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The Passive Voice in Urdu: A Syntactic Investigation and Transformational Analysis 乌尔都语中的被动语态:句法研究与转换分析
Pub Date : 2024-06-02 DOI: 10.56868/jadhur.v3i2.188
Riaz Ahmad, Mashhood Ahmad
This paper explores passive structures in the Urdu language. It aims to understand their syntactic configuration and how to convert active sentences into passive ones. Limited research exists on Urdu's passivization compared to English. The research questions focus on the structure of passive sentences in Urdu and the necessary modifications for passivization. A qualitative research methodology is used, analyzing written texts and daily conversations of native Urdu speakers. The literature review compares Urdu's passive structures with English, including the standard "be" passive and less common "get passive" and "have passive." Findings show that Urdu passives use the auxiliary “Gaya” and the agent can be explicitly mentioned using "from-PP" rather than "by-PP." The paper also covers passivization in imperative sentences, using “ja:” and “cha:hi:e” morphemes. Moreover, voice neutrality is examined, showing that passive and active sentences in Urdu often convey the same event with similar agent-patient relationships. The study’s conclusive remarks on passive construction in Urdu have the potential to ignite future research in this domain. The paper contributes to the knowledge of passive constructions in Urdu which can significantly impact translation accuracy and interpretation between Urdu and English. This research also adds to the big picture of how languages work.
本文探讨乌尔都语中的被动结构。其目的是了解它们的句法结构以及如何将主动句转换为被动句。与英语相比,有关乌尔都语被动化的研究十分有限。研究问题主要集中在乌尔都语中被动句的结构以及被动化所需的修改。本研究采用定性研究方法,分析了以乌尔都语为母语的人的书面文本和日常对话。文献综述比较了乌尔都语与英语的被动句结构,包括标准的 "be "被动句和不常用的 "get "被动句和 "have "被动句。研究结果表明,乌尔都语的被动结构使用助词 "Gaya",并且可以使用 "from-PP "而不是 "by-PP "来明确提及代理人。本文还使用 "ja: "和 "cha:hi:e "语素探讨了命令句中的被动化问题。此外,研究还探讨了语音中性问题,结果表明乌尔都语中的被动句和主动句经常以相似的主客关系表达同一事件。该研究对乌尔都语被动结构的结论性意见有可能引发该领域的未来研究。本文有助于加深对乌尔都语被动结构的了解,这将对乌尔都语和英语之间的翻译准确性和口译产生重大影响。这项研究还有助于了解语言是如何工作的。
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引用次数: 0
Cross-Cultural Communication and Co-Directional Theory: Assessing the Impact of Cultural Background on Communication Efficacy Among International Students in Malaysia 跨文化交际与共向理论:评估文化背景对马来西亚留学生沟通效率的影响
Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.56868/jadhur.v3i1.203
Qinghao Guo, Krisana Chueachainat
The association of intercultural communication (IC) and international students has become increasingly evident in the global expansion of higher education. This study introduces the Cross-Cultural Communication model (CCCM), which explains Cultural Background (CB), Level of Cross-Cultural Adaptation (LCCA), Proficiency in Common Language (PCL), and Communication Efficacy (CE) as distinct stages in intercultural development. Focusing on international students in Malaysia, the research employed a quantitative survey method analyzing data from 215 among multi-cultural students. . Our findings show cultural background’s has positive and significant impact on cross-cultural adaptation, proficiency in common language, and communication efficacy. There was also a direct and significant impact of a level of cross-cultural adaptation and proficiency in common language on communication efficacy. Moreover, the extent to which individuals adapt to different cultures and their proficiency in a common language mediate the association between cultural background and communication efficacy. The findings reveal a progression from acquiring a cultural background (CB) to developing a level of cross-cultural adaptation (LCCA), enhancing proficiency in common language (PCL), and achieving communication efficacy (CE). These findings lend empirical support to the foundational assertions of the CCCM.
