An impulse measurement device and analysis package was conceived, designed, constructed, tested, and demonstrated to be capable of: measuring nanoNewton-seconds to milliNewton-seconds of impulse due to laser-ablation; being transported as carry-on baggage; set-up and tear-down times of less than an hour; target exchange times of less than two minutes (targets can be ablated at multiple positions for thousands of shots); measurements in air and in vacuum; error of just a few percent; repeatability over a wide range of potential systematic error sources; and time between measurements, including ring-down and analysis, of less than 30 seconds. The instrument consists of a cantilever (i.e. leaf spring), whose time-dependent displacement/oscillation is measured and analyzed to determine the impulse imparted by a laser pulse to a target. These shapes are readily/commercially available, and any target material can be used, provided it can be fashioned in the form of a cantilever, or as a coating/film/tape, suitable for mounting on a cantilever of known geometry. The instrument was calibrated both statically and dynamically, and measurements were performed on brass, steel, and Aluminum, using laser pulses of ~7ns, ~500ps, and ~500fs. The results agree well with those published in the literature, with surface effects, atmosphere, and pre-/post-pulses demonstrating interesting effects and indicating areas for further study. In addition to exploring space-propulsion applications, measurements were performed to explore the strong beneficial effects of depositing lines of energy ahead of supersonic and hypersonic vehicles. This deposition creates a low-density channel, through which a vehicle can travel with dramatically reduced drag. Temperature and pressure are both also reduced on the front surfaces of the vehicle, while density and pressure are increased at the vehicle base. When applied off-center, this technique can be used to control the vehicle, employing the entire body as the control surface and eliminating the need for actuators. Numerical results for drag-reduction, temperature-reduction, and control forces are indicated here.
{"title":"Ultrashort pulse lasers applied to propulsion/control in space- and atmospheric-flight","authors":"K. Kremeyer","doi":"10.1117/12.786468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.786468","url":null,"abstract":"An impulse measurement device and analysis package was conceived, designed, constructed, tested, and demonstrated to be capable of: measuring nanoNewton-seconds to milliNewton-seconds of impulse due to laser-ablation; being transported as carry-on baggage; set-up and tear-down times of less than an hour; target exchange times of less than two minutes (targets can be ablated at multiple positions for thousands of shots); measurements in air and in vacuum; error of just a few percent; repeatability over a wide range of potential systematic error sources; and time between measurements, including ring-down and analysis, of less than 30 seconds. The instrument consists of a cantilever (i.e. leaf spring), whose time-dependent displacement/oscillation is measured and analyzed to determine the impulse imparted by a laser pulse to a target. These shapes are readily/commercially available, and any target material can be used, provided it can be fashioned in the form of a cantilever, or as a coating/film/tape, suitable for mounting on a cantilever of known geometry. The instrument was calibrated both statically and dynamically, and measurements were performed on brass, steel, and Aluminum, using laser pulses of ~7ns, ~500ps, and ~500fs. The results agree well with those published in the literature, with surface effects, atmosphere, and pre-/post-pulses demonstrating interesting effects and indicating areas for further study. In addition to exploring space-propulsion applications, measurements were performed to explore the strong beneficial effects of depositing lines of energy ahead of supersonic and hypersonic vehicles. This deposition creates a low-density channel, through which a vehicle can travel with dramatically reduced drag. Temperature and pressure are both also reduced on the front surfaces of the vehicle, while density and pressure are increased at the vehicle base. When applied off-center, this technique can be used to control the vehicle, employing the entire body as the control surface and eliminating the need for actuators. Numerical results for drag-reduction, temperature-reduction, and control forces are indicated here.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125868132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, using a femtosecond laser surface structuring technique we turned highly reflective metals to highly absorptive, creating the so-called "black metals". In this study, we made an even more significant advancement. Here, we demonstrate that our femtosecond laser structuring technique not only allows us to create black metals but also gray and even color metals. We show that our technique essentially provides a controllable modification of optical properties of metals from the UV to THz spectral range via surface structuring on the nano-, micro-, and submillimeter-scales.
