G. Hager, J. McIver, D. Hostutler, G. Pitz, G. Perram
In this paper we describe a quasi-two level analytic model for end pumped Alkali metal vapor lasers. The model is developed by considering the steady state rate equations for the number densities of the, 2S1/2, 2P3/2, and 2P1/2, energy states for the three level laser system. The approximation is then made that the relaxation between the two upper levels, 2P3/2 and 2P1/2, caused by collisions with additive ethane is much faster, in fact infinitely fast, by comparison with any other process in the system including stimulated emission. With this assumption the ratio of the number densities for the upper two levels, 2P3/2 and 2P1/2, is given by its statistical equilibrium value and the mathematical description becomes that of a quasi-two level system from which an analytic solution can be extracted. The analytic model description gives expressions for the threshold pump power and the slope efficiency including intra-cavity losses. Applications of the model and comparisons with the steady state three level model developed by Beach et al. will be presented.
{"title":"A quasi-two level analytic model for end pumped alkali metal vapor laser","authors":"G. Hager, J. McIver, D. Hostutler, G. Pitz, G. Perram","doi":"10.1117/12.782875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782875","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we describe a quasi-two level analytic model for end pumped Alkali metal vapor lasers. The model is developed by considering the steady state rate equations for the number densities of the, 2S1/2, 2P3/2, and 2P1/2, energy states for the three level laser system. The approximation is then made that the relaxation between the two upper levels, 2P3/2 and 2P1/2, caused by collisions with additive ethane is much faster, in fact infinitely fast, by comparison with any other process in the system including stimulated emission. With this assumption the ratio of the number densities for the upper two levels, 2P3/2 and 2P1/2, is given by its statistical equilibrium value and the mathematical description becomes that of a quasi-two level system from which an analytic solution can be extracted. The analytic model description gives expressions for the threshold pump power and the slope efficiency including intra-cavity losses. Applications of the model and comparisons with the steady state three level model developed by Beach et al. will be presented.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127356944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A CO2 laser of 300 ns pulse length, operating at 10.6 μm wavelength and from 1-4 J pulse energy was used to ablate carbon-doped Delrin® (polyoxymethylene, or POM) targets in a set of conical aluminum minithrusters at standard temperature and pressure. Nozzles with lengths ranging from 0.5 - 5 cm were used (corresponding to expansion ratios of about 4 to 16), as well as a bare sample with no nozzle. A piezoelectric force sensor was used to record the imparted impulse for fluences in the range of 1-100 J/cm2 for each thruster. The effect of increasing the expansion ratio on the impulse generation for single pulse laser propulsion experiments will be described. The study will also clarify the effect of confining air from an ambient atmosphere in augmenting impulse generation.
{"title":"Conical nozzles for pulsed laser propulsion","authors":"J. Sinko, N. Dhote, J. Lassiter, D. Gregory","doi":"10.1117/12.782430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782430","url":null,"abstract":"A CO2 laser of 300 ns pulse length, operating at 10.6 μm wavelength and from 1-4 J pulse energy was used to ablate carbon-doped Delrin® (polyoxymethylene, or POM) targets in a set of conical aluminum minithrusters at standard temperature and pressure. Nozzles with lengths ranging from 0.5 - 5 cm were used (corresponding to expansion ratios of about 4 to 16), as well as a bare sample with no nozzle. A piezoelectric force sensor was used to record the imparted impulse for fluences in the range of 1-100 J/cm2 for each thruster. The effect of increasing the expansion ratio on the impulse generation for single pulse laser propulsion experiments will be described. The study will also clarify the effect of confining air from an ambient atmosphere in augmenting impulse generation.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124206692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modifications of bulk aluminum irradiated well above ablation threshold (F < 300 J.cm-2) have been investigated in situ by means of shadowgraphy and transient quantitative phase microscopy (TQPm) using ultrafast laser radiation (tp=80 fs, λ=800 nm). This novel pump-probe technique enables quantitative time-resolved measurements of object's properties, e.g. dimensions of melt droplets and layer thickness or transient refractive index changes. A series of time-resolved phase images of vaporized material and/or melt, which are induced by n=1..8 pulses on an aluminum target, are obtained using TQPm. Dynamics and characteristics of melting, dependence of the ablated material volume on process parameters and thereby induced structural modifications have been studied. An increase of material ejection rate is observed at delay time of approximately τ=300 ns and τ>800 ns after the incident pulse. Transient refractive index modifications have been investigated in technical glass (Schott D263) by means of TQPm. By using high-repetition rate ultra-short pulsed laser radiation (tp=400 fs, λ=1045 nm, frep=1 MHz) focused by a microscope objective (w0 ≈ 4 μm) heat accumulation and thereby glass melting as well as welding is enabled. Transient optical phase variation has been measured up to τ=2.1 μs after the incident pulse and can be attributed to the generation of free charge carriers and compression forces inside glass.