随着高等教育的全球化发展,跨文化交际(IC)与留学生的关系日益明显。本研究引入了跨文化交际模型(CCCM),该模型将文化背景(CB)、跨文化适应水平(LCCA)、通用语言能力(PCL)和交际效能(CE)解释为跨文化发展的不同阶段。本研究以马来西亚的留学生为研究对象,采用定量调查法分析了来自 215 名多元文化学生的数据。.我们的研究结果表明,文化背景对跨文化适应、共同语言熟练程度和沟通效能有积极而重要的影响。跨文化适应水平和共同语言熟练程度对沟通效能也有直接和显著的影响。此外,个人对不同文化的适应程度和对共同语言的熟练程度也是文化背景与沟通效能之间联系的中介。研究结果表明,从获得文化背景(CB)到发展跨文化适应水平(LCCA)、提高共同语言熟练程度(PCL)和实现沟通效能(CE)是一个渐进的过程。这些研究结果为 CCCM 的基本论断提供了实证支持。
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引用次数: 0
Otherness in Arundhati Roy’s “The Ministry of Utmost Happiness” 阿伦达蒂-罗伊《极乐部》中的他者性
Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.56868/jadhur.v2i4.191
Urooj Babar, Shehryar Ahmed
This research delves into an examination of the marginalization process by closely analyzing Arundhati Roy's work, "The Ministry of Utmost Happiness." The objective is to uncover how Roy employs her artistic prowess to bridge the gap between marginalized segments and the mainstream, thereby attempting to rejuvenate the former glory of the Indian societal framework. Through the lens of oriental discourse, this study scrutinizes the novel, particularly emphasizing the strategic foothold achieved within the established system through acts of rebellious creativity, unconventional thinking, and alternative lifestyles. This study elucidates the intricate interconnections among the novel's multi-layered narratives, which lay bare the harsh realities of society, such as the dire circumstances faced by minority groups, the degrading existence of transgender individuals, the lackluster state of governance, the struggles of Naxalites, instances of rape, murder, social inequality, and preconceived biases. In "The Ministry of Utmost Happiness," Arundhati Roy explores societal categorization through the lens of “Otherness”. Characters like Anjum embody the challenges faced by those deviating from societal norms, particularly in terms of transgender identity. The narrative extends this exploration to figures like Musaa and Talio, engaged in the Kashmiri conflict, highlighting a political form of “Otherness”. The central aim of this research is to identify and delve into India's marginalized "Others," encompassing the impoverished, those deemed as "apostates," outsiders, and third-gender individuals, who are often subjected to subjugation or victimization. This study focuses on the theory surrounding the analysis of orientalist discourse and focuses on the “Otherness” of the novel‘s main character Aunjum or Aftab who rejoice in their wretched condition and the survival creativity of these “Other” in their conditions of acute Precarity.
