Pub Date : 1995-06-09DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1995.465419
M. Loew
Measurement and comparison of medical images is of growing importance for several reasons: (1) as medical imaging becomes ever more digital, and networks and archives of images proliferate, the opportunity will create the need; (2) automated approaches to treatment design, dose measurement, and surgery planning are emerging from the laboratory and entering limited clinical use; and (3) a greater variety of users wants to employ the reliable and repeatable methodology that seems to be offered by the automated methods. Image-processing tools give us some characterization of shape, size, texture, color, depth and three-dimensionality. Combined with properties of the imaging modality and knowledge of anatomy, they yield quantitative descriptions that are useful in differential diagnosis. What has received little attention, however, is the need for benchmarking and evaluation of the various methods available. Almost nothing has been done to ensure the comparability of reported results. The user interface, which may be the clinician's only contact with the application system, has not claimed appreciably more study by system designers than benchmarking. As the need grows to justify the expense of imaging, analysis of its benefits will have to be measured, but until good criteria exist for assessing the imaging system, there cannot be a reliable way to measure outcomes. Equally, use of images from other sites for teaching and research will be impeded in the absence of such metrics. This paper outlines the problem and suggests some steps that can be taken to bring real quantification to medical imaging.<>
{"title":"Quantitative methods in medical imaging","authors":"M. Loew","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1995.465419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1995.465419","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement and comparison of medical images is of growing importance for several reasons: (1) as medical imaging becomes ever more digital, and networks and archives of images proliferate, the opportunity will create the need; (2) automated approaches to treatment design, dose measurement, and surgery planning are emerging from the laboratory and entering limited clinical use; and (3) a greater variety of users wants to employ the reliable and repeatable methodology that seems to be offered by the automated methods. Image-processing tools give us some characterization of shape, size, texture, color, depth and three-dimensionality. Combined with properties of the imaging modality and knowledge of anatomy, they yield quantitative descriptions that are useful in differential diagnosis. What has received little attention, however, is the need for benchmarking and evaluation of the various methods available. Almost nothing has been done to ensure the comparability of reported results. The user interface, which may be the clinician's only contact with the application system, has not claimed appreciably more study by system designers than benchmarking. As the need grows to justify the expense of imaging, analysis of its benefits will have to be measured, but until good criteria exist for assessing the imaging system, there cannot be a reliable way to measure outcomes. Equally, use of images from other sites for teaching and research will be impeded in the absence of such metrics. This paper outlines the problem and suggests some steps that can be taken to bring real quantification to medical imaging.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":254366,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127578971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-06-09DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1995.465454
A. Eskicioglu
Lossy compression drastically reduces the operating costs of digital medical imaging systems by allowing more efficient use of transmission and archival facilities in hospitals and doctors' offices. To be able to develop standards for the application of this technology, reliable tools are needed for measuring the quality of reconstructed images. Among the most common measures presently used, the normalized mean squared error (NMSE) does not provide any information concerning the type of impairment, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses are expensive and time-consuming. This paper evaluates the performance of three quantitative multi-dimensional measures for image quality. Mimicking the human visual system, they compute local features, and produce a graphical output. Eskicioglu charts, in particular, are shown to be an appropriate tool for characterizing compression losses in reconstructed medical images.<>
{"title":"Application of multi-dimensional quality measures to reconstructed medical images","authors":"A. Eskicioglu","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1995.465454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1995.465454","url":null,"abstract":"Lossy compression drastically reduces the operating costs of digital medical imaging systems by allowing more efficient use of transmission and archival facilities in hospitals and doctors' offices. To be able to develop standards for the application of this technology, reliable tools are needed for measuring the quality of reconstructed images. Among the most common measures presently used, the normalized mean squared error (NMSE) does not provide any information concerning the type of impairment, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses are expensive and time-consuming. This paper evaluates the performance of three quantitative multi-dimensional measures for image quality. Mimicking the human visual system, they compute local features, and produce a graphical output. Eskicioglu charts, in particular, are shown to be an appropriate tool for characterizing compression losses in reconstructed medical images.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":254366,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127660069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-06-09DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1995.465434
