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RELEVANSI PENGECUALIAN PRAKTIK MONOPOLI TERHADAP PERUSAHAAN BUMN DALAM MERGER TIGA BANK SYARIAH BUMN 在三家伊斯兰企业的合并中,垄断企业的例外关系
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.28932/di.v13i1.3618
C. M. Alit, Yeti Sumiyati
This study examines the following issues: first, whether the merger of 3 state-owned sharia banks is included in the criteria for monopolistic practice as an activity prohibited in the Law on monopolistic practices and unfair business competition. Second, what is the relevance of the provisions of the exclusion of monopolistic practices on BUMN in the Law on monopolistic practices and unfair business competition to the merger of 3 BUMN sharia banks. This study uses a normative juridical method. The results showed that the merger or merger of 3 state-owned sharia banks could potentially lead to monopolistic practices and unfair business competition as prohibited by Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition.
本研究考察了以下问题:第一,三家国有伊斯兰银行的合并是否作为《垄断行为和不正当商业竞争法》所禁止的活动被纳入垄断行为的标准。第二,《反垄断行为和不正当商业竞争法》中对伊斯兰银行排除垄断行为的规定与3家伊斯兰银行合并的相关性是什么?本研究采用规范的司法方法。结果表明,3家国有伊斯兰银行的合并或合并可能导致1999年《禁止垄断行为和不正当商业竞争》第5号法所禁止的垄断行为和不正当商业竞争。
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引用次数: 1
URGENSI PENGATURAN UNDANG-UNDANG PASAR FISIK ASET KRIPTO (CRYPTO ASSET) 加密资产的物理市场法规设置的紧迫性
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.28932/di.v13i1.3718
Hans Christoper Krisnawangsa, Christian Tarapul Anjur Hasiholan, Made Dharma Aditya Adhyaksa, Lourenthya Fleurette Maspaitella
Crypto Assets is a new alternative investment concept in Indonesia. The legal basis for regulating crypto assets currently in force in Indonesia cannot accommodate the development of the Crypto assets concept which continues to undergo significant changes. The physical market for crypto assets is incompatible when regulated by the provisions of Law Number 32 of 1997 on commodity futures trading and its amendments, namely Law Number 10 of 2011 because the physical market has conceptual differences with the provisions of the futures market in general. The object traded in the physical market is the commodity, while in the commodity futures market the object is futures contracts (and their derivatives) for commodities traded in the physical market. The scope of the commodity futures market as regulated in Article 1 of the Commodity Futures Trading Law does not accommodate commodity trading in the physical market. The urgency of regulating the physical market for crypto assets with a separate law is the implementation of the principle of legal certainty and protection of crypto asset investors. The method used in writing this journal is normative research using books, journal references, and laws and regulations that are relevant to the legal issues in this study. The results of this study indicate that the regulation of the physical law on crypto assets is needed because crypto assets should be regulated into two separate arrangements so that it is not appropriate if the regulation regarding crypto assets is only accommodated by the Commodity Futures Trading Law.