本研究通过仔细分析阿伦达蒂-罗伊的作品《极乐部》,深入探讨边缘化过程。目的是揭示罗伊如何运用她的艺术才能弥合边缘化群体与主流社会之间的鸿沟,从而试图重振印度社会框架昔日的辉煌。通过东方话语的视角,本研究对这部小说进行了仔细的审视,尤其强调了通过反叛的创造力、非传统的思维方式和另类的生活方式,在既有体制内取得的战略立足点。本研究阐释了小说多层次叙事之间错综复杂的内在联系,这些叙事揭示了严酷的社会现实,如少数群体面临的悲惨境遇、变性人的屈辱生存、治理不善、纳萨尔派的斗争、强奸、谋杀、社会不平等和先入为主的偏见等。在《极乐部》中,阿伦达蒂-罗伊通过 "他者 "的视角探讨了社会分类问题。安朱姆等人物体现了那些偏离社会规范的人所面临的挑战,尤其是在变性身份方面。叙事将这一探索延伸到参与克什米尔冲突的 Musaa 和 Talio 等人物身上,突出了 "他者 "的政治形式。本研究的核心目标是识别和深入研究印度边缘化的 "他者",包括贫困人口、被视为 "叛教者 "的人,外来者和第三性别者,他们经常受到奴役或伤害。本研究将重点放在围绕东方主义话语分析的理论上,并关注小说主人公 Aunjum 或 Aftab 的 "他者性",他们为自己的悲惨处境而欢欣鼓舞,以及这些 "他者 "在极端危急情况下的生存创造力。
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引用次数: 0
Identity Development: Analyzing the Professional Identity of After-school Tutors in China's Competitive Private Education Sector 身份发展:分析中国竞争激烈的民办教育行业中课外辅导人员的职业认同感
Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.56868/jadhur.v2i4.193
Rui Huang, Wichian Intarasompun, Nuttamon Punchatree
After-school tutoring has grown rapidly in China, employing millions of tutors. However, little research explores these tutors' professional identity development. This study aims to understand the factors shaping tutors' professional identity in Nanning's private tutoring sector.  In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 experienced tutors in Nanning selected through purposive sampling. The interview questions explored four dimensions of professional identity and influencing factors. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative coding techniques. Major Findings show that Tutors' professional identity is shaped by their values, academic background, relationships, and work context. Passion for teaching competes with business priorities. Role confusion and lack of belonging challenge identity. Clear expectations, training, and institutional support are needed. The study concludes that by analyzing tutors' identity formation, this study provides insights into strengthening the tutoring profession. Regular training programs, positive student-tutor relationships, and a supportive work environment can enhance tutors' professional identity. Findings inform policies on tutor development in China's expanding private tutoring industry.
课外辅导在中国发展迅速,雇用了数百万名辅导员。然而,很少有研究探讨这些家教的职业认同发展。本研究旨在了解南宁家教行业中影响家教职业认同的因素。 本研究通过有目的的抽样,对南宁市 10 名经验丰富的家教进行了半结构式深度访谈。访谈问题探讨了职业认同的四个维度及其影响因素。访谈记录采用定性编码技术进行分析。主要结果表明,辅导员的职业认同是由他们的价值观、学术背景、人际关系和工作环境塑造的。教学激情与业务优先事项相冲突。角色混乱和缺乏归属感是对身份认同的挑战。需要明确的期望、培训和机构支持。本研究的结论是,通过分析辅导员的身份形成,本研究为加强辅导员职业提供了启示。定期的培训计划、积极的学生辅导员关系和支持性的工作环境可以增强辅导员的职业认同感。研究结果为中国不断扩大的家教行业的家教发展政策提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
A Study on the Correlation of “Gaixia Ge” and Its English Translations from the Perspective of Experiential Metafunction 从经验元功能的角度看《歌下曲》与英译的相关性
Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.56868/jadhur.v2i4.181
Huaming Cheng
This paper attempts to analyze and compare the transitivity processes of “Gaixia Ge” by Xiang Yu and its seven English versions from the perspective of the experiential function of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics and makes a comment on the similarities and differences among them. Through the analysis of the transitivity of the poem and its translations, it is found that there are 6 versions for the first line, 2 versions for the second and the third lines, and 4 versions for the fourth line, in which the transitivity maintains a certain consistency with the original poem. After the analysis of similarities and differences between them, Spearman Correlation is applied in the SPSS. It shows that there is a significant positive relationship of transitivity between the version by Watson and the original poem, among which the translation by Watson is highly correlated with the transitivity of the original poem with the following coefficient, ρ = 1.000. This study can give clues to the study of poems and their translations, by exploring the differences of the transitivity processes, participants and circumstantial elements with the theoretical framework of Functional Grammar.