{"title":"Metal colorization with femtosecond laser pulses","authors":"A. Vorobyev, Chunlei Guo","doi":"10.1117/12.782699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782699","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, using a femtosecond laser surface structuring technique we turned highly reflective metals to highly absorptive, creating the so-called \"black metals\". In this study, we made an even more significant advancement. Here, we demonstrate that our femtosecond laser structuring technique not only allows us to create black metals but also gray and even color metals. We show that our technique essentially provides a controllable modification of optical properties of metals from the UV to THz spectral range via surface structuring on the nano-, micro-, and submillimeter-scales.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"595 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114003460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effects related to the use of high repetition rate lasers in ablation of metals (aluminum, copper, stainless steel) and silicon were investigated. The multi-pulse irradiation with the laser beam significantly lowered the ablation threshold and led to a relative increase in the ablation rate at the higher repetition rate. The reason of alteration could be accumulation of structural defects on the metal surface formed by irradiation with a laser of the sub-threshold fluence. The mean volumetric ablation rate in laser milling experiments was a non-linear function of the pulse energy. Plasma shielding was the main limiting factor in processing efficiency of metals with the high power picosecond lasers. Increasing the repetition rate keeping the pulse energy below the plasma formation threshold is a way to increase the efficiency of material removal with nanosecond lasers. Thermal management of the specimen could be a problem at high repetition rates because of the laser energy wasted in the bulk. The reduction in the ablation threshold by irradiation with a series of laser pulses might be useful in application of the high- repetition-rate lasers with the low pulse energy.
{"title":"Accumulation effects in laser ablation of metals with high-repetition-rate lasers","authors":"G. Račiukaitis, M. Brikas, P. Gečys, M. Gedvilas","doi":"10.1117/12.782937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782937","url":null,"abstract":"Effects related to the use of high repetition rate lasers in ablation of metals (aluminum, copper, stainless steel) and silicon were investigated. The multi-pulse irradiation with the laser beam significantly lowered the ablation threshold and led to a relative increase in the ablation rate at the higher repetition rate. The reason of alteration could be accumulation of structural defects on the metal surface formed by irradiation with a laser of the sub-threshold fluence. The mean volumetric ablation rate in laser milling experiments was a non-linear function of the pulse energy. Plasma shielding was the main limiting factor in processing efficiency of metals with the high power picosecond lasers. Increasing the repetition rate keeping the pulse energy below the plasma formation threshold is a way to increase the efficiency of material removal with nanosecond lasers. Thermal management of the specimen could be a problem at high repetition rates because of the laser energy wasted in the bulk. The reduction in the ablation threshold by irradiation with a series of laser pulses might be useful in application of the high- repetition-rate lasers with the low pulse energy.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126031639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Woodard, J. W. Zimmerman, J. Verdeyen, D. Carroll, T. Field, G. Benavides, A. Palla, W. Solomon
Experimental investigations of radio-frequency discharges in O2/He/NO mixtures in the pressure range of 1-100 Torr and power range of 0.1-2.5 kW have indicated that O2(a1Δ) production is a strong function of geometry, pressure and diluent ratio. The goal of these investigations was maximization of both the yield and flow rate (power flux) of O2(a1Δ) in order to produce favorable conditions for application to an electric oxygen-iodine laser (EOIL). As pressure is increased, yield performance is dominated by the influence of geometry and diluent ratio. Numerous measurements of O2(a1Δ), oxygen atoms, and discharge excited states are made in order to describe the discharge performance dependence on various parameters.
