flocculants. Mechanistically, prior PAMT addition activated the dual-surface characteristics of kaolinite, forming a hydrogen bond network on the aluminol surface and enhancing electrostatic anchoring on the siloxane surface. Simultaneously, hydrophobic fluorocarbon chains of PAMT reduced interfacial water density, weakening the hydration layer and promoting dewatering. The P + A combination leveraged charge complementarity between the cationic and anionic flocculants, forming extensive and continuous molecular chain distributions on the kaolinite surface, which established a stable flocculation bridging mechanism. In the reverse sequence (A + P combination), the steric hindrance layer formed by APAM on the particle surface restricted contact with the hydrophobic groups of PAMT, hindering intra-floc hydrophobic association. Additionally, combinations involving CPAM (P + C, C + P) exhibited dosage sensitivity due to electrostatic repulsion between molecular chains, while those incorporating nonionic NPAM (P + N, N + P) showed weakened synergy due to the absence of ionic charges.

细粒尾矿的水化特性制约了其沉降和脱水效率。虽然两步絮凝工艺是克服这一瓶颈的一种有希望的方法，但由于序列效应的微观机制不明确，阻碍了优化。本研究结合分子动力学（MD）模拟和高岭石沉降试验，揭示了疏水缔合阳离子絮凝剂（PAMT）与常规絮凝剂（CPAM、APAM、NPAM）的投加顺序对絮凝机理的影响。结果表明，PAMT的投加首先有效地控制了颗粒聚集和界面微环境。采用PAMT + APAM （P + A组合）的顺序将浊度降低到31.50 NTU，初始沉降速率提高到92.88 m/h，从而克服了单一絮凝剂的功能限制。在机理上，先前添加的PAMT激活了高岭石的双表面特性，在铝醇表面形成氢键网络，并增强了硅氧烷表面的静电锚定。同时，PAMT的疏水性氟碳链降低了界面水密度，削弱了水化层，促进了脱水。P + A组合利用阳离子和阴离子絮凝剂之间的电荷互补，在高岭石表面形成广泛而连续的分子链分布，建立了稳定的絮凝桥接机制。相反顺序（A + P组合），APAM在颗粒表面形成的位阻层限制了与PAMT疏水基团的接触，阻碍了絮团内的疏水结合。此外，含有CPAM （P + C, C + P）的组合由于分子链之间的静电排斥而表现出剂量敏感性，而含有非离子型NPAM （P + N, N + P）的组合由于缺乏离子电荷而表现出较弱的协同作用。

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引用次数: 0

Confinement effect of layered double hydroxide nanofillers on suppressing antioxidant migration in polypropylene composites 层状双氢氧化物纳米填料抑制聚丙烯复合材料中抗氧化剂迁移的约束效应

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.108109

Zhaoyu Chu , Zijia Li , Yinghan Guo , Yalin Shi , Pinggui Tang , Yongjun Feng

The long-term stability and low migration of functionalized composites can be achieved by suppressing the migration of hindered phenolic antioxidants. Here, an interlayer “fence” structure was constructed in layered double hydroxides (LDH) by following the differential affinity and cohesion between guest anions and host laminates, thereby enhancing the anti-migration of intercalated antioxidants. Using 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (DBHP, a representative antioxidant), DBHP-intercalated LDH (D-LDH) was synthesized, followed by the introduction of metanilic acid (MA) via partial anion exchange to form a confined “fence” structure (MA/D-LDH) upon further thermal treatment at 200 °C. The “fence” structure significantly improved the anti-migration of DBHP, as evidenced in LDH/polypropylene (PP) composites. Increasing the MA exchange ratio enhanced the shielding effect on intercalated DBHP anions, improving the thermal stability of MA/D-LDH and its heat-treated derivative (MA/D-LDH-T). Compared with pristine D-LDH, the 24 % MA/D-LDH-T additive exhibited a 58 °C increase in thermal decomposition temperature (T_50%, from 346 °C to 404 °C) and a 78.77 % enhancement in anti-migration. The antioxidant migration rate in the composite was reduced to 8.35 %, markedly lower than that of commercial Irganox 1010 (39.33 %). Both MA/D-LDH/PP and MA/D-LDH-T/PP composites demonstrated superior thermal stability and anti-aging performance, highlighting their potential for reliable PP applications.

