Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004488472_012
Ekaterina Gruzdeva
The paper discusses the various ways in which Nivkh grammar has been affected during the last years as a result of interaction between Russian and Nivkh, focusing on the changes that have occurred in the realm of the Nivkh imperative. It may be supposed that such phenomena as the development of number opposition of synthetic third person imperative forms? the emergence of analytical first person singular imperative forms, the appearance of redundant third person imperative markers, the rise of new polite imperative forms, as well as some other language changes which have taken place in different areas of Nivkh grammar, were caused not only by intralinguistic and evolutionary tendencies, but also by possible influence of the Russian grammatical system. Nivkh is spoken on Sakhalin Island and in the Amur region of Russia. Being a language isolate, not genetically connected with any other languages spoken in the area or elsewhere, it is traditionally classified as a Paleosiberian language. Typologically, Nivkh is an agglutinating synthetic language with SOV word order. There are four dialects in Nivkh, i.e. the Amur, the East Sakhalin, the North Sakhalin, and the South Sakhalin dialects. The paper deals with the data of the Amur (hereafter, Niv.A) and East Sakhalin (hereafter, Niv.S) dialects. Grammatical information and examples fixing the state of Nivkh at the turn and in the first half of the twentieth century come from Steinberg (1908), Krejnovic (1934), Austerlitz (1958), Panfilov (1962, 1965), Savel'eva and Taksami (1970). Facts of presentday Nivkh are taken mainly from the data collected during my field work on Sakhalin Island (Nogliki, Katangli, Cir-Unvd) in 1989 and 1991. According to the data of the 1989 general Census of the population, there were 4,681 Nivkh people in Russia, of whom 2,008 lived on Sakhalin (Nacional'nyj... 1991). Historically, the Nivkh people have undergone varying degrees of contact and influence from the Tungus-Manchu tribes, namely, the Orochs (Uiltas), the Nanays, the Evenkis etc., on the Amur, and the Orochs and the Evenkis on Sakhalin. Moreover, the Sakhalin Nivkh people have been living for a long time in close touch with the Ainu people, especially with those who lived in the south of the
{"title":"Aspects of Russian-Nivkh Grammatical Interference: The Nivkh Imperative","authors":"Ekaterina Gruzdeva","doi":"10.1163/9789004488472_012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004488472_012","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the various ways in which Nivkh grammar has been affected during the last years as a result of interaction between Russian and Nivkh, focusing on the changes that have occurred in the realm of the Nivkh imperative. It may be supposed that such phenomena as the development of number opposition of synthetic third person imperative forms? the emergence of analytical first person singular imperative forms, the appearance of redundant third person imperative markers, the rise of new polite imperative forms, as well as some other language changes which have taken place in different areas of Nivkh grammar, were caused not only by intralinguistic and evolutionary tendencies, but also by possible influence of the Russian grammatical system. Nivkh is spoken on Sakhalin Island and in the Amur region of Russia. Being a language isolate, not genetically connected with any other languages spoken in the area or elsewhere, it is traditionally classified as a Paleosiberian language. Typologically, Nivkh is an agglutinating synthetic language with SOV word order. There are four dialects in Nivkh, i.e. the Amur, the East Sakhalin, the North Sakhalin, and the South Sakhalin dialects. The paper deals with the data of the Amur (hereafter, Niv.A) and East Sakhalin (hereafter, Niv.S) dialects. Grammatical information and examples fixing the state of Nivkh at the turn and in the first half of the twentieth century come from Steinberg (1908), Krejnovic (1934), Austerlitz (1958), Panfilov (1962, 1965), Savel'eva and Taksami (1970). Facts of presentday Nivkh are taken mainly from the data collected during my field work on Sakhalin Island (Nogliki, Katangli, Cir-Unvd) in 1989 and 1991. According to the data of the 1989 general Census of the population, there were 4,681 Nivkh people in Russia, of whom 2,008 lived on Sakhalin (Nacional'nyj... 1991). Historically, the Nivkh people have undergone varying degrees of contact and influence from the Tungus-Manchu tribes, namely, the Orochs (Uiltas), the Nanays, the Evenkis etc., on the Amur, and the Orochs and the Evenkis on Sakhalin. Moreover, the Sakhalin Nivkh people have been living for a long time in close touch with the Ainu people, especially with those who lived in the south of the","PeriodicalId":252873,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contact","volume":"510 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116126187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004488472_025
P. Muysken
{"title":"From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics: A Research Proposal","authors":"P. Muysken","doi":"10.1163/9789004488472_025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004488472_025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":252873,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contact","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126140275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004488472_016