{"title":"Investigations of the ultrafast laser induced melt dynamics by means of transient quantitative phase microscopy (TQPm)","authors":"I. Mingareev, A. Horn","doi":"10.1117/12.782618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782618","url":null,"abstract":"Modifications of bulk aluminum irradiated well above ablation threshold (F < 300 J.cm-2) have been investigated in situ by means of shadowgraphy and transient quantitative phase microscopy (TQPm) using ultrafast laser radiation (tp=80 fs, λ=800 nm). This novel pump-probe technique enables quantitative time-resolved measurements of object's properties, e.g. dimensions of melt droplets and layer thickness or transient refractive index changes. A series of time-resolved phase images of vaporized material and/or melt, which are induced by n=1..8 pulses on an aluminum target, are obtained using TQPm. Dynamics and characteristics of melting, dependence of the ablated material volume on process parameters and thereby induced structural modifications have been studied. An increase of material ejection rate is observed at delay time of approximately τ=300 ns and τ>800 ns after the incident pulse. Transient refractive index modifications have been investigated in technical glass (Schott D263) by means of TQPm. By using high-repetition rate ultra-short pulsed laser radiation (tp=400 fs, λ=1045 nm, frep=1 MHz) focused by a microscope objective (w0 ≈ 4 μm) heat accumulation and thereby glass melting as well as welding is enabled. Transient optical phase variation has been measured up to τ=2.1 μs after the incident pulse and can be attributed to the generation of free charge carriers and compression forces inside glass.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131399478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ionin, Y. Klimachev, A. Kozlov, A. Kotkov, I. Kochetov, A. Napartovich, O. Rulev, L. Seleznev, D. Sinitsyn, N. P. Vagin, N. Yuryshev
Influence of nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 on specific input energy (SIE) and time behavior of singlet delta oxygen (SDO) luminescence excited by pulsed e-beam sustained discharge in oxygen was experimentally and theoretically studied. NO and NO2 addition into oxygen results in small increase and decrease of SIE, respectively, the latter being connected with large energy of electron affinity to NO2. The addition of 0.1-0.3% nitrogen oxides was experimentally and theoretically demonstrated to result in notable enhancement of SDO lifetime, which is related to a decrease of atomic oxygen concentration in afterglow. There was experimentally demonstrated that for getting high SDO concentration at gas pressure 30-60 Torr for the time interval less than ~0.5 s one needs to add not less than 0.2% nitrogen oxides into oxygen. Temperature dependence of relaxation constant for SDO quenching by unexcited oxygen was estimated by using experimental data on time behavior of SDO luminescence.
{"title":"Influence of nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 additives on singlet oxygen production in pulsed electron-beam sustained discharge","authors":"A. Ionin, Y. Klimachev, A. Kozlov, A. Kotkov, I. Kochetov, A. Napartovich, O. Rulev, L. Seleznev, D. Sinitsyn, N. P. Vagin, N. Yuryshev","doi":"10.1117/12.782481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782481","url":null,"abstract":"Influence of nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 on specific input energy (SIE) and time behavior of singlet delta oxygen (SDO) luminescence excited by pulsed e-beam sustained discharge in oxygen was experimentally and theoretically studied. NO and NO2 addition into oxygen results in small increase and decrease of SIE, respectively, the latter being connected with large energy of electron affinity to NO2. The addition of 0.1-0.3% nitrogen oxides was experimentally and theoretically demonstrated to result in notable enhancement of SDO lifetime, which is related to a decrease of atomic oxygen concentration in afterglow. There was experimentally demonstrated that for getting high SDO concentration at gas pressure 30-60 Torr for the time interval less than ~0.5 s one needs to add not less than 0.2% nitrogen oxides into oxygen. Temperature dependence of relaxation constant for SDO quenching by unexcited oxygen was estimated by using experimental data on time behavior of SDO luminescence.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"8 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116787259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ionin, Y. Klimachev, A. Kotkov, A. Kozlov, L. Seleznev, D. Sinitsyn
Actively mode-locked electron-beam-sustained-discharge CO-laser producing ~10 ns (FWHM) pulses repetition rate 10 MHz for both single-line and multiline mode of operation was experimentally studied. The total laser pulse duration was ~0.5 ms for both mode-locked and free running laser conditions. The specific output energy in multiline CO-laser mode of operation was up to 20 J l-1 Amagat-1 and the laser efficiency up to 3.5%. The active mode-locking was achieved for single-line CO-laser mode of operation in the spectral range 5.2-5.3 micron. The radiation can be used for laser ablation, for pumping an optical parametric amplifier in optical stochastic cooling of relativistic heavy ions, and for studying vibrational and rotational relaxation of NO molecules.