E. Kaymaz
A second order dynamical model of the heating/cooling process in a hospital building is simulated. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based on if-then control rules is designed and the performance of the FLC is compared with that of commonly used on/off and PI/PID controllers. Both the FLC and the PI/PID controllers outperform the on/off controller in terms of accuracy, as well as energy consumption. However, the FLC is more robust than the PI/PID controllers in that the FLC is much less sensitive to changes in system parameters and consumes less energy.<>
{"title":"Adaptive environmental control for optimal energy consumption in hospitals","authors":"E. Kaymaz","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1995.465434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1995.465434","url":null,"abstract":"A second order dynamical model of the heating/cooling process in a hospital building is simulated. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based on if-then control rules is designed and the performance of the FLC is compared with that of commonly used on/off and PI/PID controllers. Both the FLC and the PI/PID controllers outperform the on/off controller in terms of accuracy, as well as energy consumption. However, the FLC is more robust than the PI/PID controllers in that the FLC is much less sensitive to changes in system parameters and consumes less energy.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":254366,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"271 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129152259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-06-09DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1995.465442
Z. Lee, P. Diaz, E. Bellon
Combined rendering of volume data and geometric objects (graphics objects) is important in a number of medical applications. Efficient generation of such rendering is required to support user interactions at a level that are useful in clinical applications. In this study, we describe the manipulation of graphics objects with volume data utilizing a widely used graphics API standard, OpenGL.<>
{"title":"Manipulation of volume and graphics objects for the visualization of medical data under OpenGL","authors":"Z. Lee, P. Diaz, E. Bellon","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1995.465442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1995.465442","url":null,"abstract":"Combined rendering of volume data and geometric objects (graphics objects) is important in a number of medical applications. Efficient generation of such rendering is required to support user interactions at a level that are useful in clinical applications. In this study, we describe the manipulation of graphics objects with volume data utilizing a widely used graphics API standard, OpenGL.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":254366,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134439140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-06-09DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1995.465416
M. Manwaring, V. Malbasa, K. Manwaring
We present a "design by documentation" approach to the design of dedicated computer systems. The method is natural, easy to apply, and results with the documentation that is simultaneously developed with the project design steps. The approach allows the designer and the customer to validate the design goals throughout the design process by assessing the documentation on the midterm checkpoints of the project. The approach is illustrated through a case study of the design of intracranial pressure monitor for medical application.<>
{"title":"Design by documentation: a method and case study","authors":"M. Manwaring, V. Malbasa, K. Manwaring","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1995.465416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1995.465416","url":null,"abstract":"We present a \"design by documentation\" approach to the design of dedicated computer systems. The method is natural, easy to apply, and results with the documentation that is simultaneously developed with the project design steps. The approach allows the designer and the customer to validate the design goals throughout the design process by assessing the documentation on the midterm checkpoints of the project. The approach is illustrated through a case study of the design of intracranial pressure monitor for medical application.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":254366,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132988022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-06-09DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1995.465439
T. Fritsch, B. Neuner, P. Klotz, P. Kraus
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by akinesia (absence or poverty of voluntary movements), rigidity (increased muscular tonus) and tremor (involuntary oscillation). Control of the course of disease and therapeutic measures impose great demands on standardisation of clinical evaluation, including standards of therapeutic control and means of disease monitoring as well as for proof of efficacy of new therapeutic substances. We present the results of the application of a self-organizing feature map (SOM) to training data, obtained from a large study, where more than 450 patients have been observed under therapy for over 2 years. The training data are obtained from an instrumental test battery, whose items like steadiness, aiming or tapping describe the motor impairment of the patients for given tasks. Different SOM nets with a size of 50/spl times/50 neurons were presented to learn 501 data sets including 49 control persons, each set consisting of 28 components. The result of the learning process, which has been achieved after 10,000 learning steps is the clear separation of Parkinsonian patients from the control persons by the neural net.<>