本文试图从韩礼德系统功能语言学的经验功能角度,对项羽《歌吟》及其七个英译本的及物过程进行分析和比较,并对它们之间的异同进行评析。通过对该诗及物性及其译文的分析,发现第一行有6个版本,第二、第三行有2个版本,第四行有4个版本,其中及物性与原诗保持了一定的一致性。在分析了它们之间的异同之后,在SPSS中应用Spearman Correlation。结果表明,沃森译本与原诗的及物性存在显著的正相关关系,其中沃森译本与原诗的及物性高度相关,ρ = 1.000。本研究在功能语法的理论框架下探讨及物过程、参与者和环境因素的差异,可以为诗歌及其翻译研究提供线索。
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引用次数: 0
Limitations On Warfare Methods: A Brief Examination Under International Humanitarian Law 战争方法的限制:国际人道法下的简要审查
Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.56868/jadhur.v2i4.189
Samia Awad Mohamed Hassan, Somia Abdelrhman Mohamed Ali
The intricate landscape of modern warfare poses multi-faceted challenges to International Humanitarian Law (IHL). This research offers a nuanced examination of the limitations of warfare methods under IHL, underpinned by a systematic literature review (SLR) and an in-depth analysis of select case studies. By leveraging the PRISMA framework, a comprehensive search through notable databases yielded 42 salient articles. The study navigated through critical events, including the Rwandan Genocide, the Syrian conflict, the Mali cultural property crisis, and the environmental aftermath of the Gulf War. Through qualitative analysis, each case study was dissected for breaches, international responses, and the IHL framework's efficacy in addressing the challenges posed. Findings underscored significant gaps in IHL's applicability and enforcement. While the Rwandan genocide elucidated the international community's inertia, the Syrian conflict spotlighted IHL's frailties amidst multi-actor wars. Mali brought the urgent need for robust cultural property protection to the fore, while the Gulf War highlighted IHL's inadequacies in preempting environmental catastrophes. This study accentuates the pressing need for revisiting, fortifying, and expanding the IHL parameters to resonate with contemporary warfare realities. It advocates for a more agile, anticipatory, and encompassing IHL that delineates rights and wrongs and guarantees redress and reparation. The synthesis of historical case insights with present-day implications offers a roadmap for a more resilient IHL, paving the way for a harmonized global response to future conflicts.
现代战争错综复杂的形势给国际人道法带来了多方面的挑战。本研究以系统文献综述(SLR)和对精选案例研究的深入分析为基础,对国际人道法下作战方法的局限性进行了细致入微的考察。通过利用PRISMA框架,通过著名数据库进行全面搜索,产生了42篇重要文章。该研究涵盖了重大事件,包括卢旺达种族灭绝、叙利亚冲突、马里文化财产危机和海湾战争的环境后果。通过定性分析,每个案例研究都剖析了违规行为、国际反应以及国际人道法框架在应对挑战方面的有效性。调查结果强调了国际人道法适用性和执行方面的重大差距。卢旺达种族灭绝彰显了国际社会的惰性,而叙利亚冲突则凸显了国际人道法在多主体战争中的脆弱性。马里凸显了对强有力的文化财产保护的迫切需要,而海湾战争则凸显了国际人道法在预防环境灾难方面的不足。本研究强调了重新审视、强化和扩展国际人道法参数以与当代战争现实产生共鸣的迫切需要。它倡导更灵活、更有预见性和更全面的国际人道法,界定是非并保证纠正和赔偿。将历史案例的见解与当前影响相结合,为制定更具弹性的国际人道法提供了路线图,为协调一致地应对未来冲突铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Fairness in Performance Appraisals: A Conceptual Framework Through a Systematic Literature Review 通过系统的文献回顾,提高绩效评估的公平性:一个概念框架
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.56868/jadhur.v2i3.176
Agustinus Tarigan, Aurik Gustomo, Yuni Ros Bangun
This study aims to comprehensively explore the multifaceted landscape of performance appraisals and, consequently, construct a coherent conceptual framework that augments the fairness and effectiveness of performance evaluation processes. The research design employs a meticulous, systematic literature review, drawing from 42 carefully selected articles from Scopus. This methodology facilitates in-depth analysis of diverse variables and dimensions associated with performance appraisals, particularly concerning the design of appraisal systems, the psychological elements at play, and the often-overlooked political influences. Within this intricate interplay, the study endeavors to unearth insights into the intricate mechanisms that govern the goal-setting process and the subsequent execution of performance appraisals within the dynamic public sector. Through an analytical lens, this study's findings enrich the development of a conceptual framework that transcends theoretical boundaries, finding practical resonance within the realm of performance appraisals. This framework, fortified by a holistic understanding of key dimensions and influential factors contributing to subjective bias, is a powerful instrument for unraveling and addressing fairness concerns inherent in performance appraisal practices. Ultimately, the framework presents a systematic trajectory for heightening the efficacy of performance appraisal design and execution, all underpinned by the overarching objectives of nurturing an environment of acceptable fairness.