通过抑制受阻酚类抗氧化剂的迁移，可以实现功能化复合材料的长期稳定和低迁移。在层状双氢氧化物（LDH）中，根据客体阴离子和宿主层板之间的不同亲和力和内聚性，构建了层间“栅栏”结构，从而增强了嵌入的抗氧化剂的抗迁移能力。以代表性抗氧化剂3-（3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基）丙酸（DBHP）为原料，合成DBHP插层LDH (D-LDH)，然后通过部分阴离子交换引入甲苯酸（MA），在200℃下进一步热处理，形成封闭的“栅栏”结构（MA/D-LDH）。在LDH/聚丙烯（PP）复合材料中，“栅栏”结构显著提高了DBHP的抗迁移性。提高MA交换率增强了对插入DBHP阴离子的屏蔽作用，提高了MA/D-LDH及其热处理衍生物（MA/D-LDH- t）的热稳定性。与原始D-LDH相比，24% MA/D-LDH- t添加剂的热分解温度提高了58°C (T50%，从346°C提高到404°C)，抗迁移能力提高了78.77%。复合材料的抗氧化剂迁移率降至8.35%，显著低于市售Irganox 1010的39.33%。MA/D-LDH/PP和MA/D-LDH- t /PP复合材料均表现出优异的热稳定性和抗老化性能，突出了它们在PP领域的可靠应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and molecular modeling study of CO adsorption on modified sepiolite 改性海泡石吸附CO的实验及分子模拟研究

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2026.108121

Jinyao He , Xueyu Du , Pengfei Wang , Yan Cui , Yongjun Li , Yong Chen

Developing efficient and low-cost adsorbents is crucial for CO hazards. This study created a modified sepiolite via synergistic acid-hydrothermal-Cu⁺ treatment, achieving dramatically enhanced CO adsorption. The sequential treatment effectively removed impurities, repaired structural defects, and yielded a stabilized mesoporous structure, increasing the specific surface area by approximately 99 %. The optimal loading of 10 wt% Cu supported on Sep-HCl-HT reduced the outlet CO concentration from 105 ppm to 2 ppm effectively, corresponding to a remarkable adsorption efficiency of 98.2 %. Combined with characterization and molecular dynamics simulations, the increased surface area of sepiolite support benefited for the highly dispersed Cu⁺ species, and the Cu⁺ species were further stabilized via substituting the framework Mg²⁺ of sepiolite. The strong d-π backbonding between Cu⁺ and CO molecules conduced to the excellent CO adsorption.

开发高效、低成本的吸附剂是解决CO危害的关键。本研究通过酸-热液- cu +协同处理制备了改性海泡石，显著增强了CO的吸附能力。顺序处理有效地去除杂质，修复结构缺陷，并产生稳定的介孔结构，增加了约99%的比表面积。最佳负载量为10 wt%的Cu，可有效地将出口CO浓度从105 ppm降低到2 ppm，吸附效率为98.2%。结合表征和分子动力学模拟，海泡石载体表面积的增加有利于Cu+物种的高度分散，Cu+物种通过取代海泡石的框架Mg2+而进一步稳定。Cu+和CO分子之间的强d-π背键导致了优异的CO吸附性能。

引用次数: 0

Parameters affecting the pozzolanic reactivity of common clays after mechanochemical activation 机械化学活化后影响普通粘土火山灰反应性的参数

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.108111

Lea Ruckes , Matthias Maier , Alisa Machner

Mechanochemical activation (MCA) of phyllosilicates is one of the most promising solutions to produce reactive supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Several studies have already shown that MCA outperforms thermal activation (TA) in terms of reactivity when clays are low in kaolinite but rich in 2:1 phyllosilicates. Because reactivity depends on phyllosilicate type as well as content, and clays vary widely, a quick and simple test is needed to assess raw material suitability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the mineralogical and physical properties of common clays and their impact on reactivity after MCA, as well as their suitability as SCM. Hence, a multi-method approach was used to determine the reactivity of seven German common clays after TA and MCA and their use as SCM. The R³-test was used to determine the evolved heat after 7 days. Thermal analysis showed an altered OH binding that went along with a decrease in surface area with prolonged milling. Through Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction analysis and the external standard method, the amorphous content of the phyllosilicates was determined. An increase in the amorphous content was observed after MCA. The solubility of Al and Si could also be correlated with the reactivity of the phyllosilicates. The concentration of all ions increased with prolonged milling time, and therefore also correlated linearly with the reactivity. Both the loss of dehydroxylation area and the Si:Al solubility ratio served as practical, rapid screening tools for raw-material suitability.