{"title":"Improved production of O2(a1Δ) in transverse radio-frequency discharges","authors":"B. Woodard, J. W. Zimmerman, J. Verdeyen, D. Carroll, T. Field, G. Benavides, A. Palla, W. Solomon","doi":"10.1117/12.782665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782665","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental investigations of radio-frequency discharges in O2/He/NO mixtures in the pressure range of 1-100 Torr and power range of 0.1-2.5 kW have indicated that O2(a1Δ) production is a strong function of geometry, pressure and diluent ratio. The goal of these investigations was maximization of both the yield and flow rate (power flux) of O2(a1Δ) in order to produce favorable conditions for application to an electric oxygen-iodine laser (EOIL). As pressure is increased, yield performance is dominated by the influence of geometry and diluent ratio. Numerous measurements of O2(a1Δ), oxygen atoms, and discharge excited states are made in order to describe the discharge performance dependence on various parameters.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122933819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Lippert, L. Urech, R. Fardel, M. Nagel, C. Phipps, A. Wokaun
The application of energetic polymers has resulted in an increased thrust in micro laser plasma thrusters compared to standard polymers. In this study we tested a novel concept for micro laser plasma thrusters, i.e. the application of liquid polymeric fuels, by using polymer solutions of the energetic materials with different viscosity. Shadowgraphy experiments suggest that for higher viscosity solutions ablation without splashing is possible, indicating that liquids are applicable as fuels in laser plasma thrusters. First thrust measurements on a viscous polymer solution confirmed this by yielding a specific impulse similar to a solid material.
{"title":"Materials for laser propulsion: \"liquid\" polymers","authors":"T. Lippert, L. Urech, R. Fardel, M. Nagel, C. Phipps, A. Wokaun","doi":"10.1117/12.782867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782867","url":null,"abstract":"The application of energetic polymers has resulted in an increased thrust in micro laser plasma thrusters compared to standard polymers. In this study we tested a novel concept for micro laser plasma thrusters, i.e. the application of liquid polymeric fuels, by using polymer solutions of the energetic materials with different viscosity. Shadowgraphy experiments suggest that for higher viscosity solutions ablation without splashing is possible, indicating that liquids are applicable as fuels in laser plasma thrusters. First thrust measurements on a viscous polymer solution confirmed this by yielding a specific impulse similar to a solid material.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133991536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Zhigilei, E. Leveugle, A. Sellinger, J. Fitz-Gerald
Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the origins of the surface features observed in films deposited by the Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The simulations of MAPLE are performed for polymer concentrations up to 6 wt.% and a broad range of laser fluences. The polymer molecules are found to be ejected only in the ablation regime and are always incorporated into polymer-matrix clusters/droplets generated in the process of the explosive disintegration of the overheated matrix. The entanglement of the polymer molecules facilitates the formation of intricate elongated viscous droplets that can be related to the complex morphologies observed in polymer films deposited by MAPLE. The effect of dynamic molecular redistribution in the ejected matrix-polymer droplets, leading to the generation of transient "molecular balloons" in which polymer-rich surface layers enclose the volatile matrix material, has been identified as the mechanism responsible for the formation of characteristic wrinkled polymer structures observed experimentally in films deposited by MAPLE.