加密资产是印度尼西亚的一种新的另类投资概念。印度尼西亚目前有效的监管加密资产的法律基础无法适应加密资产概念的发展,加密资产概念仍在经历重大变化。根据1997年关于商品期货交易的第32号法律及其修正案,即2011年第10号法律的规定,加密资产的实物市场是不相容的,因为实物市场与一般期货市场的规定存在概念上的差异。实物市场上交易的对象是商品,而商品期货市场上交易的对象是实物市场上交易的商品的期货合约(及其衍生品)。《商品期货交易法》第一条规定的商品期货市场范围,不包括实物市场的商品交易。用单独的法律规范加密资产的实物市场的紧迫性是实施法律确定性和保护加密资产投资者的原则。撰写本期刊的方法是使用与本研究中的法律问题相关的书籍、期刊参考文献和法律法规进行规范研究。本研究的结果表明,需要对加密资产的物理法律进行监管,因为加密资产应该被监管为两个单独的安排,因此,如果加密资产的监管只适用于商品期货交易法,这是不合适的。
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引用次数: 4
TINJAUAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL TERKAIT PENETAPAN WILAYAH KONSERVASI OLEH INGGRIS TERHADAP KEPULAUAN CAGOS YANG MASIH DALAM PERSENGKETAAN DENGAN MAURITIUS 国际法律评论了英国对与毛里求斯有争议的CAGOS群岛的保护领土的划分
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.28932/di.v13i1.3699
Y. Fristikawati, Ronaldo Lado
Every states have the rights or jurisdiction over their territory in the land and sea, and to protect their specific environment, they  also have the right to purpose part of their territory as a Protected Area. Chagos archipelago is rich in the marine biodiversity which have to protect This island which place in the Indian Ocean used to be a British Colony, and in 1968 after Mauritius independence, British still exist in Chagos island based on their agreement with Mauritius to use this island for a few year, because British also have the agreement with US to use one of the island (Diego Garcia) as US Millitary Camp. In 2010 British purpose the Chagos archipelago as a protected area, which against by Mauritius, because the Cahgos Island is not British territory, its Mauritius’s territory. Based on UNCLOS 1982 only the coastal state have the rights of their  marine biodiversity in their ZEE. The Convention on Biodiversity 1992, also mentioned about the rights of states to protect their biodiversity by using as protected area. IUCN as an international organization has the guidance about protected area that can be use to discuss the Chagos marine protected areas.
每个国家对其陆地和海洋的领土都有权利或管辖权,为了保护其特定的环境,各国也有权将其领土的一部分定为保护区。查戈斯群岛拥有丰富的海洋生物多样性,必须保护这个岛屿,这个岛屿在印度洋上曾经是英国的殖民地,1968年毛里求斯独立后,英国人仍然存在于查戈斯岛上,根据他们与毛里求斯的协议,他们将使用这个岛屿几年,因为英国人也与美国达成协议,将其中一个岛屿(迪戈加西亚岛)作为美国的军营。2010年,英国将查戈斯群岛定为保护区,这遭到毛里求斯的反对,因为查戈斯岛不是英国领土,而是毛里求斯的领土。根据1982年《联合国海洋法公约》,只有沿海国对其海洋生物多样性拥有权利。1992年的《生物多样性公约》也提到了国家通过使用保护区来保护其生物多样性的权利。世界自然保护联盟作为一个国际组织,有关于保护区的指导,可以用来讨论查戈斯群岛的海洋保护区。
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引用次数: 0
PENERAPAN DOKTRIN FAIR USE TERHADAP PEMANFAATAN HAK CIPTA PADA PLATFORM DIGITAL SEMASA COVID 19 DI INDONESIA
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.28932/di.v13i1.3750
R. Permata, Tasya Safiranita, Yuliana Utama, Reihan Ahmad Millaudy
The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in more people doing activities from home, so almost all activities are carried out online, including for educational activities. The problems on this research are how the comparison between fair use regulations in Indonesia and in the United States during the pre-Covid-19 pandemic? How the regulations of the doctrine of fair use to anticipate the occurrence of a new phenomenon regarding the use of copyright on digital platforms during and/or after the Covid-19 pandemic? The method used in writing this law is a normative juridical method. The results of the study conclude that Fair use rules in Indonesia already regulate that fair use will not harm the legitimate interests of creators but does not provide clear parameters regarding fair interests. While the Fair use Arrangements in the United States are regulated in 17 U.S. Code 107. In this regulation, there are 4 factors, namely: the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the quantity and importance of the material used, the effect of the use upon potential market or value of the copyrighted work. The Covid-19 pandemic gave rise to fair use cases that had never occurred before the outbreak of Covid-19, e.g. the case of The Internet Archive, it can be observed that there is an encouragement from the public to further relax copyright protection because of the Covid-19 pandemic resulting in the public interest having to be carried out rather than the creators and copyright holders.