层状硅酸盐的机械化学活化（MCA）是制备活性补充胶凝材料（SCMs）最有前途的方法之一。一些研究已经表明，当粘土高岭石含量低但富含2:1层状硅酸盐时，MCA在反应性方面优于热活化（TA）。由于反应性取决于层状硅酸盐类型和含量，而粘土变化很大，因此需要一种快速而简单的测试来评估原料的适用性。因此，本研究的目的是研究普通粘土的矿物学和物理性质及其对MCA后反应性的影响，以及它们作为SCM的适用性。因此，采用多方法测定了7种德国普通粘土经TA和MCA处理后的反应性，并将其作为SCM使用。采用r3试验测定7天后的演变热。热分析表明，随着磨矿时间的延长，OH结合发生了变化，表面积也随之减少。通过x射线衍射分析的Rietveld细化和外标法，测定了层状硅酸盐的非晶态含量。经MCA处理后，非晶态含量明显增加。Al和Si的溶解度也与层状硅酸盐的反应活性有关。各离子浓度随磨矿时间的延长而增加，且与反应性呈线性相关。去羟基化面积的损失和Si:Al的溶解度比都是实用的、快速筛选原料适用性的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Clay-polymer nanocomposites with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties 具有抗菌和抗生物膜性能的粘土-聚合物纳米复合材料

IF 5.8 2区地球科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Clay Science

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2025.108108

Juraj Bujdák , Katarína Bilská , Helena Bujdáková

Over the past decade, clay-polymer nanocomposites with antimicrobial properties have attracted significant attention. This review summarizes recent developments and emerging trends, focusing on the mechanisms underlying their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. The modes of action, including drug release, contact killing, surface topography, and interactions among individual components within the nanocomposite structure, are analyzed. Strategies for designing effective materials to prevent biofilm formation are examined, along with a protocol for efficient modification of polymer surfaces. Common antimicrobial agents in these composites include organic surfactants, various drugs and antibiotics, volatile, essential oils, disinfectants, photosensitizers, metal ions, and nanoparticles. In addition to composites of conventional polymers and clay minerals, special attention is given to biopolymers, polyelectrolytes, hydrogels, sacrificial coatings, reactive or anti-adhesive surfaces, and materials based on halloysite. Multifunctional materials are also discussed. Applications include coatings, implants, tissue engineering, wound healing, dentistry, textiles, and packaging. Future research should clarify antimicrobial action at the molecular level and develop cost-effective strategies for large-scale production.

在过去的十年中，具有抗菌性能的粘土-聚合物纳米复合材料引起了人们的广泛关注。本文综述了近年来的发展和新兴趋势，重点介绍了其抗菌和抗生物膜活性的机制。分析了纳米复合材料的作用模式，包括药物释放、接触杀伤、表面形貌以及纳米复合材料结构中单个组分之间的相互作用。研究了设计有效材料以防止生物膜形成的策略，以及有效修饰聚合物表面的协议。这些复合材料中常见的抗菌剂包括有机表面活性剂、各种药物和抗生素、挥发物、精油、消毒剂、光敏剂、金属离子和纳米颗粒。除了传统聚合物和粘土矿物的复合材料外，还特别关注生物聚合物、聚电解质、水凝胶、牺牲涂层、反应性或抗粘合表面以及基于高岭土的材料。对多功能材料也进行了讨论。应用包括涂料、植入物、组织工程、伤口愈合、牙科、纺织品和包装。未来的研究应在分子水平上阐明抗菌作用，并为大规模生产制定具有成本效益的策略。

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