{"title":"A self-organizing neural net clustering Parkinson patients and control persons using motor data","authors":"T. Fritsch, B. Neuner, P. Klotz, P. Kraus","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1995.465439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1995.465439","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by akinesia (absence or poverty of voluntary movements), rigidity (increased muscular tonus) and tremor (involuntary oscillation). Control of the course of disease and therapeutic measures impose great demands on standardisation of clinical evaluation, including standards of therapeutic control and means of disease monitoring as well as for proof of efficacy of new therapeutic substances. We present the results of the application of a self-organizing feature map (SOM) to training data, obtained from a large study, where more than 450 patients have been observed under therapy for over 2 years. The training data are obtained from an instrumental test battery, whose items like steadiness, aiming or tapping describe the motor impairment of the patients for given tasks. Different SOM nets with a size of 50/spl times/50 neurons were presented to learn 501 data sets including 49 control persons, each set consisting of 28 components. The result of the learning process, which has been achieved after 10,000 learning steps is the clear separation of Parkinsonian patients from the control persons by the neural net.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":254366,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121315297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-06-09DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1995.465407
I. Osorio, M. Frei, D. Lerner, S. Wilkinson
Summary form only given. Automated seizure detection with high specificity and sensitivity is a highly desirable but elusive goal. The failure to develop a reliable system despite decades of effort is due in part to the non-stationary and noise in the EEG/ECoG signals, as well as to the rudimentary mathematical treatment it has received. We have developed a method of automated seizure detection based on a combination of linear and nonlinear filtering techniques, including the discrete wavelet transform. To minimize noise, this method was first developed for intracranial signals, then later adapted to scalp recordings. Preliminary results indicate that this new method may be the fastest and most reliable to date. The generic algorithm has been tested on 5 patients and a total of 20 seizure segments and 7 interictal segments recorded form intracranial electrodes. We have also compared the method to expert visual analysis, performed through a review of polygraph tracings of the signals, and have found our method to be both fast and highly accurate. We are generally able to detect the electrographic seizure within a second of the time marked by the EEGer. The method is also highly adaptable-it automatically accounts for signal changes over time, and has a number of parameters which may be tuned to further improve accuracy for a given individual patient or for a particular signal or group of signals being monitored. The algorithm has been implemented and now allows real-time monitoring and detection on a 486/DX 33 MHz PC.<>
{"title":"Automated rapid seizure detection in the human ECoG","authors":"I. Osorio, M. Frei, D. Lerner, S. Wilkinson","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1995.465407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1995.465407","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Automated seizure detection with high specificity and sensitivity is a highly desirable but elusive goal. The failure to develop a reliable system despite decades of effort is due in part to the non-stationary and noise in the EEG/ECoG signals, as well as to the rudimentary mathematical treatment it has received. We have developed a method of automated seizure detection based on a combination of linear and nonlinear filtering techniques, including the discrete wavelet transform. To minimize noise, this method was first developed for intracranial signals, then later adapted to scalp recordings. Preliminary results indicate that this new method may be the fastest and most reliable to date. The generic algorithm has been tested on 5 patients and a total of 20 seizure segments and 7 interictal segments recorded form intracranial electrodes. We have also compared the method to expert visual analysis, performed through a review of polygraph tracings of the signals, and have found our method to be both fast and highly accurate. We are generally able to detect the electrographic seizure within a second of the time marked by the EEGer. The method is also highly adaptable-it automatically accounts for signal changes over time, and has a number of parameters which may be tuned to further improve accuracy for a given individual patient or for a particular signal or group of signals being monitored. The algorithm has been implemented and now allows real-time monitoring and detection on a 486/DX 33 MHz PC.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":254366,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127535010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-06-09DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1995.465424