新冠肺炎大流行导致更多的人在家活动,因此几乎所有活动都在网上进行,包括教育活动。本研究的问题是如何比较印度尼西亚和美国在covid -19大流行前的合理使用法规?合理使用原则的规定如何预测在Covid-19大流行期间和/或之后数字平台上使用版权的新现象的发生?编写本法所用的方法是一种规范的司法方法。研究结果得出结论,印度尼西亚的合理使用规则已经规定了合理使用不会损害创作者的合法利益,但没有提供关于公平利益的明确参数。而美国的合理使用协议是由美国法典第107条规定的。在这一规定中,有四个因素,即:使用的目的和特征、版权作品的性质、使用材料的数量和重要性、使用对版权作品的潜在市场或价值的影响。新冠肺炎疫情引发了新冠肺炎疫情前从未出现过的合理使用案例,例如互联网档案馆,我们可以看到,由于新冠肺炎疫情,公众鼓励进一步放宽版权保护,导致必须维护公众利益而不是创作者和版权持有人的利益。
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引用次数: 0
PELINDUNGAN PATEN DALAM PERSPEKTIF FUNGSI HUKUM SEBAGAI KONTROL SOSIAL DAN REKAYASA SOSIAL 从法律功能为社会控制和社会工程的角度来看,专利保护
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.28932/di.v13i1.3757
Sudjana Sudjana
Law is a means of social control to direct people to take actions in accordance with applicable regulations so as to create order and peace. While the function of law as social engineering is to change human behavior in order to uphold justice and respect obligations under the law. This study aims to determine the function of law as social control and social engineering related to patent protection. The research method used is a descriptive analytical approach to legislation. Data collection was carried out through literature study while data analysis was carried out in a qualitative normative manner. The results of the study show that the legal function as social control related to patents is the object, terms and procedures of protection and the period of protection, while the subject of protection and legal action in case of violation is the function of law as social engineering. However, in order to understand the requirements for granting patents and to eliminate the impression that patent registration is too procedural and to increase legal awareness in order to respect patents by other parties, it is necessary to continuously disseminate information or information through print or electronic media with the use of technological means which are currently developing rapidly so that can support the effectiveness of social control and social engineering as mandated by the Patent Law.
法律是一种社会控制手段,指导人们按照适用的法规采取行动,从而创造秩序与和平。而法律作为社会工程的功能是改变人们的行为,以维护正义和尊重法律规定的义务。本研究旨在确定法律在专利保护方面的社会控制和社会工程功能。所使用的研究方法是对立法的描述性分析方法。数据收集采用文献研究法,数据分析采用定性规范法。研究结果表明,与专利相关的法律社会控制功能是保护客体、保护期限、保护程序和保护期限,而保护主体和侵权诉讼主体是法律的社会工程功能。然而,为了了解授予专利的要求,消除专利注册过于程序化的印象,提高法律意识,以尊重其他各方的专利,必须利用当前快速发展的技术手段,通过印刷或者电子媒介不断传播信息或者信息,以支持专利法规定的社会控制和社会工程的有效性。
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引用次数: 4
MENAKAR PELUANG PELINDUNGAN INDIKASI GEOGRAFIS PADA BIDANG JASA DALAM KERANGKA HUKUM INDONESIA: SEBUAH DIAGNOSA AWAL 在印度尼西亚法律框架内评估服务领域的地理指标可能性:初步诊断
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.28932/di.v13i1.3198
Muh. Ali Masnun
The protection of geographical indications in Indonesia is still limited to the goods sector, but not yet for the service sector. The purpose of this study is to analyze the opportunities for the protection of geographical indications in the service sector within the legal framework in Indonesia. This research is a doctrinal research using a conceptual and statute approachs. The results of the study can be concluded that the opportunity for protection of geographical indications in the service sector is very good with an argument consisting of 4 aspects, including the provisions of the TRIPS agreement which are open, the potential for uniqueness of the region. based services, protection through the relative geographical indications still has weaknesses, and protection through communal intellectual property (traditional knowledge) is also relatively weak. The opportunities for the protection of geographical indications are also very relevant to several legal protection theories, including: predictive and anticipatory legal protection theory, integrative and coordinative theory, and social ownership theory.
