Pub Date : 2018-11-21DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201802976
A. Twerda, S. Belfroid, F. Neele
Re-using depleted fields (and platforms and wells) offers advantages over developing storage projects in saline formations. However, with reservoir pressures after production sometimes below 20 bar, there can be a large pressure difference between the reservoir and the transport pipeline at the surface, which will be typically at pressures in the range of 80 - 120 bar. This pressure difference must be carefully managed to ensure that the temperature of the CO2, the surface installations and the well, remain within materials specifications and within proper operating boundaries. Pressure drops of the CO2 result in potentially large decrease in temperature, due to its high Joule-Thomson coefficient; in addition, the temperatures and pressures that occur in a typical CO2 transport and storage system are such that two-phase flow is likely to occur. Pipeline pressure and temperature management can easily be done in a single source- single sink scenario as the pipeline pressure is a free parameter. However, if the pipeline must act as a backbone for multiple wells at different reservoir pressure, pressure and flow management must be balanced carefully. In this paper, the differences between a pipeline as transport and a pipeline as backbone will be discussed in detail.
{"title":"CO2 Injection In Low Pressure Depleted Reservoirs","authors":"A. Twerda, S. Belfroid, F. Neele","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201802976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802976","url":null,"abstract":"Re-using depleted fields (and platforms and wells) offers advantages over developing storage projects in saline formations. However, with reservoir pressures after production sometimes below 20 bar, there can be a large pressure difference between the reservoir and the transport pipeline at the surface, which will be typically at pressures in the range of 80 - 120 bar. This pressure difference must be carefully managed to ensure that the temperature of the CO2, the surface installations and the well, remain within materials specifications and within proper operating boundaries. Pressure drops of the CO2 result in potentially large decrease in temperature, due to its high Joule-Thomson coefficient; in addition, the temperatures and pressures that occur in a typical CO2 transport and storage system are such that two-phase flow is likely to occur. Pipeline pressure and temperature management can easily be done in a single source- single sink scenario as the pipeline pressure is a free parameter. However, if the pipeline must act as a backbone for multiple wells at different reservoir pressure, pressure and flow management must be balanced carefully. In this paper, the differences between a pipeline as transport and a pipeline as backbone will be discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":254996,"journal":{"name":"Fifth CO2 Geological Storage Workshop","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115579152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-21DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201802987
C. Lloyd, M. Huuse
The main Neogene reservoirs for CO2 storage in the North Viking Graben are the Utsira and Skade Formations, collectively known as the Utsira- Skade Aquifer. This is one of ten aquifers in the North Sea that is deemed suitable for CO2 storage (Halland et al., 2011). Most studies have been either a large scale assessment of the entire aquifer or finer detailed studies in the southern area, as this is currently where injection of CO2 is currently taking place at the Sleipner storage facility. This study assesses the suitability of the aquifer and its surrounding stratigraphy in the North Viking Graben. Analysis showed that a lack of a thick depocentre at a suitable depth results in poorer potential in this region compared to its southern counterpart. Injection into the Utsira Formation would need to occur in the north-east section to be at a suitable depth, utilising mostly 20-100m thick sands with a maximum migration distance of 90 km. The Skade Formation benefits from 85m thick closed traps but a max migrati
北维京地堑新近系主要的二氧化碳储层是Utsira和Skade地层，统称为Utsira- Skade含水层。这是北海十个被认为适合储存二氧化碳的含水层之一(Halland et al.， 2011)。大多数研究要么是对整个含水层进行大规模评估，要么是对南部地区进行更细致的研究，因为目前正在Sleipner储存设施注入二氧化碳。本研究评估了北维京地堑含水层及其周围地层的适宜性。分析表明，与南部地区相比，该地区缺乏合适深度的厚沉积，其潜力较差。Utsira地层的注入需要在东北段合适的深度进行，主要利用20-100米厚的砂岩，最大运移距离为90公里。Skade组受益于85米厚的封闭圈闭，但运移最大
{"title":"CO2 Storage Potential Of The Neogene Stratigraphy In The North Viking Graben","authors":"C. Lloyd, M. Huuse","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201802987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802987","url":null,"abstract":"The main Neogene reservoirs for CO2 storage in the North Viking Graben are the Utsira and Skade Formations, collectively known as the Utsira- Skade Aquifer. This is one of ten aquifers in the North Sea that is deemed suitable for CO2 storage (Halland et al., 2011). Most studies have been either a large scale assessment of the entire aquifer or finer detailed studies in the southern area, as this is currently where injection of CO2 is currently taking place at the Sleipner storage facility. This study assesses the suitability of the aquifer and its surrounding stratigraphy in the North Viking Graben. Analysis showed that a lack of a thick depocentre at a suitable depth results in poorer potential in this region compared to its southern counterpart. Injection into the Utsira Formation would need to occur in the north-east section to be at a suitable depth, utilising mostly 20-100m thick sands with a maximum migration distance of 90 km. The Skade Formation benefits from 85m thick closed traps but a max migrati","PeriodicalId":254996,"journal":{"name":"Fifth CO2 Geological Storage Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129954979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-21DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201802984
M. Abba, A. Abbas, B. Saidu, G. Nasr, A. Al-Otaibi
{"title":"Effects Of Gravity On Flow Behaviour Of Supercritical CO2 During Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR) By CO2 Injection And Sequestration","authors":"M. Abba, A. Abbas, B. Saidu, G. Nasr, A. Al-Otaibi","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201802984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802984","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":254996,"journal":{"name":"Fifth CO2 Geological Storage Workshop","volume":"s3-27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130123858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-21DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201802971
S. Gasda, M. Elenius, R. Kaufmann
In this paper, we present gravity-driven mixing for different CO2-hydrocarbon mixtures using a highly accurate computational model. The simulation results are used to characterize the fine-scale behavior for gravity-stable systems. Preliminary simulations for flowing systems are presented. We discuss the implications for behavior of convective systems at the field scale.