{"title":"Mode-locked electron-beam sustained discharge CO laser","authors":"A. Ionin, Y. Klimachev, A. Kotkov, A. Kozlov, L. Seleznev, D. Sinitsyn","doi":"10.1117/12.782491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782491","url":null,"abstract":"Actively mode-locked electron-beam-sustained-discharge CO-laser producing ~10 ns (FWHM) pulses repetition rate 10 MHz for both single-line and multiline mode of operation was experimentally studied. The total laser pulse duration was ~0.5 ms for both mode-locked and free running laser conditions. The specific output energy in multiline CO-laser mode of operation was up to 20 J l-1 Amagat-1 and the laser efficiency up to 3.5%. The active mode-locking was achieved for single-line CO-laser mode of operation in the spectral range 5.2-5.3 micron. The radiation can be used for laser ablation, for pumping an optical parametric amplifier in optical stochastic cooling of relativistic heavy ions, and for studying vibrational and rotational relaxation of NO molecules.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117028575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optically pumped alkali vapor lasers have been constructed using excitation of the D2 line (2P3/2-2S1/2) followed by lasing on the D1 line (2P1/2-2S1/2). Collisional relaxation is used to transfer population from 2P3/2 to the 2P1/2 level. The collision partner used for this step must have a large cross section for inducing transfer between the 2PJ levels, combined with a very small cross section for electronic quenching of the form M(2PJ)+Q→M(2S1/2)+Q (where M is an alkali metal and Q is the energy transfer agent). Ethane has proved to be an effective energy transfer agent for optically pumped Rb and Cs lasers. However, modeling of data for the Rb/C2H6 laser with the literature value for the quenching rate constant was unsuccessful. We have reexamined the quenching of Rb(2PJ) by C2H6 using time-resolved fluorescence techniques. Radiation trapping was significant under the conditions of our measurements, and an analysis of the interplay between the kinetics of trapping and quenching was carried out. It was found that quenching of Rb(2PJ) by C2H6 was very inefficient. The upper bound established for the quenching cross section was two orders of magnitude lower than that indicated by the previous determination.
{"title":"Collisional quenching and radiation trapping kinetics for Rb(5p) in the presence of ethane","authors":"D. Hostutler, G. Hager, M. Heaven","doi":"10.1117/12.801721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.801721","url":null,"abstract":"Optically pumped alkali vapor lasers have been constructed using excitation of the D2 line (2P3/2-2S1/2) followed by lasing on the D1 line (2P1/2-2S1/2). Collisional relaxation is used to transfer population from 2P3/2 to the 2P1/2 level. The collision partner used for this step must have a large cross section for inducing transfer between the 2PJ levels, combined with a very small cross section for electronic quenching of the form M(2PJ)+Q→M(2S1/2)+Q (where M is an alkali metal and Q is the energy transfer agent). Ethane has proved to be an effective energy transfer agent for optically pumped Rb and Cs lasers. However, modeling of data for the Rb/C2H6 laser with the literature value for the quenching rate constant was unsuccessful. We have reexamined the quenching of Rb(2PJ) by C2H6 using time-resolved fluorescence techniques. Radiation trapping was significant under the conditions of our measurements, and an analysis of the interplay between the kinetics of trapping and quenching was carried out. It was found that quenching of Rb(2PJ) by C2H6 was very inefficient. The upper bound established for the quenching cross section was two orders of magnitude lower than that indicated by the previous determination.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114890882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fluence dependence of the laser ablation of selected polymers was studied within the range from 1-150 J/cm2. A TEA CO2 laser operating at 10.6 μm with 300 ns main pulse length and up to 20 J pulse energy was used to ablate prepared polymer samples with single pulses of laser energy. Measurements of parameters such as the ablated mass per spot area (Δma), momentum coupling coefficient (Cm), specific impulse (Isp), and internal efficiency (ηi) will be plotted as functions of fluence. Critical threshold effects observed throughout the experiments will be described in detail.