印度尼西亚对地理标志的保护仍然局限于商品部门,但尚未适用于服务部门。本研究的目的是分析印度尼西亚法律框架内服务部门地理标志保护的机会。本研究是一项运用概念和法规方法的理论研究。研究结果表明,服务部门地理标志保护的机会非常好,论证包括4个方面,包括TRIPS协议的规定是开放的,该地区的独特性的潜力。以服务为基础,通过相对地理标志的保护仍然存在弱点,通过公共知识产权(传统知识)的保护也相对薄弱。地理标志保护的机遇也与几种法律保护理论密切相关,包括:预见性与预见性法律保护理论、整合与协调理论、社会所有权理论。
{"title":"MENAKAR PELUANG PELINDUNGAN INDIKASI GEOGRAFIS PADA BIDANG JASA DALAM KERANGKA HUKUM INDONESIA: SEBUAH DIAGNOSA AWAL","authors":"Muh. Ali Masnun","doi":"10.28932/di.v13i1.3198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28932/di.v13i1.3198","url":null,"abstract":"The protection of geographical indications in Indonesia is still limited to the goods sector, but not yet for the service sector. The purpose of this study is to analyze the opportunities for the protection of geographical indications in the service sector within the legal framework in Indonesia. This research is a doctrinal research using a conceptual and statute approachs. The results of the study can be concluded that the opportunity for protection of geographical indications in the service sector is very good with an argument consisting of 4 aspects, including the provisions of the TRIPS agreement which are open, the potential for uniqueness of the region. based services, protection through the relative geographical indications still has weaknesses, and protection through communal intellectual property (traditional knowledge) is also relatively weak. The opportunities for the protection of geographical indications are also very relevant to several legal protection theories, including: predictive and anticipatory legal protection theory, integrative and coordinative theory, and social ownership theory.","PeriodicalId":246508,"journal":{"name":"Dialogia Iuridica: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis dan Investasi","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114890795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
PENERAPAN PRINSIP BUSINESS JUDGEMENT RULE TERHADAP DIREKSI ATAS PERBUATAN MELAWAN HUKUM KARYAWAN KARENA MENETAPKAN DISKON PEMBELIAN EMAS ANTAM SECARA SEPIHAK 商业法官的原则适用于董事会违反员工法律的行为,因为该原则规定了不劳而获的黄金折扣
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.28932/di.v13i1.3880
Indriyani Kusumawati, Yeti Sumiyati
Unlawful acts cannot be separated by a violation of one's rights. This research is based on the phenomenon of directors who are penalized for unlawful acts committed by their employees. In 2021, PT Antam appealed to the court because the board of directors felt aggrieved by the judge's decision to impose damages on the directors of PT Antam. In fact, those who do illegal acts to the detriment of consumers are Eksi Anggraeni and the two employees, Misdianto and Ahmad Purwanto through the lure of discounts without the approval of the company. Limited Liability Companies Law implicitly regulates the concept of legal protection that is already known in some countries, namely the principle of Business Judgement Rule. This principle can be used by directors as a basis for legal protection to achieve justice. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to comprehend the responsibility of the board of directors for actions against employee law that stipulates discounts on the purchase of Antam gold unilaterally associated with the law of limited liability companies and review the application of the principles of Business Judgement Rule to directors who must be responsible for actions against the law of employees. The results of this study concluded that the directors of PT Antam cannot be held accountable. Furthermore, the application of the Business Judgement Rule principle has not been applied to this case, so legal protection to the board of directors is still ignored by the judge and has not shown justice.                  