{"title":"Molecular dynamics simulation study of the ejection of polymer molecules and generation of molecular balloons in matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation","authors":"L. Zhigilei, E. Leveugle, A. Sellinger, J. Fitz-Gerald","doi":"10.1117/12.782524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782524","url":null,"abstract":"Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the origins of the surface features observed in films deposited by the Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The simulations of MAPLE are performed for polymer concentrations up to 6 wt.% and a broad range of laser fluences. The polymer molecules are found to be ejected only in the ablation regime and are always incorporated into polymer-matrix clusters/droplets generated in the process of the explosive disintegration of the overheated matrix. The entanglement of the polymer molecules facilitates the formation of intricate elongated viscous droplets that can be related to the complex morphologies observed in polymer films deposited by MAPLE. The effect of dynamic molecular redistribution in the ejected matrix-polymer droplets, leading to the generation of transient \"molecular balloons\" in which polymer-rich surface layers enclose the volatile matrix material, has been identified as the mechanism responsible for the formation of characteristic wrinkled polymer structures observed experimentally in films deposited by MAPLE.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134038628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The electric oxygen iodine laser (EOIL) offers a vastly more practical, implementable, and safer alternative to its predecessor, the chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL), particularly for airborne or other mobile military applications. Despite its promise and after 25 years effort, numerous laboratories around the world have not succeeded in providing the known basic physical requirements needed to electrically convert O2 into O2(a1Δ) with the fractional yields and efficiencies needed to make a practical laser. Hence, as of this date, the world record power generated from an EOIL device is only 6.5 watts. In this paper, a 30% conversion from O2 into O2(a1Δ) operating at substantial oxygen mass flow rates (0.090 moles O2/sec at 50 torr) and 40% electrical efficiency is reported. The O2(a1Δ) flow stream being produced carries 2400 watts. Gain measurements are currently in progress, to be followed shortly by power extraction. Current conditions imply that initial power extraction could push beyond 1 KW. Efforts to date have failed to generate substantial laser power because critical criteria have not been met. In order to achieve good O2(a1Δ) fractional yield, it is normally mandatory to impart on the order of 100 KJ/mole O2 while efficiently removing the waste heat energy from the generator so that less than a few hundred degrees Kelvin rise occurs due to gas heating. The generator must be excited by an electric field on the order of 10 Td. This is far below glow potential; hence, a fully externally sustained plasma generation technique is required. Ionization is supplied by means of applying short (tens of nanosecond) pulses to the O2(a1Δ) generator at 50,000 PPS, which are on the order of ten times breakdown potential. This enables a quasi-steady adjustable DC current to flow through the generator, being conducted by application of a DC, 10 to 14 Td pump E-field. This field is independently tunable. The result is that up to 180 KJ/mole O2 gets imparted to the gas by means of the 6 KW sub-breakdown pump field, while another 2700 watts is applied to the controlled avalanche field. The generator consists of 24 each, 1 cm diameter tubes that are submerged in rapidly circulating cold fluorinert. Heat is efficiently removed so that that the gas temperature, initially 273°K, raises only by 125°K, as evidenced by spectrographic analysis of the fine structure of O2(b1Σ) at lower pressure. Since all necessary conditions have been met, a 30% conversion rate of O2 to O2(a1Δ) has been achieved. Fortuitously, neither excited O atom production nor O2(b1Σ) production is visible in the spectra of the higher pressure, best yield runs. Essentially all other spectral lines are dwarfed in comparison the O2(a1Δ) line. Energy normally partitioned to O2(b1Σ) and apparently O atoms now feeds into O2(a1Δ) directly, enabling electrical efficiency to exceed 40%. As a continuation of this work, an I2 disassociating mixing section - then subsequently a 20 cm transverse M = 2.5
{"title":"Latest developments toward the demonstration of a KW-class EOIL laser","authors":"A. E. Hill","doi":"10.1117/12.782656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782656","url":null,"abstract":"The electric oxygen iodine laser (EOIL) offers a vastly more practical, implementable, and safer alternative to its predecessor, the chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL), particularly for airborne or other mobile military applications. Despite its promise and after 25 years effort, numerous laboratories around the world have not succeeded in providing the known basic physical requirements needed to electrically convert O2 into O2(a1Δ) with the fractional yields and efficiencies needed to make a practical laser. Hence, as of this date, the world record power generated from an EOIL device is only 6.5 watts. In this paper, a 30% conversion from O2 into O2(a1Δ) operating at substantial oxygen mass flow rates (0.090 