{"title":"Critical fluence effects in laser propulsion","authors":"J. Sinko, D. Gregory","doi":"10.1117/12.782469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782469","url":null,"abstract":"The fluence dependence of the laser ablation of selected polymers was studied within the range from 1-150 J/cm2. A TEA CO2 laser operating at 10.6 μm with 300 ns main pulse length and up to 20 J pulse energy was used to ablate prepared polymer samples with single pulses of laser energy. Measurements of parameters such as the ablated mass per spot area (Δma), momentum coupling coefficient (Cm), specific impulse (Isp), and internal efficiency (ηi) will be plotted as functions of fluence. Critical threshold effects observed throughout the experiments will be described in detail.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123011362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Lindenberg, S. Engemann, K. Gaffney, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, J. Larsson, D. Reis, P. Lorazo, J. Hastings
Femtosecond time-resolved small and wide-angle x-ray diffuse scattering techniques are applied to investigate the ultrafast nucleation processes that occur during the ablation process in semiconducting materials. Following intense optical excitation, a transient liquid state of high compressibility characterized by large-amplitude density fluctuations is observed and the build-up of these fluctuations is measured in real-time. Small-angle scattering measurements reveal the first steps in the nucleation of nanoscale voids below the surface of the semiconductor and support MD simulations of the ablation process.
{"title":"Femtosecond x-ray diffuse scattering measurements of semiconductor ablation dynamics","authors":"A. Lindenberg, S. Engemann, K. Gaffney, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, J. Larsson, D. Reis, P. Lorazo, J. Hastings","doi":"10.1117/12.784094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.784094","url":null,"abstract":"Femtosecond time-resolved small and wide-angle x-ray diffuse scattering techniques are applied to investigate the ultrafast nucleation processes that occur during the ablation process in semiconducting materials. Following intense optical excitation, a transient liquid state of high compressibility characterized by large-amplitude density fluctuations is observed and the build-up of these fluctuations is measured in real-time. Small-angle scattering measurements reveal the first steps in the nucleation of nanoscale voids below the surface of the semiconductor and support MD simulations of the ablation process.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114542779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laser-induced phase transitions in a-Ge/Si heterostructures (amorphous Ge films on crystalline Si substrate) have been studied by optical diagnostics and numerical simulation methods. The samples were irradiated by (i) a ruby laser with pulse duration 80 ns (FWHM) and wavelength 694 nm and (ii) an ArF excimer laser (10 ns and 193 nm). Time resolved reflectivity measurements showed the discrepancy in dynamics of reflectivity of probing beam for different regimes of laser irradiation. This discrepancy can be explained by differing kinetics of solid-liquid phase transitions in Ge films: (i) intermediate crystallization or (ii) simultaneous solidification of molten Ge layer from the surface and from the substrate.
{"title":"Nanopulsed laser modification of Ge/Si heterostructures","authors":"G. Ivlev, E. Gatskevich","doi":"10.1117/12.782596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782596","url":null,"abstract":"Laser-induced phase transitions in a-Ge/Si heterostructures (amorphous Ge films on crystalline Si substrate) have been studied by optical diagnostics and numerical simulation methods. The samples were irradiated by (i) a ruby laser with pulse duration 80 ns (FWHM) and wavelength 694 nm and (ii) an ArF excimer laser (10 ns and 193 nm). Time resolved reflectivity measurements showed the discrepancy in dynamics of reflectivity of probing beam for different regimes of laser irradiation. This discrepancy can be explained by differing kinetics of solid-liquid phase transitions in Ge films: (i) intermediate crystallization or (ii) simultaneous solidification of molten Ge layer from the surface and from the substrate.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130665394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the fundamental mechanisms of resonant-infrared laser ablation of polymers using polystyrene as a model material. Time-resolved plume shadowgraphy coupled with laser-induced temperature-rise calculations indicate that spinodal decomposition of a superheated surface layer is the primary mechanism for the initial stages of material removal. The majority of the ablated material is then released by way of recoil-induced ejection of liquid which proceeds for some tens of microseconds following a ~μs laser pulse excitation. The recoil-induced ejection of liquid material as the dominant ablation mechanism helps to explain previous observations of laser deposition of intact polymeric material.
{"title":"On the mechanism of resonant infrared polymer ablation: the case of polystyrene","authors":"S. Johnson, D. M. Bubb, K. Schriver, R. Haglund","doi":"10.1117/12.786387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.786387","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the fundamental mechanisms of resonant-infrared laser ablation of polymers using polystyrene as a model material. Time-resolved plume shadowgraphy coupled with laser-induced temperature-rise calculations indicate that spinodal decomposition of a superheated surface layer is the primary mechanism for the initial stages of material removal. The majority of the ablated material is then released by way of recoil-induced ejection of liquid which proceeds for some tens of microseconds following a ~μs laser pulse excitation. The recoil-induced ejection of liquid material as the dominant ablation mechanism helps to explain previous observations of laser deposition of intact polymeric material.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113956164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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