本研究旨在全面探讨绩效评估的多面性,从而构建一个连贯的概念框架,以增强绩效评估过程的公平性和有效性。研究设计采用了细致、系统的文献综述,从Scopus中精心挑选了42篇文章。这种方法有助于深入分析与考绩有关的各种变量和方面,特别是关于考绩制度的设计、起作用的心理因素和经常被忽视的政治影响。在这种错综复杂的相互作用中,本研究努力发掘在动态的公共部门中管理目标设定过程和随后执行绩效评估的复杂机制的见解。通过分析的视角,本研究的发现丰富了超越理论界限的概念框架的发展,在绩效评估领域找到了实际的共鸣。这个框架,通过对导致主观偏见的关键维度和影响因素的整体理解而得到加强,是揭示和解决绩效评估实践中固有的公平问题的有力工具。最后,该框架提出了一个提高考绩设计和执行效率的系统轨迹,所有这些都以培育可接受的公平环境这一总体目标为基础。
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引用次数: 0
Ideological and Political Education from the Marxist Perspectives on Marriage and Love: A Case Study of Guizhou Qiannan College of Economics 马克思主义婚恋视域下的思想政治教育——以贵州黔南经济学院为例
Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.56868/jadhur.v2i3.183
Guibang Li, Yao Dong, Lin Anqi
The present study explores the Marxist concept of love and marriage to understand how modern college students perceive and relate to these ideas by using Guizhou Qiannan College of Economics as a case study. It is identified that family education remains a dominant influence (87.14%), with friends, school experiences, and media playing notable roles. Despite the deep-rooted influence of traditional structures, 79.13% expressed the need for elective courses on love and marriage at the university level. The findings emphasize the evolving nature of romantic relationships today and underscore the significance of bridging traditional insights with contemporary challenges through comprehensive educational endeavors. The findings emphasize tradition and critical thought, underscoring the crucial significance of purposeful educational interventions in forming the next generation's worldview. It ties in perfectly with the larger educational goal of moral development and holistic growth. The present study provides an invaluable guide for educators, emphasizing the fusion of tradition with critical modern thought to ensure children's comprehensive and practical education.