moles O2/sec at 50 torr) and 40% electrical efficiency is reported. The O2(a1Δ) flow stream being produced carries 2400 watts. Gain measurements are currently in progress, to be followed shortly by power extraction. Current conditions imply that initial power extraction could push beyond 1 KW. Efforts to date have failed to generate substantial laser power because critical criteria have not been met. In order to achieve good O2(a1Δ) fractional yield, it is normally mandatory to impart on the order of 100 KJ/mole O2 while efficiently removing the waste heat energy from the generator so that less than a few hundred degrees Kelvin rise occurs due to gas heating. The generator must be excited by an electric field on the order of 10 Td. This is far below glow potential; hence, a fully externally sustained plasma generation technique is required. Ionization is supplied by means of applying short (tens of nanosecond) pulses to the O2(a1Δ) generator at 50,000 PPS, which are on the order of ten times breakdown potential. This enables a quasi-steady adjustable DC current to flow through the generator, being conducted by application of a DC, 10 to 14 Td pump E-field. This field is independently tunable. The result is that up to 180 KJ/mole O2 gets imparted to the gas by means of the 6 KW sub-breakdown pump field, while another 2700 watts is applied to the controlled avalanche field. The generator consists of 24 each, 1 cm diameter tubes that are submerged in rapidly circulating cold fluorinert. Heat is efficiently removed so that that the gas temperature, initially 273°K, raises only by 125°K, as evidenced by spectrographic analysis of the fine structure of O2(b1Σ) at lower pressure. Since all necessary conditions have been met, a 30% conversion rate of O2 to O2(a1Δ) has been achieved. Fortuitously, neither excited O atom production nor O2(b1Σ) production is visible in the spectra of the higher pressure, best yield runs. Essentially all other spectral lines are dwarfed in comparison the O2(a1Δ) line. Energy normally partitioned to O2(b1Σ) and apparently O atoms now feeds into O2(a1Δ) directly, enabling electrical efficiency to exceed 40%. As a continuation of this work, an I2 disassociating mixing section - then subsequently a 20 cm transverse M = 2.5","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117042338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We perform a comparison study of periodic structures on the surfaces of three different noble metals, Cu, Ag, and Au, following femtosecond laser radiation. Under identical experimental conditions, laser-induced surface patterns show distinctly different level of morphological clearness on the three different metals. Simply calculations based on metal melting fail to explain the pattern differences. We show that our observation result from the competition of two ultrafast processes, electron-phonon energy coupling and hot electron diffusion, following femtosecond laser heating of metals.
{"title":"Dynamics of femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on metals","authors":"Jincheng Wang, Chunlei Guo","doi":"10.1117/12.782743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782743","url":null,"abstract":"We perform a comparison study of periodic structures on the surfaces of three different noble metals, Cu, Ag, and Au, following femtosecond laser radiation. Under identical experimental conditions, laser-induced surface patterns show distinctly different level of morphological clearness on the three different metals. Simply calculations based on metal melting fail to explain the pattern differences. We show that our observation result from the competition of two ultrafast processes, electron-phonon energy coupling and hot electron diffusion, following femtosecond laser heating of metals.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114723804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The AEgis Technologies Group and RTI International are developing microsensors for High Energy Laser (HEL) diagnostic applications. The conformal sensor array will measure the irradiance profile of an incident laser beam, and concomitant rise in surface temperature of the target. The open mesh architecture allows 90% of the beam to impact the surface. A critical part of this program is developing a protective coating that ensures sensor survivability at high irradiance levels for operational lifetimes on the order of 10 seconds. The protective coating must transmit a measurable amount of light to the irradiance sensor. We have conducted experiments to evaluate candidate heat shield materials. In the first round of experiments, a 10kW CO2 laser was used to irradiate pure materials, including metals and carbon foils. Although many of the metal foils were perforated by the laser, no significant amount of material was ablated away. In fact, most of the test samples gained mass, presumably due to oxidation. Analysis of high speed video shows that once the metal melted, surface tension caused the molten metal to coalesce into droplets around the rim of the hole. The second and third rounds of testing, conducted with a 3kW, 1.07μm fiber laser, included samples of highly reflective metals and ceramics, standard plasma-sprayed coatings, and multilayer stacks. We have also measured the performance of temperature sensors and irradiance sensors fabricated from nanoparticle solutions deposited by advanced printing technology and have completed a preliminary investigation of high temperature adhesives.
