Pub Date : 2006-07-10DOI: 10.1109/ICIF.2006.301613
E. Dalberg, A. Lauberts, R. Lennartsson, M. Levonen, L. Persson
An interesting possibility for improved surveillance capabilities in littoral waters is the integration of multisensor systems by means of data fusion. Here, we describe how data fusion can be used for localisation and tracking of targets by means of passive underwater acoustic and electric field sensors. The data was fused using a Kalman filter. The filter was applied on bearing estimates from the acoustic data and estimates of the target position from the electrode array. The results show the positions of the targets are gained by fusion between the acoustic bearing and the electrode sensors, within the limits of their sensitivity
{"title":"Underwater target tracking by means of acoustic and electromagnetic data fusion","authors":"E. Dalberg, A. Lauberts, R. Lennartsson, M. Levonen, L. Persson","doi":"10.1109/ICIF.2006.301613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2006.301613","url":null,"abstract":"An interesting possibility for improved surveillance capabilities in littoral waters is the integration of multisensor systems by means of data fusion. Here, we describe how data fusion can be used for localisation and tracking of targets by means of passive underwater acoustic and electric field sensors. The data was fused using a Kalman filter. The filter was applied on bearing estimates from the acoustic data and estimates of the target position from the electrode array. The results show the positions of the targets are gained by fusion between the acoustic bearing and the electrode sensors, within the limits of their sensitivity","PeriodicalId":248061,"journal":{"name":"2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128390120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-10DOI: 10.1109/ICIF.2006.301790
J. Salerno
Process refinement or feedback is a key component of any closed loop system. Fusion models are no exception. In this paper we explore what process refinement means in terms of the higher levels of fusion. In doing so we further refine the existing definitions of the various levels (as defined by the joint director of laboratories, JDL) and based on these definitions we discuss how each of these levels interacts with each other
{"title":"Resource Management: A Necessary and Integral Component to Any Level 2/3 Fusion Capability","authors":"J. Salerno","doi":"10.1109/ICIF.2006.301790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2006.301790","url":null,"abstract":"Process refinement or feedback is a key component of any closed loop system. Fusion models are no exception. In this paper we explore what process refinement means in terms of the higher levels of fusion. In doing so we further refine the existing definitions of the various levels (as defined by the joint director of laboratories, JDL) and based on these definitions we discuss how each of these levels interacts with each other","PeriodicalId":248061,"journal":{"name":"2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129366027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-10DOI: 10.1109/ICIF.2006.301643
G. Rogova, P. Scott, C. Lollett, Rashmi Mudiyanur
The purpose of situation and impact assessment is to infer and approximate the critical characteristics of the environment in relation to the particular goals, capabilities and policies of the decision makers. The process of situation and impact assessment involves dynamic generation of hypotheses about the states of the environment and evaluation of their plausibility via reasoning about situational items, their aggregates at different levels of granularity, relationships between them, and their behavior within a specific context. This paper addresses the problem of reasoning for situation and impact assessment to support early-phase crisis management. Special attention is paid to "inference for best explanation" aimed at discovery of the underlying causes of observed situational items and their behavior, an important component of situation and impact assessment. The presented method of discovery of underlying causes is illustrated by the discovery of an unreported HAZMAT incident within an early-phase earthquake response scenario
{"title":"Reasoning about situations in the early post-disaster response environment","authors":"G. Rogova, P. Scott, C. Lollett, Rashmi Mudiyanur","doi":"10.1109/ICIF.2006.301643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2006.301643","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of situation and impact assessment is to infer and approximate the critical characteristics of the environment in relation to the particular goals, capabilities and policies of the decision makers. The process of situation and impact assessment involves dynamic generation of hypotheses about the states of the environment and evaluation of their plausibility via reasoning about situational items, their aggregates at different levels of granularity, relationships between them, and their behavior within a specific context. This paper addresses the problem of reasoning for situation and impact assessment to support early-phase crisis management. Special attention is paid to \"inference for best explanation\" aimed at discovery of the underlying causes of observed situational items and their behavior, an important component of situation and impact assessment. The presented method of discovery of underlying causes is illustrated by the discovery of an unreported HAZMAT incident within an early-phase earthquake response scenario","PeriodicalId":248061,"journal":{"name":"2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130535672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-10DOI: 10.1109/ICIF.2006.301646