T. Slonim, M. Slonim, G. Daychamn, I. Ovsyshcher, L. Roytblat
A new approach is proposed for the estimation of heart rate variability (HRV) under surgical stress conditions. An HRV index (HRVI) has been introduced. The complexity of laporoscopy (LS) and laporotomy (LT) surgical operations has been evaluated.<>
{"title":"Comparison of complexity of laporoscopy and laporotomy operations by estimation of patient's stress using a noninvasive computerized method","authors":"T. Slonim, M. Slonim, G. Daychamn, I. Ovsyshcher, L. Roytblat","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1995.465424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1995.465424","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach is proposed for the estimation of heart rate variability (HRV) under surgical stress conditions. An HRV index (HRVI) has been introduced. The complexity of laporoscopy (LS) and laporotomy (LT) surgical operations has been evaluated.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":254366,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116565809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-06-09DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1995.465417
G. H. Roberson, Y. Shieh
For a majority of applications, teleradiology has been regarded primarily as a convenience for the on-call radiologist by transmitting radiographic images to the his/her residence so that an after-hour trip to the hospital can be avoided. Under such a operation environment, the images acquired and transmitted are not designed to meet the requirements of primary interpretation. The image quality required is relatively low order since the original films will be reviewed and dictated the following day. Currently teleradiology is being seriously considered as the means for doing primary diagnosis. In other words, a final diagnosis report will be generated by interpreting the soft copy of the image displayed on the monitor without any reference to the original film. Such a paradigm shift raised many technical as well as clinical issues that must be addressed. The radiology department of Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center began efforts in teleradiology since March 1994. A number of key issues and experiences learned from our practising teleradiology in the past several months are presented in this paper.<>
{"title":"Primary interpretation of medical imagery by teleradiology","authors":"G. H. Roberson, Y. Shieh","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1995.465417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1995.465417","url":null,"abstract":"For a majority of applications, teleradiology has been regarded primarily as a convenience for the on-call radiologist by transmitting radiographic images to the his/her residence so that an after-hour trip to the hospital can be avoided. Under such a operation environment, the images acquired and transmitted are not designed to meet the requirements of primary interpretation. The image quality required is relatively low order since the original films will be reviewed and dictated the following day. Currently teleradiology is being seriously considered as the means for doing primary diagnosis. In other words, a final diagnosis report will be generated by interpreting the soft copy of the image displayed on the monitor without any reference to the original film. Such a paradigm shift raised many technical as well as clinical issues that must be addressed. The radiology department of Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center began efforts in teleradiology since March 1994. A number of key issues and experiences learned from our practising teleradiology in the past several months are presented in this paper.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":254366,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122030044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-06-09DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1995.465415
C. Martin, Carroll Nunn, Carroll Schovanec
Examines the effects of geometry and material properties on criteria that could be used in establishing a notion of optimal form in bone or prosthetic devices. This is accomplished by determining extreme values of functionals that are measures of strain energy and compliance. The governing differential equation includes the effects of collageneous tissue acting on the bone and in the case of the prosthetic model, interfacial interactions between the device and the bone. Augmented Lagrange techniques and non-linear conjugate gradient methods are used to determine the optimal solution.<>
{"title":"Problems of optimization with application to prosthetic design and stress fracture prediction","authors":"C. Martin, Carroll Nunn, Carroll Schovanec","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1995.465415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1995.465415","url":null,"abstract":"Examines the effects of geometry and material properties on criteria that could be used in establishing a notion of optimal form in bone or prosthetic devices. This is accomplished by determining extreme values of functionals that are measures of strain energy and compliance. The governing differential equation includes the effects of collageneous tissue acting on the bone and in the case of the prosthetic model, interfacial interactions between the device and the bone. Augmented Lagrange techniques and non-linear conjugate gradient methods are used to determine the optimal solution.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":254366,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122259101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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