非法行为不能以侵犯个人权利来区分。本研究是基于董事因其员工的违法行为而受到惩罚的现象。2021年,PT Antam向法院提起上诉,因为法官决定对PT Antam的董事施加损害赔偿,董事会对此感到委屈。事实上,那些对消费者造成损害的非法行为是Eksi Anggraeni和两名员工Misdianto和Ahmad Purwanto,他们在未经公司批准的情况下通过折扣的诱惑。有限责任公司法含蓄地规范了一些国家已经熟知的法律保护概念,即商业判断规则原则。董事可利用这一原则作为法律保护的基础,实现正义。因此,本研究的目的是理解董事会对与有限责任公司法律相关联的单方面规定购买安塔姆黄金折扣的违反员工法行为的责任,并审查商业判断规则原则对必须对违反员工法行为负责的董事的适用。这项研究的结论是,PT Antam的董事不能被追究责任。此外,本案并未适用商业判断规则原则,因此对董事会的法律保护仍然被法官忽视,没有体现出公正。
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引用次数: 0
PENCANTUMAN SERTIFIKAT KEANDALAN (LOGO TRUSTMARK) SEBAGAI BENTUK PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN E-COMMERCE DITINJAU DARI PERATURAN YANG BERLAKU 在适用监管下,将担保证书(TRUSTMARK标志)作为消费者电子商务保护形式进行认证
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.28932/di.v13i1.3874
Nathania Tesalonica, B. Wulandari
The development of information and communication technology that is increasing has made a major contribution to meeting human needs. The presence of the internet provides convenience in making buying and selling transactions, through e-commerce. The presence of Law no. 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions is one of the legal instruments in protecting e-commerce consumers. The law regulates one form of protection that can be carried out through the inclusion of a certificate of reliability (trustmark). Based on the analysis using the normative juridical research method, it was found that in the case of the inclusion of a reliability certificate (trustmark) issued by a Foreign Reliability Certification Agency, the government has not taken legal action regarding this matter, so that the inclusion of a reliability certificate (trustmark) can still be applied as long as there are no regulations issued. Arrange. In relation to legal actions that can be taken by the parties for losses in e-commerce transactions due to the absence of a trustmark logo, namely by imposing sanctions on business actors and consumers can demand rights that should be fulfilled in buying and selling transactions through existing mechanisms.
日益增长的信息和通信技术的发展为满足人类需求作出了重大贡献。互联网的存在通过电子商务为买卖交易提供了便利。法律的存在。2016年第19号关于修改2008年第11号关于信息和电子交易的法律是保护电子商务消费者的法律文书之一。法律规定了一种可以通过包含可靠性证书(trustmark)来实施的保护形式。通过运用规范的法律研究方法进行分析,发现在纳入国外可靠性认证机构颁发的可靠性证书(trustmark)的情况下,政府并没有对此事采取法律行动,因此只要没有出台法规,可靠性证书(trustmark)的纳入仍然可以适用。安排。关于各方因缺乏信任标志而可能对电子商务交易中的损失采取的法律行动,即通过对商业行为者实施制裁,消费者可以通过现有机制要求在买卖交易中应履行的权利。
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引用次数: 1
URGENSI PEMIDANAAN BAGI PELAKU PERDAGANGAN PENGARUH (TRADING IN INFLUENCE) DARI KALANGAN NON PEJABAT PUBLIK DALAM RANGKA PEMBERANTASAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI 为了根除腐败罪行,公共官员的影响力贸易参与者的当务之急
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.28932/di.v13i1.3660
Joice Viladelfia, Rahel Octora
Kasus trading in influence atau perdagangan pengaruh di Indonesia telah marak terjadi dengan modus yang berbeda-beda, namun pengaturan eksplisit tentang delik perdagangan pengaruh hingga saat ini belum ada. Trading in influence banyak dilakukan baik oleh penyelenggara negara maupun pihak non pejabat publik, yang memiliki akses kepada otoritas publik. Tulisan ini membahas bagaimana pengaturan tindakan perdagangan pengaruh (trading in influence) oleh non pejabat publik dihubungkan dengan berlakunya Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi (Tipikor), serta bagaimana urgensi kriminalisasi tindakan perdagangan pengaruh (trading in influence) dalam rangka optimalisasi pemberantasan Tipikor. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif, dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara studi kepustakaan. Pengolahan data ini diolah dan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa sistem perundang-undangan di Indonesia (dalam hal ini UU Pemberantasan Tipikor) belum mengatur secara tegas tindakan Trading in Influence, sehingga diperlukan revisi UU PTPK, untuk memasukan aturan Trading in Influence. Perumusan delik trading in influence di Indonesia sebagai bagian dari tindak pidana korupsi dinilai sangat urgen dalam rangka mengoptimalisasi pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi.