{"title":"Field-Scale Implications Of Density-Driven Convection In CO2-EOR Reservoirs","authors":"S. Gasda, M. Elenius, R. Kaufmann","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201802971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802971","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present gravity-driven mixing for different CO2-hydrocarbon mixtures using a highly accurate computational model. The simulation results are used to characterize the fine-scale behavior for gravity-stable systems. Preliminary simulations for flowing systems are presented. We discuss the implications for behavior of convective systems at the field scale.","PeriodicalId":254996,"journal":{"name":"Fifth CO2 Geological Storage Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132184651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-21DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201802981
A. Halladay, V. Bacci, S. O’Brien, K. Hindriks
The Quest CCS project uses time-lapse seismic methods to demonstrate conformance of the CO2 in the reservoir to modelled predictions. This paper outlines the results of the second monitor DAS VSP.
{"title":"Results From The Second Monitor DAS VSP At Quest CCS","authors":"A. Halladay, V. Bacci, S. O’Brien, K. Hindriks","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201802981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802981","url":null,"abstract":"The Quest CCS project uses time-lapse seismic methods to demonstrate conformance of the CO2 in the reservoir to modelled predictions. This paper outlines the results of the second monitor DAS VSP.","PeriodicalId":254996,"journal":{"name":"Fifth CO2 Geological Storage Workshop","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124060898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-21DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201802973
P. Eliasson, C. Ringstad, A. Grimstad, M. Jordan, A. Romdhane
A small-scale CO2 field laboratory was established at Svelvik, Norway during 2009-2013. The original intent was to use the field lab for CO2 migration monitoring studies. Findings during the construction of the lab and during the initial experimental campaign indicated that the field lab is better suited for research on monitoring of CO2 storage. The suitability of the field lab for such research was further confirmed in 2013 by feasibility studies based on CO2 injection simulations and sensitivity studies for various geophysical methods. Since 2017, SINTEF is working, within the ECCSEL consortium, on upgrading the field lab with additional monitoring wells, instrumentation for cross-well seismic and ERT, and trenched DAS cables. The upgrade of the lab will be completed in spring 2019, and several new research projects have plans for experiments. The first new experimental campaign will be conducted during 2019 within the Pre-ACT project with the objective to produce field data and develop methods for quantification and discrimination of pressure and saturation changes in the subsurface, caused by CO2 injection.