L. Johanson
{"title":"Linguistic Convergence in the Volga Area","authors":"L. Johanson","doi":"10.1163/9789004488472_016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004488472_016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":252873,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contact","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128124189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004488472_003
Ronelle Alexander, Balkan Sprachbund
As Thomason and Kaufman have noted in their classic survey, "Sprachbund situations are notoriously messy" (1988: 95). This is largely because in a situation of multilateral multilingualism, it is next to impossible to make an unambiguous determination, either in general or in any one particular instance, of either the source or the direction of interference. Often the best (and only thing) one can do is to list the shared features which could possibly be due to convergent change. In the case of the "world's most famous contact situation" (ibid.), the Balkan Sprachbund, scholars have almost consistently ventured far beyond this cautiously stated boundary. Lists of shared features have been taken as an implicit claim (and even sometimes as clear proof) that contact phenomena are the source of the several language-specific changes which in each instance produced these shared features; this in turn has led to claims that a particular language has provided the source from which the others have borrowed. Not surprisingly, such claims are often made by linguists whose native language is the one claimed as source.2
{"title":"Tracking Sprachbund Boundaries: Word Order in the Balkans","authors":"Ronelle Alexander, Balkan Sprachbund","doi":"10.1163/9789004488472_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004488472_003","url":null,"abstract":"As Thomason and Kaufman have noted in their classic survey, \"Sprachbund situations are notoriously messy\" (1988: 95). This is largely because in a situation of multilateral multilingualism, it is next to impossible to make an unambiguous determination, either in general or in any one particular instance, of either the source or the direction of interference. Often the best (and only thing) one can do is to list the shared features which could possibly be due to convergent change. In the case of the \"world's most famous contact situation\" (ibid.), the Balkan Sprachbund, scholars have almost consistently ventured far beyond this cautiously stated boundary. Lists of shared features have been taken as an implicit claim (and even sometimes as clear proof) that contact phenomena are the source of the several language-specific changes which in each instance produced these shared features; this in turn has led to claims that a particular language has provided the source from which the others have borrowed. Not surprisingly, such claims are often made by linguists whose native language is the one claimed as source.2","PeriodicalId":252873,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contact","volume":"79 2-3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116585112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004488472_004
P. Bakker
In this brief paper I will discuss two types of mixed languages. The first type constitutes what has been called intertwined languages (Bakker and Muysken 1995) or bilingual mixtures (Thomason 1997). The process which leads to these languages is called intertwining and they have also been claimed to be the result of 'extreme borrowing', a 'matrix language turnover' in codeswitching or 'relexification'. A sentence in such a language typically has content words from one language and bound morphemes from another, with some crosslinguistic variation as to the origin of free grammatical markers such as pronouns, demonstratives and the like. One typically finds overt morphemes from two languages in even a single sentence. The other type of mixed language has not yet been identified as a distinct type. I propose to call them here converted languages. They are the result of extreme convergence, which may take place rapidly. They show semantic, phonological, morphological and syntactic patterns of one language, but all of the morphemes (both content and grammatical morphemes) are from another language. Typically these languages are both unrecognizable and unintelligible for those people whose vocabulary is found in the language. Even though the term 'mixed language' has been incorrectly applied in the past to all kinds of languages with some visible influence from other languages, one should limit its use to those cases where genetic classification is no longer possible. This classification takes place on the basis of both the basic lexicon and the grammatical system. In almost all languages these are from the same source, even in a language like English which has remained a Germanic language despite pervasive influences from other languages, most notably French. Only if the grammatical system and the basic lexicon of a language are of different origin, OR if both of these components are roughly equally from different language sources can one speak of a mixed language. Mixed languages cannot be placed in a genetic tree, since they have more than one parent language, with some components from one language and some components from a different language.