在印度尼西亚,影响交易案件普遍存在于不同的模式下,但明确地安排交易影响到目前为止还不存在。具有影响力的交易往往是由国家组织者和非公职人员进行的,他们都可以获得公共权力。这篇文章讨论了非政府官员的影响力交易行为(变化交易)是如何与《典型腐败法》(典型腐败法)的执行联系在一起的,以及在最乐观的平版交易行为中,打击腐败行为的紧迫性。本研究采用法制法,采用研究文献的方法,采用法律法和收集数据的概念性方法。处理这些数据是经过定性处理和分析的。这项研究的结果是,印尼的法律体系(在这种情况下,平版平版法)还没有明确规定任何具有影响力的交易行为,因此,需要对PTPK法进行修改,以包括任何有影响力的交易规则。印尼极具传染性交易交易作为腐败罪行的一部分被认为是非常紧迫的,目的是积极消除腐败罪行。
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引用次数: 1
KEWENANGAN UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE ON THE PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE (UNCOPUOS) DALAM PEMBENTUKAN HUKUM ANTARIKSA INTERNASIONAL 联合国和平利用外层空间委员会(外空委员会
Pub Date : 2019-11-19 DOI: 10.28932/di.v11i1.1953
D. Diógenes
"United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space" (UNCOPUOS) merupakan suatu organisasi internasional yang bersifat umum yang berada di bawah sistem Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB). Komite ini adalah komite pembina utama (focal point) yang berada di bawah Majelis Umum (MU) PBB untuk menangani secara internasional isu-isu dan masalah-masalah keantariksaan. UNCOPUOS secara efektif baru melaksanakan tugas dan mandatnya pada tahun 1961 dan telah menghasilkan beberapa produk hukum antariksa internasional. Pembentukan hukum antariksa internasional oleh UNCOPUOS didasarkan kewenangan yang diberikan kepadanya sebagai suatu organisasi internasional. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam makalah ini adalah deskriptif yuridis-analisis. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah data sekunder ( dalam penelitian hukum disebut bahan hukum primer), sehingga kajian  ini ditujukan untuk melihat keabsahan kewenangan tersebut dilihat dari hukum organisasi internasional dan produk yang dihasilkan sebagai suatu hukum antariksa internasional. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, baik dilihat dari sisi hukum organisasi internasional maupun materi muatan hasil pembentukan hukumnya, UNCOPUOS mempunyai kewenangan dan hasilnya absah secara hukum.
“联合国就《外层空间的和平功能》(UNCOPUOS)提出了联合国体系下的一个共同的国际组织。该委员会是联合国大会的主要创始人委员会,负责国际处理持续的问题和问题。UNCOPUOS在1961年有效地完成了它的任务和任务,并生产了一些国际航空法的产品。UNCOPUOS制定的国际航天法是基于他作为一个国际组织的权力。本论文使用的方法论是一种描述性的法律分析。本研究中使用的数据类型为次要数据(在法律研究中称为主要法律材料),因此该研究的目的是将国际组织的法律和产生的产品视为国际空间的法律。根据国际组织的法律审查和组成法律的内容,UNCOPUOS有管辖权和合法的结果。
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引用次数: 0
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Dialogia Iuridica: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis dan Investasi
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