D. Musicki, R. Evans
In this paper target tracking using measurements whose probability density function can be described (approximated) by a Gaussian sum mixture is described. The approach is illustrated for two classes of these measurements. One class is the measurements obtained by acoustic amplitude/time difference of arrival measurements typically obtained using motes. The other is measurements obtained by radar with large angular measurement errors. Such measurements in a cartesian system cannot be accurately modelled by a single Gaussian pdf. By following a Bayesian approach and the target existence paradigm, two target tracking filters have been derived. A variant of IPDA-the single scan target tracking filter, and a variant of the ITS-the multi scan target tracking filter, have been derived for situations when Gaussian sum measurements are available
{"title":"Measurement Gaussian Sum Mixture Target Tracking","authors":"D. Musicki, R. Evans","doi":"10.1109/ICIF.2006.301646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2006.301646","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper target tracking using measurements whose probability density function can be described (approximated) by a Gaussian sum mixture is described. The approach is illustrated for two classes of these measurements. One class is the measurements obtained by acoustic amplitude/time difference of arrival measurements typically obtained using motes. The other is measurements obtained by radar with large angular measurement errors. Such measurements in a cartesian system cannot be accurately modelled by a single Gaussian pdf. By following a Bayesian approach and the target existence paradigm, two target tracking filters have been derived. A variant of IPDA-the single scan target tracking filter, and a variant of the ITS-the multi scan target tracking filter, have been derived for situations when Gaussian sum measurements are available","PeriodicalId":248061,"journal":{"name":"2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124304210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-10DOI: 10.1109/ICIF.2006.301817
G. Pavlin, J. Nunnink
This paper discusses the properties of Bayesian networks (BNs) in the context of accurate state estimation. We focus on a relevant class of problems where state estimation can be viewed as a classification of possible states based on the fusion of heterogeneous and noisy information. We introduce the inference meta model (IMM), a coarse runtime perspective on the inference processes which facilitates the analysis of the state estimation with BNs. By making coarse and realistic assumptions, we show that such inference can be very robust and has asymptotic properties regarding the fusion accuracy, even if we use models and evidence associated with significant uncertainties. Moreover, the IMM provides guidance for the development of (i) robust fusion systems and (ii) methods for runtime detection of potentially misleading fusion results
{"title":"Inference Meta Models: Towards Robust Information Fusion with Bayesian Networks","authors":"G. Pavlin, J. Nunnink","doi":"10.1109/ICIF.2006.301817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2006.301817","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the properties of Bayesian networks (BNs) in the context of accurate state estimation. We focus on a relevant class of problems where state estimation can be viewed as a classification of possible states based on the fusion of heterogeneous and noisy information. We introduce the inference meta model (IMM), a coarse runtime perspective on the inference processes which facilitates the analysis of the state estimation with BNs. By making coarse and realistic assumptions, we show that such inference can be very robust and has asymptotic properties regarding the fusion accuracy, even if we use models and evidence associated with significant uncertainties. Moreover, the IMM provides guidance for the development of (i) robust fusion systems and (ii) methods for runtime detection of potentially misleading fusion results","PeriodicalId":248061,"journal":{"name":"2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126365252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-10DOI: 10.1109/ICIF.2006.301789
C. Chong
Sensor resource management is usually formulated as an optimization problem under uncertainty. We use a decision-theoretic model to show that the objective function should not be just tracking or target identification performance. Instead, it should represent the expected value of the outcome from using the collected data. This outcome depends on how the collected data and fusion results are used in making other resource management decisions such as weapon to target assignment. We argue the need for considering the integrated sensor/weapon management problem and propose a decomposition to make the solution feasible