在这篇简短的文章中，我将讨论两种类型的混合语言。第一种类型构成了所谓的交织语言(Bakker and Muysken 1995)或双语混合语言(Thomason 1997)。导致这些语言的过程被称为交织，它们也被认为是“极端借用”的结果，是代码转换或“释放”中的“矩阵语言转换”。这种语言的句子通常有一种语言的实义词和另一种语言的结合语素，在代词、指示词等自由语法标记的来源方面存在一些跨语言差异。即使在一个句子中，人们也会发现两种语言的明显语素。另一种类型的混合语言尚未被确定为一种独特的类型。我建议在这里称它们为转换语言。它们是可能迅速发生的极端趋同的结果。它们显示了一种语言的语义、语音、形态和句法模式，但所有的语素(包括内容语素和语法语素)都来自另一种语言。通常，这些语言对于那些在语言中找到词汇的人来说既无法识别又无法理解。尽管“混合语言”一词在过去被错误地应用于所有受到其他语言明显影响的语言，但人们应该将其使用限制在那些不再可能进行遗传分类的情况下。这种分类是根据基本词汇和语法系统进行的。在几乎所有的语言中，这些词都有相同的来源，即使在像英语这样的语言中，尽管受到其他语言(最明显的是法语)的普遍影响，英语仍然是日耳曼语。只有当一种语言的语法系统和基本词汇来自不同的来源，或者这两个组成部分大致相同地来自不同的语言来源时，才可以说是一种混合语言。混合语言不能放在遗传树中，因为它们有不止一种父语言，其中一些成分来自一种语言，一些成分来自另一种语言。
{"title":"Convergence Intertwining: An Alternative Way Towards the Genesis of Mixed Languages","authors":"P. Bakker","doi":"10.1163/9789004488472_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004488472_004","url":null,"abstract":"In this brief paper I will discuss two types of mixed languages. The first type constitutes what has been called intertwined languages (Bakker and Muysken 1995) or bilingual mixtures (Thomason 1997). The process which leads to these languages is called intertwining and they have also been claimed to be the result of 'extreme borrowing', a 'matrix language turnover' in codeswitching or 'relexification'. A sentence in such a language typically has content words from one language and bound morphemes from another, with some crosslinguistic variation as to the origin of free grammatical markers such as pronouns, demonstratives and the like. One typically finds overt morphemes from two languages in even a single sentence. The other type of mixed language has not yet been identified as a distinct type. I propose to call them here converted languages. They are the result of extreme convergence, which may take place rapidly. They show semantic, phonological, morphological and syntactic patterns of one language, but all of the morphemes (both content and grammatical morphemes) are from another language. Typically these languages are both unrecognizable and unintelligible for those people whose vocabulary is found in the language. Even though the term 'mixed language' has been incorrectly applied in the past to all kinds of languages with some visible influence from other languages, one should limit its use to those cases where genetic classification is no longer possible. This classification takes place on the basis of both the basic lexicon and the grammatical system. In almost all languages these are from the same source, even in a language like English which has remained a Germanic language despite pervasive influences from other languages, most notably French. Only if the grammatical system and the basic lexicon of a language are of different origin, OR if both of these components are roughly equally from different language sources can one speak of a mixed language. Mixed languages cannot be placed in a genetic tree, since they have more than one parent language, with some components from one language and some components from a different language.","PeriodicalId":252873,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contact","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133970183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004488472_013
C. Hasselblatt
German and Russian are the most important contact languages for Estonian. While the German influence has been described at different levels in several monographs (e.g. Ariste 1940, Pauley 1980, Hinderung 1981, Hasselblatt 1990) and numerous articles, the Russian influence still lacks a profound analysis. Some work has been done in the field of loanwords (e.g. Magiste 1962, Seppet 1983), but most of the work seems to lie before us.
{"title":"Estonian Between German and Russian: Facts and Fiction About Language Interference","authors":"C. Hasselblatt","doi":"10.1163/9789004488472_013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004488472_013","url":null,"abstract":"German and Russian are the most important contact languages for Estonian. While the German influence has been described at different levels in several monographs (e.g. Ariste 1940, Pauley 1980, Hinderung 1981, Hasselblatt 1990) and numerous articles, the Russian influence still lacks a profound analysis. Some work has been done in the field of loanwords (e.g. Magiste 1962, Seppet 1983), but most of the work seems to lie before us.","PeriodicalId":252873,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contact","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132029951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004488472_029
P. Skrelin
A sound database is a comfortable means for organizing and storing digitized sound material. Two types of sound databases developed at the Department of Phonetics of St. Petersburg State University make it possible to handle various types of sound material used in phonetic research of the interference between languages. Their structural differences are defined by the differences of the units chosen for storage and description. Databases of the first type (Sound Archives) are designed for big corpora. The description of such storage unit refers to the whole text. The database of the second type (Speech Corpus) is designed for the storage of phonetically balanced material (text). The storage unit in this case is the text, the description units are syllables and phrases.