本研究以贵州黔南经济学院为个案,探讨马克思主义婚恋观,了解当代大学生对马克思主义婚恋观的认知与关联。研究发现,家庭教育仍然是主要的影响因素(87.14%),朋友、学校经历和媒体也起着显著的作用。尽管传统结构的影响根深蒂固,但79.13%的人表示需要在大学阶段开设关于爱情和婚姻的选修课程。研究结果强调了当今浪漫关系不断发展的本质,并强调了通过全面的教育努力将传统观点与当代挑战联系起来的重要性。研究结果强调了传统和批判性思维,强调了有目的的教育干预对形成下一代世界观的关键意义。它与道德发展和全面成长的更大的教育目标完美地联系在一起。强调传统与现代批判思想的融合,以确保儿童教育的全面性和实践性,为教育工作者提供了宝贵的指导。
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引用次数: 0
Measurement Of Acute Poverty in Achini Bala-Peshawar, Pakistan; A Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Approach 巴基斯坦阿奇尼巴拉-白沙瓦地区极度贫困的测算多维贫困指数(MPI)方法
Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.56868/jadhur.v2i3.175
Rubab Khaleel, Ashtar Hussain
Poverty measurement and analysis have been a key aspect of the world for years, especially the developing countries, including Pakistan. Knowledge and precise methods for measuring poverty more accurately and efficiently is the key tool. Hence, by using MPI as a basis, this study presents the measure of acute poverty in Union Council Achini Bala, Peshawar, Pakistan. It is a quantitative research study that is based on the primary data collected through the questionnaire adopted by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). Simple Random Sampling technique is used to collect the data, 350 Households have been selected as sample size from the total population. The obtained results showed that the population is multidimensional poor in 42% of the indicators out of all the respective indicators of MPI. The people suffering from poverty out of the whole population (H) are 65%, whereas the intensity of poverty (A) is 64%. It is also found that health is an alarming issue in the research area because this dimension contributes the most to overall poverty than other dimensions. Key policies should be formulated to tackle these issues and overcome the persisting poverty accordingly.
贫困衡量和分析多年来一直是世界的一个关键方面,特别是对包括巴基斯坦在内的发展中国家。更准确和有效地衡量贫困的知识和精确方法是关键工具。因此,通过使用MPI作为基础,本研究提出了巴基斯坦白沙瓦联邦委员会Achini Bala的严重贫困措施。这是一项定量研究,基于牛津贫困与人类发展倡议(OPHI)通过问卷调查收集的原始数据。采用简单随机抽样方法收集数据,从总人口中选取350户作为样本量。所得结果表明,在MPI的所有各自指标中,人口在42%的指标中是多维贫困的。贫困人口(H)占总人口的65%,而贫困程度(A)为64%。报告还发现,在本研究领域,健康是一个令人震惊的问题,因为这一方面比其他方面对总体贫困的贡献最大。要制定重点政策,着力解决这些问题,克服顽固性贫困。
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引用次数: 0
Psychosocial Development of Children in Conflict with the Law Under Detention in the Bicol Region, Philippines 菲律宾比科尔地区拘留中违反法律的儿童的心理社会发展
Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.56868/jadhur.v2i3.155
Mariju L. Gonowon
A child's personality may be impacted by various factors such as the marital status of parents, interpersonal problems within the marriage, a broken household, and solo parenting. Therefore, children with mental illness can experience severe issues leading to illegal troubles. Hence, this study examines the psycho-social factors contributing to children in conflict with the law in the Bicol Region, Philippines. For this purpose, data from 67 respondents was collected on a volunteer basis through interviews from different care institutions that handle children in conflict with the law for welfare and development. Results of the study revealed that lack of quality time with parents, marital status, parents' poor working status, and lack of participation in cultural activities and community services were significant in influencing a child's behaviour to violence. The study also provides possible proactive measures to help parents and authorities rebuild the lives of children in conflict with the law and become valuable members of society.
孩子的个性可能受到各种因素的影响,如父母的婚姻状况、婚姻中的人际问题、破碎的家庭和独自抚养。因此,患有精神疾病的儿童可能会经历严重的问题,导致非法的麻烦。因此,本研究探讨了导致菲律宾比科尔地区儿童违法的心理社会因素。为此,67名受访者的数据是在志愿者的基础上收集的,他们来自不同的照料机构,这些机构为福利和发展处理与法律有冲突的儿童。研究结果表明,缺乏与父母相处的优质时间、婚姻状况、父母工作状况不佳、缺乏参与文化活动和社区服务,是影响儿童暴力行为的重要因素。该研究还提供了可能的积极措施,以帮助父母和当局重建触犯法律的儿童的生活,并成为有价值的社会成员。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Advances in Humanities Research
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