{"title":"Decision-Theoretic Sensor Resource Management","authors":"C. Chong","doi":"10.1109/ICIF.2006.301789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2006.301789","url":null,"abstract":"Sensor resource management is usually formulated as an optimization problem under uncertainty. We use a decision-theoretic model to show that the objective function should not be just tracking or target identification performance. Instead, it should represent the expected value of the outcome from using the collected data. This outcome depends on how the collected data and fusion results are used in making other resource management decisions such as weapon to target assignment. We argue the need for considering the integrated sensor/weapon management problem and propose a decomposition to make the solution feasible","PeriodicalId":248061,"journal":{"name":"2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128041078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-10DOI: 10.1109/ICIF.2006.301732
Shouzhi Wei, N. Jin, Xingjie Hui, Hui Liu
In order to solve effectively the issue of situation assessment of hydroelectric generating units in Jinlin FengMan hydropower plant in China, a general situation assessment model based on data mining is proposed, that is, gathering multi-source data, obtaining knowledge automatically using modified rough set algorithm, and the general situation assessment being realized by utilizing the modified blackboard model in dynamic circumstance. The model has been successfully applied in situation assessment of hydroelectricity digital simulation system of Jilin Fengman. Tests on system show that the proposed model are effective and can be applied widely. This model has solved high complexity, redundancy of rule, and lowered generality of former system
{"title":"A Situation Assessment Model and Its Application Based on Data Mining","authors":"Shouzhi Wei, N. Jin, Xingjie Hui, Hui Liu","doi":"10.1109/ICIF.2006.301732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2006.301732","url":null,"abstract":"In order to solve effectively the issue of situation assessment of hydroelectric generating units in Jinlin FengMan hydropower plant in China, a general situation assessment model based on data mining is proposed, that is, gathering multi-source data, obtaining knowledge automatically using modified rough set algorithm, and the general situation assessment being realized by utilizing the modified blackboard model in dynamic circumstance. The model has been successfully applied in situation assessment of hydroelectricity digital simulation system of Jilin Fengman. Tests on system show that the proposed model are effective and can be applied widely. This model has solved high complexity, redundancy of rule, and lowered generality of former system","PeriodicalId":248061,"journal":{"name":"2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128150393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-10DOI: 10.1109/ICIF.2006.301592
A. Capponi, C. Pilotto, G. Golino, A. Farina, Lance M. Kaplan
This paper compares two different approaches for sensor selection for distributed tracking: 1) the Frisbee method, and 2) global node selection (GNS). The Frisbee method is based on the proximity of the nodes to the predicted location of the target; GNS is based on minimizing the unbiased Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB). Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that the Frisbee method is as effective as GNS. Furthermore, the Frisbee method is attractive due to its very light computational load
{"title":"Algorithms for the selection of the active sensors in distributed tracking: comparison between Frisbee and GNS methods","authors":"A. Capponi, C. Pilotto, G. Golino, A. Farina, Lance M. Kaplan","doi":"10.1109/ICIF.2006.301592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2006.301592","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares two different approaches for sensor selection for distributed tracking: 1) the Frisbee method, and 2) global node selection (GNS). The Frisbee method is based on the proximity of the nodes to the predicted location of the target; GNS is based on minimizing the unbiased Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB). Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that the Frisbee method is as effective as GNS. Furthermore, the Frisbee method is attractive due to its very light computational load","PeriodicalId":248061,"journal":{"name":"2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion","volume":"299 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131957862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-10DOI: 10.1109/ICIF.2006.301591
M. Oxenham, P. Cutler
In the defence domain, weapons allocation is defined to be the reactive assignment of weapon systems to engage or counter identified threats. From a command perspective, this refers to the allocation of friendly and coalition force elements (e.g. fighter aircraft, frigates etc.) to engage or interdict adversaries which are posing threats, not only to themselves, but also to defended areas and high-value assets. In an earlier work, a conceptual rule-based approach to weapons allocation in the air domain was outlined in terms of so-called critical and sorting parameters, which may be used to determine the capability of each friendly airborne interceptor to engage or counter each threat, and to rank the candidate interceptor-threat pairings respectively. An issue of relevance to the evaluation of the (interdependent) parameters of fuel sufficiency, egress safety and time-to-intercept is how to determine the shortest path from a given interceptor to a static or dynamic threat which avoids prohibited areas such as missile engagement zones, neutral and enemy territories and other exclusion zones. However, in general finding the shortest path is a non-trivial exercise and so determining sub optimal paths through the prohibited areas is often necessary. In the current paper, the problem is investigated from both perspectives. In particular, a technique developed for, and applied to, the field of robotics for finding the shortest path from a source to a fixed destination through a flat earth environment littered with obstacles is adapted to solve the shortest path problem for a spherical earth geometry. This is then used as the basis for determining efficient paths from an interceptor to engage or counter a moving threat
{"title":"Accommodating Obstacle Avoidance in the Weapons Allocation Problem for Tactical Air Defence","authors":"M. Oxenham, P. Cutler","doi":"10.1109/ICIF.2006.301591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2006.301591","url":null,"abstract":"In the defence domain, weapons allocation is defined to be the reactive assignment of weapon systems to engage or counter identified threats. From a command perspective, this refers to the allocation of friendly and coalition force elements (e.g. fighter aircraft, frigates etc.) to engage or interdict adversaries which are posing threats, not only to themselves, but also to defended areas and high-value assets. In an earlier work, a conceptual rule-based approach to weapons allocation in the air domain was outlined in terms of so-called critical and sorting parameters, which may be used to determine the capability of each friendly airborne interceptor to engage or counter each threat, and to rank the candidate interceptor-threat pairings respectively. An issue of relevance to the evaluation of the (interdependent) parameters of fuel sufficiency, egress safety and time-to-intercept is how to determine the shortest path from a given interceptor to a static or dynamic threat which avoids prohibited areas such as missile engagement zones, neutral and enemy territories and other exclusion zones. However, in general finding the shortest path is a non-trivial exercise and so determining sub optimal paths through the prohibited areas is often necessary. In the current paper, the problem is investigated from both perspectives. In particular, a technique developed for, and applied to, the field of robotics for finding the shortest path from a source to a fixed destination through a flat earth environment littered with obstacles is adapted to solve the shortest path problem for a spherical earth geometry. This is then used as the basis for determining efficient paths from an interceptor to engage or counter a moving threat","PeriodicalId":248061,"journal":{"name":"2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131828530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-07-10DOI: 10.1109/ICIF.2006.301655
A. Soto, G. D. Miguel, J. Besada, Jesús García
The evolution of airborne communication systems and ground stations make it possible to improve the performance of tracking systems, in order to increase capacity, safety and efficiency of air traffic environments. These new systems enable downlinking several aircraft parameters for use in ground air traffic management (ATM) systems. Some of these parameters can be used for ATM system function enhancements, such as aircraft tracking. Thus, in this paper, a robust architecture is proposed using downlink airborne parameters (DAPs). This architecture consists of two filters in parallel: one is in charge of dealing with DAPs and the other one cope with the absence of them. Results showing the improvements in performance of the whole system are presented, as well as results coming from the DAP based filter alone. Both results will be compared with the ones delivered by the conventional filter
{"title":"Robust tracking architecture for Mode-S Enhanced Surveillance","authors":"A. Soto, G. D. Miguel, J. Besada, Jesús García","doi":"10.1109/ICIF.2006.301655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2006.301655","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of airborne communication systems and ground stations make it possible to improve the performance of tracking systems, in order to increase capacity, safety and efficiency of air traffic environments. These new systems enable downlinking several aircraft parameters for use in ground air traffic management (ATM) systems. Some of these parameters can be used for ATM system function enhancements, such as aircraft tracking. Thus, in this paper, a robust architecture is proposed using downlink airborne parameters (DAPs). This architecture consists of two filters in parallel: one is in charge of dealing with DAPs and the other one cope with the absence of them. Results showing the improvements in performance of the whole system are presented, as well as results coming from the DAP based filter alone. Both results will be compared with the ones delivered by the conventional filter","PeriodicalId":248061,"journal":{"name":"2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132274703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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