{"title":"Svelvik CO2 Field Lab: Upgrade And Experimental Campaign","authors":"P. Eliasson, C. Ringstad, A. Grimstad, M. Jordan, A. Romdhane","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201802973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802973","url":null,"abstract":"A small-scale CO2 field laboratory was established at Svelvik, Norway during 2009-2013. The original intent was to use the field lab for CO2 migration monitoring studies. Findings during the construction of the lab and during the initial experimental campaign indicated that the field lab is better suited for research on monitoring of CO2 storage. The suitability of the field lab for such research was further confirmed in 2013 by feasibility studies based on CO2 injection simulations and sensitivity studies for various geophysical methods. Since 2017, SINTEF is working, within the ECCSEL consortium, on upgrading the field lab with additional monitoring wells, instrumentation for cross-well seismic and ERT, and trenched DAS cables. The upgrade of the lab will be completed in spring 2019, and several new research projects have plans for experiments. The first new experimental campaign will be conducted during 2019 within the Pre-ACT project with the objective to produce field data and develop methods for quantification and discrimination of pressure and saturation changes in the subsurface, caused by CO2 injection.","PeriodicalId":254996,"journal":{"name":"Fifth CO2 Geological Storage Workshop","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116585661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-21DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201802978
G. Williams, A. Chadwick
A revised analysis of seismic data at Sleipner has revealed large-scale, roughly north-trending, channels at a range of levels in the Utsira Sand. The seismic data also reveal localised chimneys within the reservoir and overburden, some of which show evidence of having provided vertical conduits for earlier natural gas flow. Reservoir flow models were set up with flow properties constrained by the observed levels of CO2 accumulation in the reservoir and the arrival time of CO2 at the reservoir top just prior to the first repeat survey in 1999. The initial model with laterally homogeneous sand units separated by thin semi-permeable mudstones achieved a moderate match to the observed time-lapse seismics. Subsequent flow models, progressively incorporating higher permeability vertical chimneys through the mudstones and large-scale channelling within the reservoir sands, yielded a progressive and marked improvement in the history-match of key CO2 layers within the plume. The preferred plume simulation flow model was converted into a seismic property model using Gassmann fluid substitution with an empirical Brie mixing law. Synthetic seismograms generated from this show a striking resemblance to the observed time-lapse data, both in terms of plume layer reflectivity and also of time-shifts within and beneath the CO2 plume.
{"title":"Chimneys And Channels: History Matching The Growing CO2 Plume At The Sleipner Storage Site","authors":"G. Williams, A. Chadwick","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201802978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802978","url":null,"abstract":"A revised analysis of seismic data at Sleipner has revealed large-scale, roughly north-trending, channels at a range of levels in the Utsira Sand. The seismic data also reveal localised chimneys within the reservoir and overburden, some of which show evidence of having provided vertical conduits for earlier natural gas flow. Reservoir flow models were set up with flow properties constrained by the observed levels of CO2 accumulation in the reservoir and the arrival time of CO2 at the reservoir top just prior to the first repeat survey in 1999. The initial model with laterally homogeneous sand units separated by thin semi-permeable mudstones achieved a moderate match to the observed time-lapse seismics. Subsequent flow models, progressively incorporating higher permeability vertical chimneys through the mudstones and large-scale channelling within the reservoir sands, yielded a progressive and marked improvement in the history-match of key CO2 layers within the plume. The preferred plume simulation flow model was converted into a seismic property model using Gassmann fluid substitution with an empirical Brie mixing law. Synthetic seismograms generated from this show a striking resemblance to the observed time-lapse data, both in terms of plume layer reflectivity and also of time-shifts within and beneath the CO2 plume.","PeriodicalId":254996,"journal":{"name":"Fifth CO2 Geological Storage Workshop","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125371549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-21DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201802989
B. Hirst, D. Randell, Matthew Jones, D. Weidman, M. Dean
We describe and report the field performance of LightSource, a Shell proprietary technique for remotely detecting and locating multiple gas emission sources and simultaneously estimating their individual mass emission rates. The system was originally developed to provide atmospheric monitoring over the Quest CO2 storage site in Canada. It operates automatically using a ground-based optical sensor and is suited to continuous area monitoring. This new work supports enhanced CO2 source detectability by exploiting any naturally present CH4 released through CO2 migration in the subsurface. In these tests, we use a radically new open-path optical beam gas sensor based on Laser Dispersion Spectroscopy, LDS, which offers substantial operational advantages over the commercially available sensors we have used previously. We report on the method and performance achieved during 17 calibrated methane gas releases at the Chilbolton Observatory test site in the UK. The resulting concentration and wind data were processed using our LightSource code.
{"title":"Mapping CO2 And CH4 Emissions: Field-Trial Evaluation Of LightSource For Remotely Estimating The Locations And Mass Emission Rates Of Sources","authors":"B. Hirst, D. Randell, Matthew Jones, D. Weidman, M. Dean","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201802989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802989","url":null,"abstract":"We describe and report the field performance of LightSource, a Shell proprietary technique for remotely detecting and locating multiple gas emission sources and simultaneously estimating their individual mass emission rates. The system was originally developed to provide atmospheric monitoring over the Quest CO2 storage site in Canada. It operates automatically using a ground-based optical sensor and is suited to continuous area monitoring. This new work supports enhanced CO2 source detectability by exploiting any naturally present CH4 released through CO2 migration in the subsurface. In these tests, we use a radically new open-path optical beam gas sensor based on Laser Dispersion Spectroscopy, LDS, which offers substantial operational advantages over the commercially available sensors we have used previously. We report on the method and performance achieved during 17 calibrated methane gas releases at the Chilbolton Observatory test site in the UK. The resulting concentration and wind data were processed using our LightSource code.","PeriodicalId":254996,"journal":{"name":"Fifth CO2 Geological Storage Workshop","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126334744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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