{"title":"Sound Databases in the Study of Phonetic Interference","authors":"P. Skrelin","doi":"10.1163/9789004488472_029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004488472_029","url":null,"abstract":"A sound database is a comfortable means for organizing and storing digitized sound material. Two types of sound databases developed at the Department of Phonetics of St. Petersburg State University make it possible to handle various types of sound material used in phonetic research of the interference between languages. Their structural differences are defined by the differences of the units chosen for storage and description. Databases of the first type (Sound Archives) are designed for big corpora. The description of such storage unit refers to the whole text. The database of the second type (Speech Corpus) is designed for the storage of phonetically balanced material (text). The storage unit in this case is the text, the description units are syllables and phrases.","PeriodicalId":252873,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contact","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115773478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004488472_011
L. Grenoble
Evenki is a Tungusic language spoken throughout Siberia. Russian-Evenki contact dates back several centuries, and the Evenki people have long-standing contact with a number other groups of people as well, including Yakuts, Buryats and other Tungus people. Throughout their history, Evenki have often been bior multilingual, yet language loss is currently occurring at a rapid rate, with at least 2/3 of the population speaking a language other than Evenki: Bulatova (1994) estimates a total population of under 30,000, with less than 9000 speakers. This paper discusses the linguistic impact of Russian on the Evenki language, focusing on morphosyntactic changes, as these have received less attention in the linguistic literature than have phonological changes. Findings are based primarily on my own fieldwork in the Amur basin and Sakha (Yakutia), supplemented by published descriptions.1 The Evenki language is characterized by widespread dialectical variation, and 51 distinct dialects have been identified.2 These are traditionally divided into three major dialect groups on the basis of the distribution of [s]/[h]: the Southern group, which shows phonetic [s] both word-initially and internally; Northern group, with [h] word-initially and internally; and the Eastern group, with [s] word-initially and [h] intervocalic position. These dialects show not only phonetic and lexical differences, but also morphosyntactic ones, including differences in the number of cases, the possessive pronouns, and in verbal morphology (see Atkine 1997 for a brief summary). The present paper focuses on changes occurring in several of the Eastern dialects; conclusions are based on work with speakers from the villages of Bomnak, Pervomayskoye, and Ust'Nyukzha (Amurskaya Oblast') and the village of Iyengra (Sakha, Yakutia), and may not be true of all other dialects. Recent work on other dialects, such as Nedjalkov (1997), together with anecdotal kinds of evidence supplied by natives
{"title":"Morphosyntactic Change: The Impact of Russian on Evenki","authors":"L. Grenoble","doi":"10.1163/9789004488472_011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004488472_011","url":null,"abstract":"Evenki is a Tungusic language spoken throughout Siberia. Russian-Evenki contact dates back several centuries, and the Evenki people have long-standing contact with a number other groups of people as well, including Yakuts, Buryats and other Tungus people. Throughout their history, Evenki have often been bior multilingual, yet language loss is currently occurring at a rapid rate, with at least 2/3 of the population speaking a language other than Evenki: Bulatova (1994) estimates a total population of under 30,000, with less than 9000 speakers. This paper discusses the linguistic impact of Russian on the Evenki language, focusing on morphosyntactic changes, as these have received less attention in the linguistic literature than have phonological changes. Findings are based primarily on my own fieldwork in the Amur basin and Sakha (Yakutia), supplemented by published descriptions.1 The Evenki language is characterized by widespread dialectical variation, and 51 distinct dialects have been identified.2 These are traditionally divided into three major dialect groups on the basis of the distribution of [s]/[h]: the Southern group, which shows phonetic [s] both word-initially and internally; Northern group, with [h] word-initially and internally; and the Eastern group, with [s] word-initially and [h] intervocalic position. These dialects show not only phonetic and lexical differences, but also morphosyntactic ones, including differences in the number of cases, the possessive pronouns, and in verbal morphology (see Atkine 1997 for a brief summary). The present paper focuses on changes occurring in several of the Eastern dialects; conclusions are based on work with speakers from the villages of Bomnak, Pervomayskoye, and Ust'Nyukzha (Amurskaya Oblast') and the village of Iyengra (Sakha, Yakutia), and may not be true of all other dialects. Recent work on other dialects, such as Nedjalkov (1997), together with anecdotal kinds of evidence supplied by natives","PeriodicalId":252873,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contact","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131813757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004488472_018
{"title":"Varieties in Contact and their Impact on Language Planning in Yiddish","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004488472_018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004488472_018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":252873,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contact","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115301679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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