{"title":"Evaluation of materials for on-board laser diagnostics","authors":"J. Luke, David Thomas, Jay S. Lewis, C. Phipps","doi":"10.1117/12.782754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782754","url":null,"abstract":"The AEgis Technologies Group and RTI International are developing microsensors for High Energy Laser (HEL) diagnostic applications. The conformal sensor array will measure the irradiance profile of an incident laser beam, and concomitant rise in surface temperature of the target. The open mesh architecture allows 90% of the beam to impact the surface. A critical part of this program is developing a protective coating that ensures sensor survivability at high irradiance levels for operational lifetimes on the order of 10 seconds. The protective coating must transmit a measurable amount of light to the irradiance sensor. We have conducted experiments to evaluate candidate heat shield materials. In the first round of experiments, a 10kW CO2 laser was used to irradiate pure materials, including metals and carbon foils. Although many of the metal foils were perforated by the laser, no significant amount of material was ablated away. In fact, most of the test samples gained mass, presumably due to oxidation. Analysis of high speed video shows that once the metal melted, surface tension caused the molten metal to coalesce into droplets around the rim of the hole. The second and third rounds of testing, conducted with a 3kW, 1.07μm fiber laser, included samples of highly reflective metals and ceramics, standard plasma-sprayed coatings, and multilayer stacks. We have also measured the performance of temperature sensors and irradiance sensors fabricated from nanoparticle solutions deposited by advanced printing technology and have completed a preliminary investigation of high temperature adhesives.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131494414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Poprawe, A. Gillner, D. Hoffmann, J. Gottmann, Welf Wawers, W. Schulz
In recent years new generations of precision lasers have been demonstrated and are increasingly available on an industrial level. For example high beam quality and diffraction limited Fiber lasers, Slab lasers, Disk lasers and still Rod lasers are used very successfully. This paper focuses on - ns and μs drilling of shaped holes by helical drilling1 - drilling of extreme aspect ratios in dielectrics/glass by ns-slab lasers2 - nm-size periodic structuring of polymers by interferometric approaches - ablation by ns- and ps-pulses for metal moulds - generation of waveguide structures in glass by fs-pulses.3 On the laboratory scale a next generation of diffraction limited short pulse lasers is at the horizon.4 In particular, ps-lasers at multi-hundred watts of average power with repetition rates of several MHz,2 fs-lasers at 400W2 average power and green, frequency doubled lasers at 200W are under construction. At the short end of pulses, attosecond lasers have been demonstrated and themselves shall open a new domain of interaction of light and matter5.
{"title":"High speed high precision ablation from ms to fs","authors":"R. Poprawe, A. Gillner, D. Hoffmann, J. Gottmann, Welf Wawers, W. Schulz","doi":"10.1117/12.785225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.785225","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years new generations of precision lasers have been demonstrated and are increasingly available on an industrial level. For example high beam quality and diffraction limited Fiber lasers, Slab lasers, Disk lasers and still Rod lasers are used very successfully. This paper focuses on - ns and μs drilling of shaped holes by helical drilling1 - drilling of extreme aspect ratios in dielectrics/glass by ns-slab lasers2 - nm-size periodic structuring of polymers by interferometric approaches - ablation by ns- and ps-pulses for metal moulds - generation of waveguide structures in glass by fs-pulses.3 On the laboratory scale a next generation of diffraction limited short pulse lasers is at the horizon.4 In particular, ps-lasers at multi-hundred watts of average power with repetition rates of several MHz,2 fs-lasers at 400W2 average power and green, frequency doubled lasers at 200W are under construction. At the short end of pulses, attosecond lasers have been demonstrated and themselves shall open a new domain of interaction of light and matter5.","PeriodicalId":249315,"journal":{"name":"High-Power Laser Ablation","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131628246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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